Editing Slovak language (section)

==Vocabulary==
Slovak is a descendant of [[Proto-Slavic]], itself a descendant of [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]. It is closely related to the other [[West Slavic languages]], primarily to [[Czech language|Czech]] and [[Polish language|Polish]]. Czech also influenced the language in its later development. The highest number of borrowings in the old Slovak vocabulary come from [[Latin]], [[German language|German]], Czech, [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], Polish and [[Greek language|Greek]] (in that order).<ref>{{cite book |first1=Martina |last1=Kopecká |first2=Tatiana |last2=Laliková |first3=Renáta |last3=Ondrejková| first4=Jana| last4=Skladaná |first5=Iveta |last5=Valentová |title=Staršia slovenská lexika v medzijazykových vzťahoch ) |pages=10–46|publisher=Jazykovedný ústav Ľudovíta Štúra SAV| location=Bratislava| year=2011| isbn=978-80-224-1217-9| url=https://www.juls.savba.sk/attachments/pub_starsia_slovenska_lexika/starsia.pdf}}</ref> Recently, it is also influenced by English.

===Czech===
Although most dialects of Czech and Slovak are [[Mutual intelligibility|mutually intelligible]] (see [[Comparison of Slovak and Czech]]), [[eastern Slovak dialects]] are less intelligible to speakers of Czech and closer to Polish and [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]], and contact between speakers of Czech and speakers of the eastern dialects is limited.

Since the [[dissolution of Czechoslovakia]] it has been permitted to use Czech in TV broadcasting and during court proceedings (Administration Procedure Act 99/1963 Zb.). From 1999 to August 2009, the Minority Language Act 184/1999 Z.z., in its section (§) 6, contained the variously interpreted unclear provision saying that "When applying this act, it holds that the use of the Czech language fulfills the requirement of fundamental intelligibility with the state language"; the state language is Slovak and the Minority Language Act basically refers to municipalities with more than 20% ethnic minority population (no such Czech municipalities are found in Slovakia). Since 1 September 2009 (due to an amendment to the State Language Act 270/1995 Z.z.) a language "fundamentally intelligible with the state language" (i.e. the Czech language) may be used in contact with state offices and bodies by its native speakers, and documents written in it and issued by bodies in the Czech Republic are officially accepted. Regardless of its official status, Czech is used commonly both in Slovak mass media and in daily communication by Czech natives as an equal language.

Czech and Slovak have a long history of interaction and mutual influence well before the creation of [[Czechoslovakia]] in 1918, a state which existed until 1993. [[literary language|Literary]] Slovak shares significant [[Czech orthography|orthographic features with Czech]], as well as technical and professional terminology dating from the Czechoslovak period, but phonetic, grammatical, and vocabulary [[Differences between Slovak and Czech|differences]] do exist.

===Other Slavic languages===
Slavic language varieties are relatively closely related, and have had a large degree of mutual influence, due to the complicated ethnopolitical history of their historic ranges. This is reflected in the many features Slovak shares with neighboring language varieties. Standard Slovak shares high degrees of mutual intelligibility with many Slavic varieties. Despite this closeness to other Slavic varieties, significant variation exists among Slovak dialects. In particular, eastern varieties differ significantly from the standard language, which is based on central and western varieties.

[[Eastern Slovak dialects]] have the greatest degree of mutual intelligibility with [[Polish language|Polish]] of all the Slovak dialects, followed by [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], but both Eastern Slovak and Rusyn lack familiar technical terminology and upper [[Register (sociolinguistics)|register]] expressions. Polish and [[Sorbian language|Sorbian]] also differ quite considerably from Czech and Slovak in upper registers, but non-technical and lower register speech is readily intelligible. Some mutual intelligibility occurs with spoken [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], and even [[Russian language|Russian]] (in this order), although their orthographies are based on the [[Cyrillic script]].

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!English
!Slovak
!Czech
!Polish

!Rusyn
!Ukrainian
!Belarusian

!Serbo-Croatian
!Bulgarian
!Slovenian
|-
|to buy
|{{lang|sk|kupovať}}
|{{lang|cs|kupovat}}
|{{lang|pl|kupować}}
|{{lang|rue|куповати}} ({{Transliteration|rue|kupovaty}})
|{{lang|uk|купувати}} ({{Transliteration|uk|kupuvaty}})
|{{lang|be|купляць}} ({{Transliteration|be|kuplać}})

|{{lang|sh|kupovati}}
|{{lang|bg|купува}} ({{Transliteration|bg|kupuva}})
|{{lang|sl|kupovati}}
|-
|Welcome
|{{lang|sk|Vitajte}}
|{{lang|cs|Vítejte}}
|{{lang|pl|Witajcie}}
|{{lang|rue|Вітайте}} ({{Transliteration|rue|vitajte}})
|{{lang|uk|Вітаю}} ({{Transliteration|uk|vitaju}})
|{{lang|be|Вітаю}} ({{Transliteration|be|vitaju}})

|{{lang|sh|Dobrodošli}}
|{{lang|bg|добре дошли}} ({{Transliteration|bg|dobre došli}})
|{{lang|sl|Dobrodošli}}
|-
|morning
|{{lang|sk|ráno}}
|{{lang|cs|ráno/jitro}}
|{{lang|pl|rano/ranek}}
|{{lang|rue|рано}} ({{Transliteration|rue|rano}})
|{{lang|uk|рано/ранок}} ({{Transliteration|uk|rano/ranok}})
|{{lang|be|рана/ранак}} ({{Transliteration|be|rana/ranak}})
|{{lang|sh|jutro}}
|{{lang|bg|утро}} ({{Transliteration|bg|utro}})
|{{lang|sl|jutro}}
|-
|Thank you
|{{lang|sk|Ďakujem}}
|{{lang|cs|Děkuji}}
|{{lang|pl|Dziękuję}}
|{{lang|rue|Дякую}} ({{Transliteration|rue|diakuju}})
|{{lang|uk|Дякую}} ({{Transliteration|uk|diakuju}})
|{{lang|be|Дзякуй}} ({{Transliteration|be|dziakuj}})

|{{lang|sh|Hvala}}
|{{lang|bg|благодаря}} ({{Transliteration|bg|blagodarja}})
|{{lang|sl|Hvala}}
|-
|rowspan=2|How are you?
|rowspan=2|{{lang|sk|Ako sa máš?}}
|rowspan=2|{{lang|cs|Jak se máš?}}
|rowspan=2|{{lang|pl|Jak się masz}}?<br />(colloquially "{{lang|pl|jak leci?}}")

|rowspan=2|{{lang|rue|Як ся маєш/маш?}}<br />({{Transliteration|rue|jak sia maješ/maš?}})
|{{lang|uk|Як справи?}} ({{Transliteration|uk|jak spravy?}})
|{{lang|be|Як справы?}} ({{Transliteration|be|jak spravy?}})
|rowspan=2|{{lang|sh|Kako si?}} 
|rowspan=2|{{lang|bg|Как си?}} ({{Transliteration|bg|Kak si?}})
|rowspan=2|{{lang|sl|Kako se imaš?/Kako si?}}
|-
|{{lang|uk|Як ся маєш?}}<br />({{Transliteration|uk|jak sia maješ?}})
|{{lang|be|Як маесься?}}<br />({{Transliteration|be|jak majeśsia?}})
|}

===Latin===
* {{lang|sk|bakuľa}}: {{lang|la|baculum}} (stick)
* {{lang|sk|kláštor}}: {{lang|la|claustrum}} (monastery)
* {{lang|sk|kostol}}: {{lang|la|castellum}} (church)
* {{lang|sk|košeľa}}: {{lang|la|casula}} (shirt)
* {{lang|sk|machuľa}}: {{lang|la|macula}} (blot, stain)
* {{lang|sk|škola}}: {{lang|la|scola}} (school)
* {{lang|sk|skriňa}}: {{lang|la|skrinium}} (cupboard)
* {{lang|sk|titul}}: {{lang|la|titulus}} (title)

===English===
<u>Sports:</u>
* {{lang|sk|športovať}}: to do sports
* {{lang|sk|šport}}: sport
* {{lang|sk|futbal}}: football ([[Association football]]; it can also mean [[American football]], especially when specified as {{lang|sk|americký futbal}})
* {{lang|sk|ofsajd}}: offside
* {{lang|sk|aut}}: out (football)
* {{lang|sk|hokej}}: hockey
* {{lang|sk|bodyček}}: body check (hockey)

<u>Food:</u>
* {{lang|sk|hemendex}}: ham & eggs
* {{lang|sk|kečup}}: [[ketchup]]

<u>Clothing:</u>
* {{lang|sk|džínsy}}: jeans
* {{lang|sk|legíny}}: leggings
* {{lang|sk|sveter}}: sweater
* {{lang|sk|tenisky}}: tennis shoes

<u>Exclamations:</u>
* {{lang|sk|fajn}}: fine
* {{lang|sk|super}}: super
*{{lang|sk|okej}}: OK

===German===

<u>Nouns:</u>
* {{lang|sk|brak}}: {{lang|de|Brack}} (rubbish)
* {{lang|sk|cech}}: {{lang|de|Zeche}} (guild)
* {{lang|sk|cieľ}}: {{lang|de|Ziel}} (goal/target)
* {{lang|sk|cín}}: {{lang|de|Zinn}} (tin)
* {{lang|sk|deka}}: {{lang|de|Decke}} (blanket)
* {{lang|sk|drôt}}: {{lang|de|Draht}} (wire)
* {{lang|sk|erb}}: {{lang|de|erben}} (coat-of-arms, from "to inherit")
* {{lang|sk|faloš}}: {{lang|de|Falschheit}} (falsity)
* {{lang|sk|farba}}: {{lang|de|Farbe}} (color)
* {{lang|sk|fašiangy}}: {{lang|de|Fasching}} (carnival)
* {{lang|sk|fialka}}: {{lang|de|Veilchen}} (viola)
* {{lang|sk|fľaša}}: {{lang|de|Flasche}} (bottle)
* {{lang|sk|fúra}}: {{lang|de|Fuhre}} (load)
* {{lang|sk|gróf}}: {{lang|de|Graf}} (count)
* {{lang|sk|hák}}: {{lang|de|Haken}} (hook)
* {{lang|sk|helma}}: {{lang|de|Helm}} (helmet)
* {{lang|sk|hoblík}}: {{lang|de|Hobel}} (hand plane)
* {{lang|sk|jarmok}}: {{lang|de|Jahrmarkt}} (funfair)
* {{lang|sk|knedľa}}: {{lang|de|Knödel}} (dumpling)
* {{lang|sk|minca}}: {{lang|de|Münze}} (coin)
* {{lang|sk|ortieľ}}: {{lang|de|Urteil}} (verdict)
* {{lang|sk|pančucha}}: {{lang|de|Bundschuh}} (stocking)
* {{lang|sk|plech}}: {{lang|de|Blech}} (sheet metal)
* {{lang|sk|regál}}: {{lang|de|Regal}} (shelf)
* {{lang|sk|ruksak}}: {{lang|de|Rucksack}} (backpack)
* {{lang|sk|rúra}}: {{lang|de|Rohr}} (pipe)
* {{lang|sk|rytier}}: {{lang|de|Ritter}} (knight)
* {{lang|sk|šachta}}: {{lang|de|Schacht}} (mine shaft)
* {{lang|sk|šindeľ}}: {{lang|de|Schindel}} (roof shingle)
* {{lang|sk|šnúra}}: {{lang|de|Schnur}} (cord)
* {{lang|sk|taška}}: {{lang|de|Tasche}} (purse)
* {{lang|sk|téma}}: {{lang|de|Thema}} (topic)
* {{lang|sk|vaňa}}: {{lang|de|Badewanne}} (bathtub)
* {{lang|sk|Vianoce}}: {{lang|de|Weihnachten}} (Christmas)
* {{lang|sk|vločka}}: {{lang|de|Flocke}} (flake)
* {{lang|sk|žumpa}}: {{lang|de|Sumpf}} (cesspit)

<u>Verbs:</u>
* {{lang|sk|študovať}}: {{lang|de|studieren}} (to study (as in, to major in))
* {{lang|sk|vinšovať}}: {{lang|de|wünschen}} (to wish)
** Note: colloquially, the standard term in Slovak is {{lang|sk|želať}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jesenská |first1=Petra |title=Jazyková situácia na Slovensku v kontexte EÚ, s ohľadom na anglicizmy v slovenskej dennej tlači |url=https://www.ff.umb.sk/app/cmsFile.php?disposition=a&ID=3394 |access-date=2019-11-27 |language=sk |date=2007}}</ref>

<u>Greetings:</u>

{{lang|sk|Servus}} is commonly used as a greeting or upon parting in Slovak-speaking regions and some German-speaking regions, particularly Austria. {{lang|sk|Papa}} is also commonly used upon parting in these regions. Both {{lang|sk|servus}} and {{lang|sk|papa}} are used in colloquial, informal conversation.

===Hungarian===
Hungarians and Slovaks have had language interaction ever since the settlement of Hungarians in the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian area]]. Hungarians also adopted many words from various Slavic languages related to agriculture and administration, and a number of [[Hungarian language|Hungarian loanwords]] are found in Slovak. Some examples are as follows:
*"wicker whip": Slovak {{lang|sk|korbáč}} (the standard name for "whip" is {{lang|sk|bič}} and {{lang|sk|korbáč}}, itself originating from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|kırbaç}}, usually means only one particular type of it—the "wicker whip") – Hungarian {{lang|hu|korbács}};
*"dragon/kite": Slovak {{lang|sk|šarkan}} (rather rare, {{lang|sk|drak}} is far more common in this meaning; {{lang|sk|šarkan}} often means only "kite", especially a small one that is flown for fun and this term is far more common than {{lang|sk|drak}} in this meaning; for the "dragon kite", the term {{lang|sk|drak}} is still used almost exclusively){{Clarify|date=February 2020}} – Hungarian {{lang|hu|sárkány}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.c3.hu/~nyelvor/period/1233/123306.htm|title=Magyar Nyelvőr – Pacsai Imre: Magyar–szlovák kulturális és nyelvi kapcsolat jegyei...|first=Pacsai|last=Imre|website=c3.hu}}</ref>
*"rumour": Slovak {{lang|sk|chýr}}, Hungarian {{lang|hu|hír}};
*"[[camel]]": Slovak {{lang|sk|ťava}}, Hungarian {{lang|hu|teve}};
*"ditch": Slovak {{lang|sk|jarok}}, Hungarian {{lang|hu|árok}};
*"glass": Slovak {{lang|sk|pohár}}, Hungarian {{lang|hu|pohár}};