Editing Latin conjugation (section)

== Non-finite forms ==
The non-finite forms of verbs are participles, infinitives, supines, gerunds and gerundives. The verbs used are:

:'''1st conjugation:''' {{lang|la|laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum}} – to praise
:'''2nd conjugation:''' {{lang|la|terreō, terrēre, terruī, territum}} – to frighten, deter
:'''3rd conjugation:''' {{lang|la|petō, petere, petīvī, petītum}} – to seek, attack
:'''3rd conjugation (''-i'' stem):''' {{lang|la|capiō, capere, cēpī, captum}} – to take, capture
:'''4th conjugation:''' {{lang|la|audiō, audīre, audīvī, audītum}} – to hear, listen (to)

=== Participles {{anchor|The participles}} ===
{{See also|Participle|Latin syntax#Participles}}

There are four participles: present active, perfect passive, future active, and future passive (= the gerundive).
*The '''present active participle''' is declined as a [[Latin grammar#Declension of adjectives|3rd declension adjective]]. The ablative singular is ''-e'', but the plural follows the i-stem declension with genitive ''-ium'' and neuter plural ''-ia''.
*The '''perfect passive participle''' is declined like a [[Latin grammar#Declension of adjectives|1st and 2nd declension adjective]].
**In all conjugations, the perfect participle is formed by removing the ''–um'' from the supine, and adding a ''–us'' (masculine nominative singular).
*The '''future active participle''' is declined like a [[Latin grammar#Declension of adjectives|1st and 2nd declension adjective]].
**In all conjugations the ''-um'' is removed from the supine, and an ''-ūrus'' (masculine nominative singular) is added.
*The '''future passive participle''', more usually called the '''gerundive''', is formed by taking the present stem, adding "-nd-", and the usual first and second declension endings.  Thus {{lang|la|laudare}} forms {{lang|la|laudandus}}. The usual meaning is "needing to be praised", expressing a sense of obligation.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="10"| Participles
|-
! {{lang|la|laudāre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|terrēre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|petere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|capere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|audīre|italic=no}}
|-
! Present active
| {{lang|la|laudāns, -antis|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|terrēns, -entis|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petēns, -entis|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|capiēns, -entis|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audiēns, -entis|italic=no}}
|-
! Perfect passive
| {{lang|la|laudātus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|territus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petītus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|captus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audītus, -a, -um|italic=no}}
|-
! Future active
| {{lang|la|laudātūrus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|territūrus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petītūrus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|captūrus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audītūrus, -a, -um|italic=no}}
|-
! Gerundive
| {{lang|la|laudandus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|terrendus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petendus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|capiendus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audiēndus, -a, -um|italic=no}}
|}

=== Infinitives {{anchor|The infinitives}} ===
{{See also|Infinitive|Latin syntax#The infinitive}}

There are seven main infinitives. They are in the present active, present passive, perfect active, perfect passive, future active, future passive, and potential active. Further infinitives can be made using the gerundive.
*The '''present active infinitive''' is the second principal part (in regular verbs). It plays an important role in the syntactic construction of [[Accusative and infinitive]], for instance.
**{{lang|la|laudāre}} means, "to praise."
*The '''present passive infinitive''' is formed by adding a ''–rī'' to the present stem. This is only so for the first, second and fourth conjugations. In the third conjugation, the thematical vowel, ''e'', is taken from the present stem, and an ''–ī'' is added.
**{{lang|la|laudārī}} translates as "to be praised."
*The '''perfect active infinitive''' is formed by adding an ''–isse'' onto the perfect stem.
**{{lang|la|laudāvisse/laudāsse}} translates as "to have praised."
*The '''perfect passive infinitive''' uses the perfect passive participle along with the auxiliary verb {{lang|la|esse}}. The perfect passive infinitive must agree with what it is describing in number, gender, and case (nominative or accusative).
**{{lang|la|laudātus esse}} means, "to have been praised."
*The '''future active infinitive''' uses the future active participle with the auxiliary verb {{lang|la|esse}}.
**{{lang|la|laudātūrus esse}} means, "to be going to praise." The future active infinitive must agree with what it is describing in number, gender, and case (nominative or accusative).
**{{lang|la|Esse}} has two future infinitives: {{lang|la|futurus esse}} and {{lang|la|fore}}
*The '''future passive infinitive''' uses the supine with the auxiliary verb {{lang|la|īrī}}. Because the first part is a supine, the ending ''-um'' does not change for gender or number.
**{{lang|la|laudātum īrī}} is translated as "to be going to be praised." This is normally used in indirect speech. For example: {{lang|la|Spērat sē absolūtum īrī.}}<ref>Cicero, ''Sull.'' 21.</ref> "He hopes that he will be acquitted."
*The '''potential infinitive''' uses the future active participle with the auxiliary verb {{lang|la|fuisse}}.
**{{lang|la|laudātūrus fuisse}} is used only in indirect statements to represent a potential imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive of direct speech. It is translated with "would" or "would have". For example: {{lang|la|nōn vidētur <u>mentītūrus fuisse</u>, nisī dēspērāsset}} (Quintilian)<ref>Quintilian, 5.12.3.</ref> 'it seems unlikely that he would have told a lie, if he had not been desperate'

{| class="wikitable"
|+Infinitives (with masculine endings used for participles)

|-
! 
! {{lang|la|laudāre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|terrēre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|petere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|capere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|audīre|italic=no}}
|-
! Present active
| {{lang|la|laudāre|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|terrēre|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petere|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|capere|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audīre|italic=no}}
|-
! Present passive
| {{lang|la|laudārī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|terrērī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|capī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audīrī|italic=no}}
|-
! Perfect active
| {{lang|la|laudāvisse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|terruisse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petīvisse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|cēpisse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audīvisse|italic=no}}
|-
! Perfect passive
| {{lang|la|laudātus esse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|territus esse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petītus esse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|captus esse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audītus esse|italic=no}}
|-
! Future active
| {{lang|la|laudātūrus esse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|territūrus esse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petītūrus esse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|captūrus esse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audītūrus esse|italic=no}}
|-
! Future passive
| {{lang|la|laudātum īrī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|territum īrī|italic=no}}|| {{lang|la|petītum īrī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|captum īrī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audītum īrī|italic=no}}
|-
! Potential
| {{lang|la|laudātūrus fuisse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|territūrus fuisse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petītūrus fuisse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|captūrus fuisse|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audītūrus fuisse|italic=no}}
|}

The future passive infinitive was not very commonly used. The Romans themselves often used an alternate expression, {{lang|la|fore ut}} followed by a subjunctive clause.

=== Supine<span class="anchor" id="The supine"></span> ===
{{See also|Supine#Latin|Latin syntax#The supine}}

The supine is the fourth principal part of the verb, as given in Latin dictionaries. It resembles a masculine noun of the [[Latin declension#Fourth declension (u)|fourth declension]]. Supines only occur in the accusative and ablative cases.
*The accusative form ends in a ''–um'', and is used with a verb of motion in order to show purpose. Thus it is only used with verbs like {{lang|la|īre}} "to go", {{lang|la|venīre}} "to come", etc. The accusative form of a supine can also take an object if needed.
**{{lang|la|Pater līberōs suōs '''laudātum''' vēnit.}} – The father came to praise his children.
*The ablative, which ends in a ''–ū'', is used with the Ablative of Specification.
**{{lang|la|Arma haec facillima '''laudātū''' erant.}} – These arms were the easiest to praise.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="5"| Supine
|-
! {{lang|la|laudāre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|terrēre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|petere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|capere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|audīre|italic=no}}
|-
! Accusative
| {{lang|la|laudātum|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|territum|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petītum|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|captum|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audītum|italic=no}}
|-
! Ablative
| {{lang|la|laudātū|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|territū|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petītū|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|captū|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audītū|italic=no}}
|}

=== Gerund {{anchor|The gerund}} ===
{{See also|Gerund|Latin syntax#The gerund}}

The gerund is formed similarly to the present active participle. However, the ''-ns'' becomes an ''-ndus'', and the preceding ''ā'' or ''ē'' is shortened. Gerunds are neuter nouns of the [[Latin declension#Second declension (o)|second declension]], but the nominative case is not present. The gerund is a noun, meaning "the act of doing (the verb)", and forms a suppletive paradigm to the infinitive, which cannot be declined. For example, the genitive form {{lang|la|laudandī}} can mean "of praising", the dative form {{lang|la|laudandō}} can mean "for praising", the accusative form {{lang|la|laudandum}} can mean "praising", and the ablative form {{lang|la|laudandō}} can mean "by praising", "in respect to praising", etc.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!rowspan="2"|
!colspan="6"| Gerund
|-
! {{lang|la|laudāre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|terrēre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|petere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|capere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|audīre|italic=no}}
|-
! Accusative
| {{lang|la|laudandum|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|terrendum|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petendum|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|capiendum|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audiendum|italic=no}}
|-
! Genitive
| {{lang|la|laudandī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|terrendī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petendī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|capiendī|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audiendī|italic=no}}
|-
! Dative
| rowspan="2" | {{lang|la|laudandō|italic=no}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|la|terrendō|italic=no}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|la|petendō|italic=no}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|la|capiendō|italic=no}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|la|audiendō|italic=no}}
|-
! Ablative
|}

One common use of the gerund is with the preposition {{lang|la|ad}} to indicate purpose. For example, {{lang|la|paratus ad oppugnandum}} could be translated as "ready to attack". However the gerund was avoided when an object was introduced, and a passive construction with the gerundive was preferred. For example, for "ready to attack the enemy" the construction {{lang|la|paratus ad hostes oppugnandos}} is preferred over {{lang|la|paratus ad hostes oppugnandum}}.<ref name="eitrem">{{cite book|last=Eitrem|first=S.|title=Latinsk grammatikk|publisher=Aschehoug|location=Oslo|year=2006|edition=3|pages=111}}</ref>

=== Gerundive <span id="The gerundive"></span> ===
{{see|Latin syntax#The gerundive|Latin tenses#Periphrastic tenses}}

The [[gerundive]] has a form similar to that of the gerund, but it is a [[Latin declension|first and second declension adjective]], and functions as a future passive participle (see {{slink||Participles}} above). It means "(which is) to be ...ed". Often, the gerundive is used with part of the verb {{lang|la|esse}}, to show obligation.

*{{lang|la|Puer laudandus est}} "The boy needs to be praised"
*{{lang|la|Oratio laudanda est}} means "The speech is to be praised". In such constructions a substantive in dative may be used to identify the agent of the obligation ({{lang|la|dativus auctoris}}), as in {{lang|la|Oratio '''nobis''' laudanda est}} meaning "The speech is to be praised '''by us'''" or "'''We''' must praise the speech".

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="5"| Gerundive
|-
! {{lang|la|laudāre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|terrēre|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|petere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|capere|italic=no}}
! {{lang|la|audīre|italic=no}}
|-
| {{lang|la|laudandus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|terrendus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|petendus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|capiendus, -a, -um|italic=no}} || {{lang|la|audiendus, -a, -um|italic=no}}
|}

An older form of the 3rd and 4th conjugation gerundive ends in ''-undum'', e.g. ({{lang|la|faciundum}} for {{lang|la|faciendum}}).<ref name=":0"/> This ending is also found with the gerundive of {{lang|la|eō}} 'I go': {{lang|la|eundum est}} 'it is necessary to go'.

For some examples of uses of Latin gerundives, see the [[Gerundive]] article.