Editing Thai language (section)

=== Tones ===
{{multiple image|total_width=250
|width1=340 |height1=400 |image1=Mid tone (Thai).svg
|width2=340 |height2=400 |image2=Low tone (Thai).svg
|width3=340 |height3=400 |image3=Falling tone (Thai).svg
|width4=340 |height4=400 |image4=High tone (Thai).svg
|width5=340 |height5=400 |image5=Rising tone (Thai).svg
|footer=The five phonemic tones of Standard Thai pronounced with the syllable '/naː/': {{paragraph break}} [[File:Th-Thai tones marked with IPA with na.ogg|center]]
}}
There are five phonemic [[tone (linguistics)|tones]]: mid, low, falling, high, and rising, sometimes referred to in older reference works as ''rectus, gravis, circumflexus, altus,'' and ''demissus,'' respectively.<ref>Frankfurter, Oscar. Elements of Siamese grammar with appendices. American Presbyterian mission press, 1900 [https://books.google.com/books?id=h6U6AAAAMAAJ] (Full text available on Google Books)</ref> The table shows an example of both the [[phoneme|phonemic]] tones and their [[phonetics|phonetic]] realization, in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]. Moren & [[Elizabeth Zsiga|Zsiga]] (2006)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Morén |first1=Bruce |last2=Zsiga |first2=Elizabeth |date=2006 |title=The Lexical and Post-Lexical Phonology of Thai Tones* |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11049-004-5454-y |journal=Natural Language & Linguistic Theory |language=en |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=113–178 |doi=10.1007/s11049-004-5454-y |s2cid=170764533 |issn=0167-806X}}</ref> and Zsiga & Nitisaroj (2007)<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zsiga |first1=Elizabeth |last2=Nitisaroj |first2=Rattima |date=2007 |title=Tone Features, Tone Perception, and Peak Alignment in Thai |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00238309070500030301 |journal=Language and Speech |language=en |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=343–383 |doi=10.1177/00238309070500030301 |pmid=17974323 |s2cid=18595049 |issn=0023-8309}}</ref> provide phonetic and phonological analyses of Thai tone realization.
<!-- The whole point of this table is to illustrate phonetic detail of the tones. This doesn't occur anywhere else, and is from the IPA Handbook. -->
[[File:Thai tones.svg|thumb|upright=1.15|Thai language tone chart]]

Notes:
#Five-level tone value: Mid [33], Low [21], Falling [41], High [45], Rising [214]. Traditionally, the high tone was recorded as either [44] or [45]. This remains true for the older generation, but the high tone is changing to [334] among youngsters.<ref>Teeranon, Phanintra. (2007). [http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTL10/pdf_doc/1.pdf "The change of Standard Thai high tone: An acoustic study and a perceptual experiment"]. ''SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics, 4''(3), 1–16.</ref><ref>Thepboriruk, Kanjana. (2010). [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxzZWFsc2pvdXJuYWx8Z3g6NDljZWJlMjUzMGE0NGYyMw "Bangkok Thai Tones Revisited"]. ''Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 3''(1), 86–105.</ref>
#For the diachronic changes of tone value, see Pittayaporn (2007).<ref>Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2007). [https://web.archive.org/web/20191204144531/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4b67/bdd99e7a42c241f4fee6edc93f4f17e54ce8.pdf "Directionality of Tone Change"]. ''Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVI)''.</ref>
#The full complement of tones exists only in so-called "live syllables", those that end in a long vowel or a [[sonorant]] ({{IPA|/m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /j/, /w/}}).
#For "dead syllables", those that end in a plosive ({{IPA|/p/, /t/, /k/}}) or in a short vowel, only three tonal distinctions are possible: low, high, and falling. Because syllables analyzed as ending in a short vowel may have a final [[glottal stop]] (especially in slower speech), all "dead syllables" are phonetically [[Checked tone|checked]], and have the reduced tonal inventory characteristic of checked syllables.

==== Unchecked syllables ====
{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" | Tone
! scope="col" | Thai
! scope="col" | Example
! scope="col" | Phonemic
! scope="col" | Phonetic
! scope="col" | Gloss
|-
| Mid
| {{lang|th|สามัญ}}
| {{lang|th|คา}}
| {{IPA|/kʰāː/}}
| {{IPA|[kʰäː˧]}}
| 'stick'
|-
| Low
| {{lang|th|เอก}}
| {{lang|th|ข่า}}
| {{IPA|/kʰàː/}}
| {{IPA|[kʰäː˨˩]}} or {{IPA|[kʰäː˩]}}
| '[[galangal]]'
|-
| Falling
| {{lang|th|โท}}
| {{lang|th|ค่า}}
| {{IPA|/kʰâː/}}
| {{IPA|[kʰäː˦˩]}}
| 'value'
|-
| High
| {{lang|th|ตรี}}
| {{lang|th|ค้า}}
| {{IPA|/kʰáː/}}
| {{IPA|[kʰäː˦˥]}} or {{IPA|[kʰäː˥]}}
| 'to trade'
|-
| Rising
| {{lang|th|จัตวา}}
| {{lang|th|ขา}}
| {{IPA|/kʰǎː/}}
| {{IPA|[kʰäː˨˩˦]}} or {{IPA|[kʰäː˨˦]}}
| 'leg'
|}

==== Checked syllables ====

{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" | Tone
! scope="col" | Thai
! scope="col" | Example
! scope="col" | Phonemic
! scope="col" | Phonetic
! scope="col" | Gloss
|-
| Low (short vowel)
| {{lang|th|เอก}}
| {{lang|th|หมัก}}
| {{IPA|/màk/}}
| {{IPA|[mäk̚˨˩]}}
| 'marinate'
|-
| Low (long vowel)
| {{lang|th|เอก}}
| {{lang|th|หมาก}}
| {{IPA|/màːk/}}
| {{IPA|[mäːk̚˨˩]}}
| '[[areca]] nut, areca palm, [[betel]], fruit'
|-
| High
| {{lang|th|ตรี}}
| {{lang|th|มัก}}
| {{IPA|/mák/}}
| {{IPA|[mäk̚˦˥]}}
| 'habitually, likely to'
|-
| Falling
| {{lang|th|โท}}
| {{lang|th|มาก}}
| {{IPA|/mâːk/}}
| {{IPA|[mäːk̚˦˩]}}
| 'a lot, abundance, many'
|}
In some English [[loanword]]s, closed syllables with a long vowel ending in an obstruent sound have a high tone, and closed syllables with a short vowel ending in an obstruent sound have a falling tone.
{| class=wikitable
|-
! scope="col" | Tone
! scope="col" | Thai
! scope="col" | Example
! scope="col" | Phonemic
! scope="col" | Phonetic
! scope="col" | Gloss
|-
| High
| {{lang|th|ตรี}}
| {{lang|th|มาร์ก}}
| {{IPA|/máːk/}}
| {{IPA|[mäːk̚˦˥]}}
| 'Marc, Mark'
|-
| High
| {{lang|th|ตรี}}
| {{lang|th|ชาร์จ}}
| {{IPA|/tɕʰáːt/}}
| {{IPA|[tɕʰäːt̚˦˥]}}
| 'charge'
|-
| Falling
| {{lang|th|โท}}
| {{lang|th|เมกอัป}}
| {{IPA|/méːk.ʔâp/}}
| {{IPA|[meːk̚˦˥.ʔäp̚˦˩]}}
| 'make-up'
|-
| Falling
| {{lang|th|โท}}
| {{lang|th|แร็กเกต}}
| {{IPA|/rɛ́k.kêt/}}
| {{IPA|[rɛk̚˦˥.ket̚˦˩]}}
| 'racket'
|}