Editing Umbrian language (section)

==== Conjugation ====
The Umbrian first conjugation is distinguished by the [[thematic vowel]] {{lang|xum|-ā-}} in the [[present]] [[Conjugation (grammar)|conjugation]], although it typically appeared throughout the various inflected forms for each conjugation rather than exclusively the present.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=161}} However, rare [[Perfect (grammar)|perfect]] and perfect passive forms without the [[morpheme]] {{lang|xum|-ā-}} are attested, such as the terms {{lang|xum|'''pruseçetu'''}}, {{lang|xum|'''prusekatu'''}}, and {{lang|la|'''portust'''}}.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=162}} This irregularity also appears in a select few first conjugation Latin verbs, such as the perfect form {{lang|la|domui}} from {{lang|la|domare}}.{{Sfn|Buck|1895|p=132}} The inflected forms of the first conjugation were formed via the addition of the various [[Suffix|suffixes]] that mark for [[Grammatical person|person]] and [[Grammatical number|number]] to the initial {{lang|xum|-ā}}, a transformation likely accompanied either by the [[Contraction (grammar)|contraction]] of the stem, leaving either {{lang|xum|-ā}} or {{lang|la|-ō}} before the suffix.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=161}} In Latin, second, third, or fourth conjugation verbs compounded with a preposition can transform into first conjugation verbs, consider the derivation of {{lang|la|dedicare}} ("to dedicate") from {{lang|la|dicere}} ("to say"). Likewise, the equivalent Umbrian verb {{lang|xum|dadíkatted}} derives from the verb {{lang|xum|deicum}}.{{Sfn|Buck|1895|p=131}}

The Umbrian second conjugation, like the Latin second conjugation, is identified by the presence of the long [[vowel]] {{lang|xum|-ē-}} in the present stem, although—like Latin—it is often absent from the perfect stem. In Latin, attested verbs such as {{lang|la|flevi}} from {{lang|xum|flere}} provide direct proof of the occasional, albeit rare, formation of perfect stem and passive participle with {{lang|xum|-ē}}; however, the existing Umbrian corpus provides no evidence of such irregularities. Another second conjugation verb, {{Lang|xum|'''tiçit'''}} (equivalent of Latin "{{Lang|la|decet}}," "[it] is suitable for"), suggests that the thematic vowel of second conjugation Umbrian verbs could have alternated to {{Lang|xum|-i-}}. It is also possible that {{Lang|xum|-ei-}} was a rare marker for the Umbrian second conjugation: it appears in one verb, {{Lang|xum|trebeit}}, although this term may have been a fourth conjugation verb.{{Sfn|deMello|2024|p=4}} The Umbrian third conjugation is marked by the short vowel {{lang|xum|-e}} just as in Latin, although Umbrian lacks third conjugation {{Lang|xum|-iō}} verbs, which appear in Latin in verbs such {{lang|la|facio}}, from {{lang|la|facere}}). These verbs, throughout all Italic languages, derive from the {{lang|itc|-jō}} variant verbs in Proto-Italic, each of which—likely through vowel [[syncopation]]—evolved into a largely regularly-conjugated third or fourth conjugation verb in Umbrian whereas in Latin they constitute their own unique class between the third and fourth conjugations.{{Sfn|Buck|1895|p=132}} Examples of Umbrian verbs with [[Reduplication|reduplicated]] stems, akin to Latin verbs such as {{Lang|la|sisto}}, appear Umbrian third conjugation verbs such as {{Lang|xum|sestu}}, the exact equivalent of Latin {{Lang|la|sisto}}.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=163}} However, other Umbrian verbs potentially showcase the loss of reduplication; for instance, the verb {{lang|xum|'''restef'''}}, possibly from {{Lang|la|*re-sisto}}.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=163}} Fourth conjugation Umbrian verbs, like Latin, are marked by the [[phoneme]] {{Lang|xum|-ī}} in the present stem. Furthermore, like Latin, perfect forms may lack {{Lang|xum|-ī}}: Umbrian {{Lang|xum|fakust}} is a form of the fourth conjugation Umbrian verb {{Lang|xum|fasiu}}.{{Sfn|Buck|1895|p=133}} 

Present active [[infinitive]] forms in Umbrian took the ending {{Lang|xum|-om}}, which likely derived from a Proto-Italic accusative formation. However, perfect passive infinitive forms were created through the present infinitive of the Umbrian verb for "to be" with a perfect passive [[participle]]. For instance, the Umbrian perfect passive infinitives "{{Lang|xum|'''kuratu eru'''}}" (in Latin, "{{Lang|la|curatum esse}}") and "{{Lang|xum|ehiato erom}}" (in Latin, "{{Lang|la|emissum esse}}"), meaning "to be cared for" and "to be sent from" respectively.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=179}} There is limited evidence confirming the existence of [[supine]] forms in Umbrian akin to Latin: the only definitive example of a supine formation in Umbrian appears in the phrase {{Lang|xum|aseriato etu}}, equivalent to Latin "{{Lang|la|observatum it}}," meaning "[who] shall go to observe."{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=179}}