Slovak language
Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox language Slovak (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell;<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref> endonym: Template:Lang Template:IPA or Template:Lang Template:IPA), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group, written in Latin script.<ref name=brit>Template:Cite web</ref> It is part of the Indo-European language family, and is one of the Slavic languages, which are part of the larger Balto-Slavic branch. Spoken by approximately 5 million people as a native language, primarily ethnic Slovaks, it serves as the official language of Slovakia and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union.
Slovak is closely related to Czech, to the point of very high mutual intelligibility,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> as well as to Polish.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Like other Slavic languages, Slovak is a fusional language with a complex system of morphology and relatively flexible word order. Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and German,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as well as other Slavic languages.
History
[edit]Template:Main The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period, and the standardization of Czech and Slovak within the Czech–Slovak dialect continuum emerged in the early modern period. In the later mid-19th century, the modern Slovak alphabet and written standard became codified by Ľudovít Štúr and reformed by Martin Hattala. The Moravian dialects spoken in the western part of the country along the border with the Czech Republic are also sometimes classified as Slovak, although some of their western variants are closer to Czech; they nonetheless form the bridge dialects between the two languages.
Geographic distribution and status
[edit]Slovak language is primarily spoken in Slovakia. The country's constitution declared it the official language of the state (štátny jazyk): Template:Blockquote
Constitution of Slovakia, Article 6.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Beside that, national minorities and ethnic groups also have explicit permission to use their distinct languages.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="auto">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Slovakia is a country with established Language policy concerning its official language.<ref name="auto"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Regulation
[edit]Standard Slovak (Template:Lang) is defined by an Act of Parliament on the State Language of the Slovak Republic (language law). According to this law, the Ministry of Culture approves and publishes the codified form of Slovak based on the judgment of specialised Slovak linguistic institutes and specialists in the area of the state language. This is traditionally the Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics, which is part of the Slovak Academy of Sciences. In practice, the Ministry of Culture publishes a document that specifies authoritative reference books for standard Slovak usage, which is called the codification handbook (Template:Lang). The current regulations were published on 15 March 2021. There are four such publications:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- 'Template:Lang', 2013; (orthographic rules)
- 'Template:Lang', 2020; (dictionary)
- 'Template:Lang', 2009; (pronunciation)
- 'Template:Lang', 1966; (morphology)
Slovak speakers are also found in the Slovak diaspora in the United States, the Czech Republic, Argentina, Serbia, Ireland, Romania, Poland, Canada, Hungary, Germany, Croatia, Israel, the United Kingdom, Australia, Austria, Ukraine, Norway, and other countries to a lesser extent.
Slovak language is one of the official languages of Autonomous Province of Vojvodina.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Slovak language high schools abroad
[edit]- Budapest, 'Szlovák Tanítási Nyelvű Óvoda, Általános Iskola, Gimnázium és Kollégium'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Békéscsaba, 'Szlovák Gimnázium, Általános Iskola, Óvoda és Kollégium'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Bački Petrovac, 'Ján Kollár Gymnasium and Students' Home'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Kovačica, 'Gimnazija Mihailo Pupin' <ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Nădlac, 'Liceul Teoretic Jozef Gregor Tajovský'<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Dialects
[edit]
There are many Slovak dialects, which are divided into the following four basic groups:
- Western Slovak dialects (Trenčín, Trnava, Nitra, Záhorie)
- Central Slovak dialects (in Liptov, Orava, Turiec, Tekov, Hont, Novohrad, Gemer and around Zvolen.)
- Eastern Slovak dialects (in Spiš, Šariš, Zemplín and Abov)
- Lowland (dolnozemské) Slovak dialects (outside Slovakia in the Pannonian Plain in Serbian Vojvodina, and in southeastern Hungary, western Romania, and the Croatian part of Syrmia)
The fourth group of dialects is often not considered a separate group, but a subgroup of Central and Western Slovak dialects (see e.g. Štolc, 1968), but it is currently undergoing changes due to contact with surrounding languages (Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, and Hungarian) and long-time geographical separation from Slovakia (see the studies in Zborník Spolku vojvodinských slovakistov, e.g. Dudok, 1993).
The dialect groups differ mostly in phonology, vocabulary, and tonal inflection. Syntactic differences are minor. Central Slovak forms the basis of the present-day standard language. Not all dialects are fully mutually intelligible. It may be difficult for an inhabitant of the western Slovakia to understand a dialect from eastern Slovakia and the other way around.
The dialects are fragmented geographically, separated by numerous mountain ranges. The first three groups already existed in the 10th century. All of them are spoken by the Slovaks outside Slovakia, and central and western dialects form the basis of the lowland dialects (see above).
The western dialects contain features common with the Moravian dialects in the Czech Republic, the southern central dialects contain a few features common with South Slavic languages, and the eastern dialects a few features common with Polish and the East Slavonic languages (cf. Štolc, 1994). Lowland dialects share some words and areal features with the languages surrounding them (Serbo-Croatian, Hungarian, and Romanian).
Phonology
[edit]Slovak contains 15 vowel phonemes (11 monophthongs and four diphthongs) and 29 consonants.
| Front | Back | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | |
| Close | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link |
| Mid | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | (Template:IPA link) |
| Open | (Template:IPA) | Template:IPA link | Template:IPA link | |
| Diphthongs | Template:IPA | |||
The phoneme /æ/ is marginal and often merges with /e/; the two are normally only distinguished in higher registers.Template:Sfnp
Vowel length is phonemic in Slovak and both short and long vowels have the same quality.Template:Sfnp In addition, Slovak, unlike Czech, employs a "rhythmic law" which forbids two long vowels from following one another within the same word. In such cases the second vowel is shortened. For example, adding the locative plural ending Template:Lang to the root Template:Lang creates Template:Lang, not Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This law also applies to diphthongs; for example, the adjective meaning "white" is Template:Lang, not Template:Lang (compare Czech Template:Lang).
Slovak has final devoicing; when a voiced consonant (Template:Lang) is at the end of a word before a pause, it is devoiced to its voiceless counterpart (Template:Lang, respectively). For example, Template:Lang is pronounced Template:IPA and Template:Lang is pronounced Template:IPA.
Consonant clusters containing both voiced and voiceless elements are entirely voiced if the last consonant is a voiced one, or voiceless if the last consonant is voiceless. For example, Template:Lang is pronounced Template:IPA and Template:Lang is pronounced Template:IPA. This rule applies also over the word boundary. For example, Template:Lang Template:IPA (to come home) and Template:Lang Template:IPA (more strawberries). The voiced counterpart of "Template:Lang" Template:IPA is Template:IPA, and the unvoiced counterpart of "Template:Lang" Template:IPA is Template:IPA.
Orthography
[edit]Slovak uses the Latin script with small modifications that include the four diacritics (ˇ, ´, ¨, ˆ) placed above certain letters (Template:Lang)
Italic letters (Q and W) are used in loanwords and foreign names.
The primary principle of Slovak spelling is the phonemic principle. The secondary principle is the morphological principle: forms derived from the same stem are written in the same way even if they are pronounced differently. An example of this principle is the assimilation rule (see below). The tertiary principle is the etymological principle, which can be seen in the use of i after certain consonants and of y after other consonants, although both i and y are usually pronounced the same way.
Finally, the rarely applied grammatical principle occurs when, for example, the basic singular form and plural form of masculine adjectives are written differently with no difference in pronunciation (e.g. Template:Lang = nice – singular versus Template:Lang = nice – plural). Such spellings are most often remnants of differences in pronunciation that were present in Proto-Slavic (in Polish, where the vowel merger did not occur, Template:Lang and Template:Lang and in Czech Template:Lang and Template:Lang are pronounced differently).
Most loanwords from foreign languages are respelt using Slovak principles either immediately or later. For example, "weekend" is spelled Template:Lang, "software" – Template:Lang, "gay" – Template:Lang (both not exclusively)Template:Clarify, and "quality" is spelled Template:Lang. Personal and geographical names from other languages using Latin alphabets keep their original spelling unless a fully Slovak form of the name exists (e.g. Template:Lang for "London").
Slovak features some heterophonic homographs (words with identical spelling but different pronunciation and meaning), the most common examples being Template:Lang Template:IPA (beautiful) versus Template:Lang Template:IPA (beautifully).
Grammar
[edit]Syntax
[edit]The main features of Slovak syntax are as follows:
Some examples include the following:
- Template:Lang. (The+singer+feminine suffix Template:Lang is+singing.)
- (Template:Lang, where -∅ is (the empty) third-person-singular ending)
- Template:Lang. (Singer+feminine suffix Template:Lang+plural suffix Template:Lang are+singing.)
- (Template:Lang; Template:Lang is a third-person-plural ending, and /j/ is a hiatus sound)
- Template:Lang. (We the+singer+feminine suffix Template:Lang+plural suffix Template:Lang are+singing.)
- (Template:Lang, where Template:Lang is the first-person-plural ending)
- and so forth.
- Adjectives, pronouns and numerals agree in person, gender and case with the noun to which they refer.
- Adjectives precede their noun. Botanic or zoological terms are exceptions (e.g. Template:Lang, literally "cat wild", Template:Lang) as is the naming of Holy Spirit (Template:Lang) in a majority of churches.
Word order in Slovak is relatively free, since strong inflection enables the identification of grammatical roles (subject, object, predicate, etc.) regardless of word placement. This relatively free word order allows the use of word order to convey topic and emphasis.
Some examples are as follows:
- Template:Lang. = That big man opens a store there today. (Template:Lang = that; Template:Lang = big; Template:Lang = man; Template:Lang = there; Template:Lang = today; Template:Lang = opens; Template:Lang = store) – The word order does not emphasize any specific detail, just general information.
- Template:Lang. = That big man is today opening a store there. – This word order emphasizes the place (Template:Lang = there).
- Template:Lang. = Today over there a store is being opened by that big man. – This word order focuses on the person who is opening the store (Template:Lang = that; Template:Lang = big; Template:Lang = man).
- Template:Lang. = The store over there is today being opened by that big man. – Depending on the intonation the focus can be either on the store itself or on the person.
The unmarked order is subject–verb–object. Variation in word order is generally possible, but word order is not completely free. In the above example, the noun phrase Template:Lang cannot be split up, so that the following combinations are not possible:
- Template:Lang.
- Template:Lang. ...
And the following sentence is stylistically infelicitous:
- Template:Lang. (Only possible in a poem or other forms of artistic style.)
The regular variants are as follows:
Morphology
[edit]Articles
[edit]Slovak, like every major Slavic language other than Bulgarian and Macedonian, does not have articles. The demonstrative pronoun in masculine form Template:Lang (that one) or Template:Lang in feminine and Template:Lang in neuter respectively, may be used in front of the noun in situations where definiteness must be made explicit.
Nouns, adjectives, pronouns
[edit]Template:Main Slovak nouns are inflected for case and number. There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and instrumental. The vocative is purely optional and most of the time unmarked. It is used mainly in spoken language and in some fixed expressions: Template:Lang mum (nominative) vs. Template:Lang mum! (vocative), Template:Lang, Template:Lang dad (N) vs. Template:Lang, Template:Lang dad! (V), Template:Lang Mr., sir vs. Template:Lang sir (when addressing someone e.g. in the street). There are two numbers: singular and plural. Nouns have inherent gender. There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives and pronouns must agree with nouns in case, number, and gender.
Numerals
[edit]The numerals 0–10 have unique forms, with numerals 1–4 requiring specific gendered representations. Numerals 11–19 are formed by adding Template:Lang to the end of each numeral. The suffix Template:Lang is used to create numerals 20, 30 and 40; for numerals 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90, Template:Lang is used. Compound numerals (21, 1054) are combinations of these words formed in the same order as their mathematical symbol is written (e.g. 21 = Template:Lang, literally "twenty-one").
The numerals are as follows:
| 1–10 | 11–20 | 10–100 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Template:Lang (number, masculine), Template:Lang (neuter), Template:Lang (feminine) | 11 | Template:Lang | 10 | Template:Lang |
| 2 | Template:Lang (number, masculine inanimate), Template:Lang (neuter, feminine), Template:Lang (masculine animate) | 12 | Template:Lang | 20 | Template:Lang |
| 3 | Template:Lang (number, neuter, masculine inanimate, feminine), Template:Lang (masculine animate) | 13 | Template:Lang | 30 | Template:Lang |
| 4 | Template:Lang (number, neuter, masculine inanimate, feminine), Template:Lang (masculine animate) | 14 | Template:Lang | 40 | Template:Lang |
| 5 | Template:Lang | 15 | Template:Lang | 50 | Template:Lang |
| 6 | Template:Lang | 16 | Template:Lang | 60 | Template:Lang |
| 7 | Template:Lang | 17 | Template:Lang | 70 | Template:Lang |
| 8 | Template:Lang | 18 | Template:Lang | 80 | Template:Lang |
| 9 | Template:Lang | 19 | Template:Lang | 90 | Template:Lang |
| 10 | Template:Lang | 20 | Template:Lang | 100 | Template:Lang |
Some higher numbers: (200) Template:Lang, (300) Template:Lang, (900) Template:Lang, (1,000) Template:Lang, (1,100) Template:Lang, (2,000) Template:Lang, (100,000) Template:Lang, (200,000) Template:Lang, (1,000,000) Template:Lang, (1,000,000,000) Template:Lang.
Counted nouns have two forms. The most common form is the plural genitive (e.g. Template:Lang = five houses or Template:Lang = one hundred two women), while the plural form of the noun when counting the amounts of 2–4, etc., is usually the nominative form without counting (e.g. Template:Lang = two houses or Template:Lang = two women) but gender rules do apply in many cases.
Verbs
[edit]Verbs have three major conjugations. Three persons and two numbers (singular and plural) are distinguished. Subject personal pronouns are omitted unless they are emphatic.
- Some imperfective verbs are created from the stems of perfective verbs to denote repeated or habitual actions. These are considered separate lexemes. One example is as follows: to hide (perfective) = Template:Lang, to hide (habitual) = Template:Lang.
- Historically, two past tense forms were utilized. Both are formed analytically. The second of these, equivalent to the pluperfect, is not widely used in the modern language, being rather considered archaic. Examples for two related verbs are as follows:
- Template:Lang (I hid / I have hidden); Template:Lang (I had hidden)
- Template:Lang.
- One future tense exists. For imperfective verbs, it is formed analytically; for perfective verbs, it is identical to the present tense. Some examples are as follows:
- Two conditional forms exist. Both are formed analytically from the past tense:
- Template:Lang (I would hide), Template:Lang (I would have hidden)
- Template:Lang
- The passive voice is formed either as in English (copula + passive participle) or using the reflexive pronoun 'sa':
- The passive participle (= ~ed (one), the "third form") is formed using the suffixes -Template:Lang / -Template:Lang / -Template:Lang:
- The active present participle (= ~ing (one)) is formed using the suffixes -Template:Lang / -Template:Lang / -Template:Lang
- The transgressive (=(while/by) ...ing) is formed using the suffixes -Template:Lang / -Template:Lang / -Template:Lang.Template:Clarify
- Template:Lang (by hiding (perfective))
- Template:Lang ((while/during) hiding)
- The active past participle (= ~ing (in the past)) was formerly formed using the suffix -Template:Lang, but is no longer used.
- The gerund (= the (process of) ...ing) is formed using the suffix -Template:Lang:
Conjugations
[edit]Several conjugation paradigms exist as follows:<ref>Jozef Ružička and co.: Morfológia slovenského jazyka, 1966</ref>
| Template:Lang, to call | Singular | Plural | Past tense (masculine – feminine – neuter) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to live, dwell, but not exist | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to return or (mostly in slang) to vomit | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to do, work | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to return | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to buy | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to forget | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to see | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to spend, miss | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to carry | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to carry (be fat) | Singular | Plural | Past tense |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang – Template:Lang – Template:Lang |
| 2nd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | |
| 3rd person | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Template:Lang, to be | Template:Lang, to eat | Template:Lang, to know | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st singular | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| 2nd singular | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| 3rd singular | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| 1st plural | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| 2nd plural | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| 3rd plural | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Past tense | Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang | Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Template:Lang |
Adverbs
[edit]Adverbs are formed by replacing the adjectival ending with the ending -Template:Lang or -Template:Lang / -Template:Lang. Sometimes both -Template:Lang and -Template:Lang are possible. Examples include the following:
- Template:Lang (high) – Template:Lang (highly)
- Template:Lang (nice) – Template:Lang (nicely)
- Template:Lang (friendly) – Template:Lang (in a friendly manner)
- Template:Lang (fast) – Template:Lang (quickly)
The comparative of adverbs is formed by replacing the adjectival ending with a comparative/superlative ending -Template:Lang or -Template:Lang, whence the superlative is formed with the prefix naj-. Examples include the following:
- Template:Lang (fast) – Template:Lang (faster) – Template:Lang (fastest): Template:Lang (quickly) – Template:Lang (more quickly) – Template:Lang (most quickly)
Prepositions
[edit]Each preposition is associated with one or more grammatical cases. The noun governed by a preposition must agree with the preposition in the given context. The preposition Template:Lang always calls for the genitive case, but some prepositions such as Template:Lang can call for different cases depending on the intended sense of the preposition.
- from friends = Template:Lang (genitive case of Template:Lang)
- around the square = Template:Lang (locative case of Template:Lang)
- up to the square = Template:Lang (accusative case of Template:Lang)
Vocabulary
[edit]Slovak is a descendant of Proto-Slavic, itself a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is closely related to the other West Slavic languages, primarily to Czech and Polish. Czech also influenced the language in its later development. The highest number of borrowings in the old Slovak vocabulary come from Latin, German, Czech, Hungarian, Polish and Greek (in that order).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Recently, it is also influenced by English.
Czech
[edit]Although most dialects of Czech and Slovak are mutually intelligible (see Comparison of Slovak and Czech), eastern Slovak dialects are less intelligible to speakers of Czech and closer to Polish and East Slavic, and contact between speakers of Czech and speakers of the eastern dialects is limited.
Since the dissolution of Czechoslovakia it has been permitted to use Czech in TV broadcasting and during court proceedings (Administration Procedure Act 99/1963 Zb.). From 1999 to August 2009, the Minority Language Act 184/1999 Z.z., in its section (§) 6, contained the variously interpreted unclear provision saying that "When applying this act, it holds that the use of the Czech language fulfills the requirement of fundamental intelligibility with the state language"; the state language is Slovak and the Minority Language Act basically refers to municipalities with more than 20% ethnic minority population (no such Czech municipalities are found in Slovakia). Since 1 September 2009 (due to an amendment to the State Language Act 270/1995 Z.z.) a language "fundamentally intelligible with the state language" (i.e. the Czech language) may be used in contact with state offices and bodies by its native speakers, and documents written in it and issued by bodies in the Czech Republic are officially accepted. Regardless of its official status, Czech is used commonly both in Slovak mass media and in daily communication by Czech natives as an equal language.
Czech and Slovak have a long history of interaction and mutual influence well before the creation of Czechoslovakia in 1918, a state which existed until 1993. Literary Slovak shares significant orthographic features with Czech, as well as technical and professional terminology dating from the Czechoslovak period, but phonetic, grammatical, and vocabulary differences do exist.
Other Slavic languages
[edit]Slavic language varieties are relatively closely related, and have had a large degree of mutual influence, due to the complicated ethnopolitical history of their historic ranges. This is reflected in the many features Slovak shares with neighboring language varieties. Standard Slovak shares high degrees of mutual intelligibility with many Slavic varieties. Despite this closeness to other Slavic varieties, significant variation exists among Slovak dialects. In particular, eastern varieties differ significantly from the standard language, which is based on central and western varieties.
Eastern Slovak dialects have the greatest degree of mutual intelligibility with Polish of all the Slovak dialects, followed by Rusyn, but both Eastern Slovak and Rusyn lack familiar technical terminology and upper register expressions. Polish and Sorbian also differ quite considerably from Czech and Slovak in upper registers, but non-technical and lower register speech is readily intelligible. Some mutual intelligibility occurs with spoken Rusyn, Ukrainian, and even Russian (in this order), although their orthographies are based on the Cyrillic script.
Latin
[edit]- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (stick)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (monastery)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (church)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (shirt)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (blot, stain)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (school)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (cupboard)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (title)
English
[edit]Sports:
- Template:Lang: to do sports
- Template:Lang: sport
- Template:Lang: football (Association football; it can also mean American football, especially when specified as Template:Lang)
- Template:Lang: offside
- Template:Lang: out (football)
- Template:Lang: hockey
- Template:Lang: body check (hockey)
Food:
- Template:Lang: ham & eggs
- Template:Lang: ketchup
Clothing:
- Template:Lang: jeans
- Template:Lang: leggings
- Template:Lang: sweater
- Template:Lang: tennis shoes
Exclamations:
- Template:Lang: fine
- Template:Lang: super
- Template:Lang: OK
German
[edit]Nouns:
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (rubbish)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (guild)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (goal/target)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (tin)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (blanket)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (wire)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (coat-of-arms, from "to inherit")
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (falsity)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (color)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (carnival)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (viola)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (bottle)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (load)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (count)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (hook)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (helmet)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (hand plane)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (funfair)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (dumpling)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (coin)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (verdict)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (stocking)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (sheet metal)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (shelf)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (backpack)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (pipe)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (knight)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (mine shaft)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (roof shingle)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (cord)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (purse)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (topic)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (bathtub)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (Christmas)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (flake)
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (cesspit)
Verbs:
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (to study (as in, to major in))
- Template:Lang: Template:Lang (to wish)
- Note: colloquially, the standard term in Slovak is Template:Lang<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Greetings:
Template:Lang is commonly used as a greeting or upon parting in Slovak-speaking regions and some German-speaking regions, particularly Austria. Template:Lang is also commonly used upon parting in these regions. Both Template:Lang and Template:Lang are used in colloquial, informal conversation.
Hungarian
[edit]Hungarians and Slovaks have had language interaction ever since the settlement of Hungarians in the Carpathian area. Hungarians also adopted many words from various Slavic languages related to agriculture and administration, and a number of Hungarian loanwords are found in Slovak. Some examples are as follows:
- "wicker whip": Slovak Template:Lang (the standard name for "whip" is Template:Lang and Template:Lang, itself originating from Turkish Template:Lang, usually means only one particular type of it—the "wicker whip") – Hungarian Template:Lang;
- "dragon/kite": Slovak Template:Lang (rather rare, Template:Lang is far more common in this meaning; Template:Lang often means only "kite", especially a small one that is flown for fun and this term is far more common than Template:Lang in this meaning; for the "dragon kite", the term Template:Lang is still used almost exclusively)Template:Clarify – Hungarian Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- "rumour": Slovak Template:Lang, Hungarian Template:Lang;
- "camel": Slovak Template:Lang, Hungarian Template:Lang;
- "ditch": Slovak Template:Lang, Hungarian Template:Lang;
- "glass": Slovak Template:Lang, Hungarian Template:Lang;
Sample text
[edit]Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Slovak:
- Všetci ľudia sa rodia slobodní a rovní v dôstojnosti aj právach. Sú obdarení rozumom a svedomím a majú sa k sebe správať v duchu bratstva.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English:
- All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
[edit]- Slovak orthography
- Slovak phonology
- Slovak declension
- List of language regulators for a list of languages with a regulated standard variety
References
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- Dudok, D. (1993) Vznik a charakter slovenských nárečí v juhoslovanskej Vojvodine [The emergence and character of the Slovak dialects in Yugoslav Vojvodina]. Zborník spolku vojvodinských slovakistov 15. Nový Sad: Spolok vojvodinských slovakistov, pp. 19–29.
- Template:Citation
- Template:Citation
- Musilová, K. and Sokolová, M. (2004) Funkčnost česko-slovenských kontaktových jevů v současnosti [The functionality of Czech-Slovak contact phenomena in the present-time]. In Fiala, J. and Machala, L. (eds.) Studia Moravica I (AUPO, Facultas Philosophica Moravica 1). Olomouc: Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci, pp. 133–146.
- Nábělková, M. (2003) Súčasné kontexty slovensko-českej a česko-slovenskej medzijazykovosti [Contemporary contexts of the Slovak-Czech and Czech-Slovak interlinguality]. In Pospíšil, I. – Zelenka, M. (eds.) Česko-slovenské vztahy v slovanských a středoevropských souvislostech (meziliterárnost a areál). Brno: ÚS FF MU, pp. 89–122.
- Nábělková, M. (2006) V čom bližšie, v čom ďalej... Spisovná slovenčina vo vzťahu k spisovnej češtine a k obecnej češtine [In what closer, in what further... Standard Slovak in relation to Standard Czech and Common Czech]. In Gladkova, H. and Cvrček, V. (eds.) Sociální aspekty spisovných jazyků slovanských. Praha: Euroslavica, pp. 93–106.
- Nábělková, M. (2007) Closely related languages in contact: Czech, Slovak, "Czechoslovak". International Journal of the Sociology of Language 183, pp. 53–73.
- Nábělková, M. (2008) Slovenčina a čeština v kontakte: Pokračovanie príbehu. [Slovak and Czech in Contact: Continuation of the Story]. Bratislava/Praha: Veda/Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy. 364 pp., Template:ISBN
- Template:Citation
- Sloboda, M. (2004) Slovensko-česká (semi)komunikace a vzájemná (ne)srozumitelnost [Slovak-Czech (semi)communication and the mutual (un)intelligibility]. Čeština doma a ve světě XII, No. 3–4, pp. 208–220.
- Sokolová, M. (1995) České kontaktové javy v slovenčine [Czech contact phenomena in Slovak]. In Ondrejovič, S. and Šimková, M. (eds.) Sociolingvistické aspekty výskumu súčasnej slovenčiny (Sociolinguistica Slovaca 1). Bratislava: Veda, pp. 188–206.
- Štolc, Jozef (1968) Reč Slovákov v Juhoslávii I.: Zvuková a gramatická stavba [The speech of the Slovaks in Yugoslavia: phonological and grammatical structure]. Bratislava: Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied.
- Štolc, Jozef (1994) Slovenská dialektológia [Slovak dialectology]. Ed. I. Ripka. Bratislava: Veda.
Further reading
[edit]External links
[edit]Template:InterWiki Template:Wikivoyage Template:Commons category
- Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics – Slovak Academy of Sciences
- Slovak National Corpus
- Slovak Monolingual Dictionaries
- Slovake.eu – Online Language Course
- Online Translation Dictionaries
- E-Slovak – Online Language Course
- Slovak Language Lessons for Beginners
Template:Slovakia topics Template:Languages of Slovakia Template:Languages of the Czech Republic Template:Languages of Hungary Template:Languages of Serbia Template:Slavic languages Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control