Editing Indonesian language (section)

===Consonants===
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-
|+Indonesian consonant phonemes
! colspan=2| 
! [[Labial consonant|Labial]]
! [[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
| {{IPA link|m}}
| {{IPA link|n}}
| {{IPA link|ɲ}}
| {{IPA link|ŋ}}
|
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| {{IPA link|p}}
| {{IPA link|t̪}}
| {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
| {{IPA link|k}}
| ({{IPA link|ʔ}})
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| {{IPA link|b}}
| {{IPA link|d}}
| {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
| {{IPA link|ɡ}}
| 
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
! <small>[[voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
| ({{IPA link|f}})
| {{IPA link|s}}
| ({{IPA link|ʃ}})
| ({{IPA link|x}})
| {{IPA link|h}}
|-
! <small>[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
| ({{IPA link|v}})
| ({{IPA link|z}})
| 
| 
| 
|-
! colspan=2| [[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| {{IPA link|w}}
| {{IPA link|l}}
| {{IPA link|j}}
| 
| 
|-
! colspan=2| [[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
| {{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|}

The consonants of Indonesian are shown above.<ref name="SodOlson2008">{{cite journal | last1 = Soderberg | first1 = C. D. | last2 = Olson | first2 = K. S. | year = 2008 | title = Indonesian | journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association | volume = 38 | issue = 2| pages = 209–213 | doi=10.1017/s0025100308003320| doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="ClynesDet2011">{{cite journal |last1=Clynes |first1=A. |last2=Deterding |first2=D. |year=2011 |title=Standard Malay (Brunei) |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=259–268 |doi=10.1017/S002510031100017X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Non-native consonants that only occur in borrowed words, principally from Arabic and English, are shown in parentheses. Some analyses list 19 "primary consonants" for Indonesian as the 18 symbols that are not in parentheses in the table as well as the glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}}. The secondary consonants /f/, /v/, /z/, /ʃ/ and /x/ only appear in loanwords. Only small amounts of speakers pronounce /v/ in loanwords as [v], most of them pronounce them as [f]. Likewise, /x/ is mostly replaced with [h] or [k] by some speakers. /ʃ/ is sometimes replaced with /s/, which was traditionally used as a substitute for /ʃ/ in older borrowings from [[Sanskrit]], and /f/ is rarely replaced, though /p/ was substituted for /f/ in older borrowings such as kopi "coffee" from [[Dutch language|Dutch]] koffie. /z/ may occasionally be replaced with /s/ or /d͡ʒ/. [z] can also be an allophone of /s/ before voiced consonants.<ref>Asmah Haji Omar (2008). ''Ensiklopedia Bahasa Melayu''. Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, page 108.</ref><ref>Yunus Maris, M. (1980). ''The Indonesian Sound System''. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd, page 52.</ref> According to some analyses, postalveolar affricates {{IPAslink|tʃ}} and {{IPAslink|dʒ}} are instead palatals {{IPAblink|c}} and {{IPAblink|ɟ}} in Indonesian.<ref>[https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send%3Faccession%3Dosu1651140749118127%26disposition%3Dinline&ved=2ahUKEwjO9d_2zc39AhUzyTgGHT_-A10QFnoECBwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2mTMeMAFiIPE-x_vYRceXg ''To Tap or Not To Tap: A Preliminary Acoustic Description of American English Alveolar Tap Productions by Indonesian Bilingual Adults'']</ref>

The consonants in Indonesian are influenced by other important languages in Indonesian history. The influences included schwa in final closed syllable (e.g. Indonesian pəcəl vs Malay pəcal), initial homorganic nasal stop clusters of ⟨mb⟩, ⟨nd⟩, and ⟨nj⟩ (e.g. Indonesian ''mbolos'' 'to malinger'), the consonant-semivowel clusters (e.g. Indonesian ''pria'' vs Malay ''pəria'' 'male'),{{Clarify|reason=How is r a semivowel?|date=October 2023}} introduction of consonant clusters ⟨-ry-⟩ and ⟨-ly-⟩ (e.g. Indonesian ''gərilya'' vs Malay ''gərila'' 'guerrilla'), increased usage of initial ⟨w-⟩ (e.g. ''warta'' and ''bərita'' 'news') and intervocalic ⟨w-⟩, and increase of initial and post-consonant ⟨y⟩ [j]. These changes resulted from influences of local languages in Indonesia, such as Balinese, Madurese, Sundanese and especially Javanese, and foreign languages such as Arabic and Dutch.<ref name="Poedjosoedarmo-1982" />

'''Orthographic note''':

The sounds are represented orthographically by their symbols as above, except:

* {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is written {{angbr|ny}}.
* {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is written {{angbr|ng}}.
* The glottal stop {{IPA|[ʔ]}} is written as a final {{angbr|k}} (the use {{angbr|k}} from its being an allophone of /k/ or /ɡ/ in the syllable coda), or it can be unwritten.
* {{IPAslink|tʃ}} is written {{angbr|c}}.
* {{IPAslink|dʒ}} is written {{angbr|j}}.
* {{IPAslink|ʃ}} is written {{angbr|sy}}.
* {{IPAslink|x}} is written {{angbr|kh}}.
* {{IPAslink|j}} is written {{angbr|y}}.