Editing Indonesian language (section)

=== Vowels ===
Indonesian has six vowel phonemes as shown in the table below.<ref name="SodOlson2008" /><ref>{{cite book |author1=Anton M. Moeliono |author2=Hans Lapoliwa |author3=Hasan Alwi |author4=Sry Satrya Tjatur Wisnu Sasangka |author5=Sugiyono |title=Tata Bahasa Baku Bahasa Indonesia |year=2017 |location=Jakarta |publisher=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa |edition=4th}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ caption | '''Indonesian vowel phonemes'''
|-
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
! [[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| /{{IPA link|i}}/
|
| /{{IPA link|u}}/
|-
! [[Close-mid vowel|Close-Mid]]
| /{{IPA link|e}}/
| /{{IPA link|ə}}/
| /{{IPA link|o}}/
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| /{{IPA link|ä|a}}/
|
|}

In standard Indonesian orthography, the [[Latin alphabet]] is used, and five vowels are distinguished: ''a, i, u, e, o''. In materials for learners, the mid-front vowel /e/ is sometimes represented with a diacritic as ⟨é⟩ to distinguish it from the mid-central vowel ⟨ê⟩ /ə/. Since 2015, the auxiliary graphemes ⟨é⟩ and ⟨è⟩ are used respectively for phonetic [{{IPA link|e}}] and [{{IPA link|ɛ}}] in Indonesian, while Standard Malay has rendered both of them as ⟨é⟩.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karyati |first=Zetty |date=2016-12-05 |title=Antara EYD dan PUEBI: Suatu Analisis Komparatif |url=http://journal.lppmunindra.ac.id/index.php/SAP/article/view/1024 |journal=SAP (Susunan Artikel Pendidikan) |volume=1 |issue=2 |doi=10.30998/sap.v1i2.1024 |issn=2549-2845|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The phonetic realization of the mid vowels /{{IPA|e}}/ and /{{IPA|o}}/ ranges from close-mid ({{IPA|[e]}}/{{IPA|[o]}}) to open-mid ({{IPA|[ɛ]}}/{{IPA|[ɔ]}}) [[allophone]]s. Some analyses set up a system which treats the open-mid vowels {{IPAslink|ɛ}} and {{IPAslink|ɔ}} as distinct phonemes.<ref>Yunus Maris, M. (1980). ''The Indonesian Sound System''. Kuala Lumpur: Penerbit Fajar Bakti Sdn. Bhd, page 2.</ref> Poedjosoedarmo argued the split of the front mid vowels in Indonesian is due to [[Javanese language|Javanese]] influence which exhibits a difference between ⟨i⟩ [{{IPA link|i}}], ⟨é⟩ [{{IPA link|e}}] and è [{{IPA link|ɛ}}]. Another example of Javanese influence in Indonesian is the split of back mid vowels into two allophones of [{{IPA link|o}}] and [{{IPA link|ɔ}}]. These splits (and loanwords) increase instances of [[Doublet (linguistics)|doublets]] in Indonesian, such as ⟨''satai''⟩ and ⟨''saté''⟩. Javanese words adopted into Indonesian have greatly increased the frequency of Indonesian ⟨é⟩ and ⟨o⟩.<ref name="Poedjosoedarmo-1982">{{Cite book |last=Poedjosoedarmo |first=Soepomo |url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144387/1/PL-D38.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/144387/1/PL-D38.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |title=Javanese influence on Indonesian |publisher=Pacific Linguistics |year=1982 |volume=38 |location=Canberra |pages=19–50 |language=en |chapter=Javanese influence on Indonesian phonology}}</ref>

In traditional Malay, high vowels (⟨i⟩, ⟨u⟩) could not appear in a final syllable if a mid-vowel (⟨e⟩, ⟨o⟩) appeared in the previous syllable, and conversely, mid-vowels (⟨e⟩, ⟨o⟩) could not appear in the final syllable if a high vowel (⟨i⟩, ⟨u⟩) appeared in the previous syllable.<ref name="The Indonesian Language 2004. Page 14" />

Traditional Malay does not allow the mid-central schwa vowel to occur in consonant open or closed word-final syllables. The schwa vowel was introduced in closed syllables under the influence of Javanese and Jakarta Malay, but Dutch borrowings made it more acceptable. Although Alisjahbana argued against it, insisting on writing ⟨a⟩ instead of an ⟨ê⟩ in final syllables such as ''koda'' (vs ''kode'' 'code') and nasionalisma (vs ''nasionalisme'' 'nationalism'), he was unsuccessful.<ref name="The Indonesian Language 2004. Page 14" /> This spelling convention was instead survived in [[Balinese language|Balinese]] orthography.

====Diphthongs====
Indonesian has four [[diphthong]] phonemes only in open syllables.<ref name="EYDV">{{cite act|title=Keputusan Kepala Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia Nomor 0424/I/BS.00.01/2022 Tentang Ejaan Bahasa Indonesia Yang Disempurnakan|language=id|type=Language Center Decree|index=0424/I/BS.00.01/2022|date=2022|legislature=[[Language Development and Fostering Agency]]|url=https://badanbahasa.kemdikbud.go.id/produk-detail/3685/ejaan-yang-disempurnakan-eyd}}</ref> They are:
* {{IPA|/ai̯/}}: ''ked'''ai''''' ('shop'), ''pand'''ai''''' ('clever')
* {{IPA|/au̯/}}: ''kerb'''au''''' ('buffalo'), ''lim'''au''''' ('lime')
* {{IPA|/oi̯/}} (or {{IPA|/ʊi̯/}} in Indonesian): ''amb'''oi''''' ('wow')'', t'''oi'''let'' ('toilet')
* {{IPA|/ei̯/}}: ''surv'''ei''''' ('survey'), ''g'''ei'''ser'' ('geyser')

Some analyses assume that these diphthongs are actually a monophthong followed by an approximant, so {{angbr|ai}} represents {{IPA|/aj/}}, {{angbr|au}} represents {{IPA|/aw/}}, and {{angbr|oi}} represents {{IPA|/oj/}}. On this basis, there are no phonological diphthongs in Indonesian.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Clynes | first1 = A | year = 1997 | title = On the Proto-Austronesian 'diphthongs' | journal = Oceanic Linguistics | volume = 36 | issue = 2 | pages = 347–362 | doi=10.2307/3622989 |jstor=3622989 }}</ref>

Diphthongs are differentiated from two vowels in two syllables, such as:
* {{IPA|/a.i/}}: e.g. ''l'''ai'''n'' ('other') {{IPA|[la.in]}}, '''''ai'''r'' ('water') {{IPA|[a.ir]}}
* {{IPA|/a.u/}}: ''b'''au''''' ('smell') {{IPA|[ba.u]}}, ''l'''au'''t'' ('sea') {{IPA|[la.ut]}}