Editing Pineapple (section)

==Cultivation==
In commercial farming, flowering can be induced artificially, and the early harvesting of the main fruit can encourage the development of a second crop of smaller fruits. Once removed during cleaning, the top of the pineapple can be planted in soil and a new plant will grow. Slips and suckers are planted commercially.<ref name="Morton 1987" />

===Storage and transport===
Some buyers prefer green fruit, others ripened or off-green. A plant growth regulator, [[Ethephon]], is typically sprayed onto the fruit one week before harvest, developing [[Ethylene as a plant hormone#ethylene|ethylene]], which turns the fruit golden yellow. After cleaning and slicing, a pineapple is typically canned in sugar syrup with added preservative.<ref name="Morton 1987" /> A pineapple never becomes any riper than it was when harvested since it is a [[Climacteric (botany)|non-climacteric fruit]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/04/21/garden/a-guide-to-choosing-a-ripe-pineapple.html | title=A guide to choosing a ripe pineapple |work=The New York Times |date= 21 April 1982|first=Mimi |last=Sheraton}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kitinoja |first1=Lisa |last2=Barrett |first2=Diane |date=2015-07-15 |title=Extension of Small-Scale Postharvest Horticulture Technologies—A Model Training and Services Center |journal=Agriculture |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=441–455 |doi=10.3390/agriculture5030441 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2015Agric...5..441K |issn=2077-0472}}</ref>

===Ethical and environmental concerns===
Like most [[Intensive farming|modern fruit production]], pineapple plantations are highly industrialized operations. In Costa Rica particularly, the pineapple industry uses large amounts of insecticides to protect the crop, which have caused health problems in many workers. These workers often receive little compensation, and are mostly poor migrants, often [[Nicaraguan]]. Workers' wages also decrease every time prices are lowered overseas. In 2016, the government declared that it would be trying to improve the situation, with the help of various other groups.<ref>{{cite news |title=Costa Rica's Pineapple Industry Promises to Become More Responsible |url=https://www.triplepundit.com/story/2016/costa-ricas-pineapple-industry-promises-become-more-responsible/27676 |access-date=29 November 2021 |date=10 March 2016}}</ref>

Historically, tropical fruit agriculture, such as for pineapples, has been concentrated in so-called "[[banana republics]]".<ref>{{cite book |last=Chapman |first=Peter |title=Jungle capitalists : a story of globalisation, greed and revolution |publisher=Canongate |location=Edinburgh New York |year=2009 |page=6 |isbn=978-1847676863 }}</ref><ref>[https://nytimes.com/2008/03/02/books/review/Kurtz-Phelan-t.html Big Fruit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313044710/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/02/books/review/Kurtz-Phelan-t.html |date=2017-03-13 }}, ''NY Times''</ref>

====Illegal drug trade====
Export pineapples from Costa Rica to Europe are often used as a cover for [[illegal drug trade|narcotrafficking]], and containers are impounded routinely in both locations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Costa Rica seizes two tons of cocaine hidden with pineapples |url=https://ticotimes.net/2021/02/05/costa-rica-seizes-two-tons-of-cocaine-hidden-with-pineapples |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=Tico Times |agency=AFP |date=5 February 2021}}</ref>

====Expansion into protected areas====
In Costa Rica, pineapple cultivation has expanded into the [[Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge|Maquenque]], {{lang|es|[[Border Corridor Wildlife Refuge|Corredor Fronterizo]]}}, [[Barra del Colorado Wildlife Refuge|Barra del Colorado]] and [[Caño Negro Wildlife Refuge|Caño Negro]] wildlife refuges, all located in the north of the country. As those are protected areas and not national parks, limited and restricted sustainable activities are allowed, however pineapple plantations are industrial operations and many of these do not have the proper license to operate in the protected areas, or were started before either the designation of the area, recent regulations or the creation of the environmental regulatory agency (Setena) in 1996. The agency has registers for around {{convert|358.5|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} of pineapple plantations operating within protected areas, but satellite imagery from 2018 reports around {{convert|1659|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodríguez |first1=Sebastián |title=Piñas en la mira: el monocultivo que se coló dentro de las áreas protegidas de Costa Rica |url=http://www.elpais.cr/2021/04/16/pinas-en-la-mira-el-monocultivo-que-se-colo-dentro-de-las-areas-protegidas-de-costa-rica/ |access-date=17 April 2021 |work=El País<!--[[El País]] is a different newspaper--> |location=Costa Rica |date=16 April 2021 |language=es}}</ref>

=== Pests and diseases ===
{{Main|List of pineapple diseases}}
Pineapples are subject to a variety of diseases, the most serious of which is wilt disease vectored by [[mealybug]]s<ref name="aps">{{cite web |url=http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/Pineapple.aspx |title=Diseases of Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.) |publisher=American Phytopathological Society |access-date=28 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111130100824/http://www.apsnet.org/publications/commonnames/Pages/Pineapple.aspx |archive-date=30 November 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> typically found on the surface of pineapples, but possibly in the closed blossom cups.<ref name="Morton 1987" /> Other diseases include citrus [[Phanerochaete salmonicolor|pink disease]], bacterial heart rot, [[anthracnose]],<ref name="aps" /> fungal heart rot, root rot, black rot, butt rot, fruitlet core rot, and yellow spot virus.<ref name="foodmarketexchange1">[http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/pineapple/detail/dc_pi_ft_pineapple0802.htm "Pests and Diseases of Pineapple"]. Food Market Exchange. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725040407/http://www.foodmarketexchange.com/datacenter/product/fruit/pineapple/detail/dc_pi_ft_pineapple0802.htm |date=25 July 2011 }}. Retrieved on 2 October 2011.</ref> Pineapple pink disease (not citrus pink disease) is characterized by the fruit developing a brownish to black discoloration when heated during the canning process. The causal agents of pink disease are the bacteria ''[[Acetobacter aceti]]'', ''Gluconobacter oxydans'', ''[[Pantoea]] citrea''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cha|first1=J.-S.|last2=Pujol|first2=C.|last3=Dususin|first3=A. R.|last4=Macion|first4=E. A.|last5=Hubbard|first5=C. H.|last6=Kado|first6=C. I.|date=1997|title=Studies on ''Pantoea citrea'', the causal agent of pink disease of pineapple|journal=Journal of Phytopathology|volume=145|issue=7|pages=313–319|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0434.1997.tb00407.x|bibcode=1997JPhyt.145..313C }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pujol|first1=C. J.|last2=Kado|first2=C. I.|date=1999|title=''gdhB'', a gene encoding a second quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase in ''Pantoea citrea'', is required for pink disease of pineapple|journal=Microbiology|volume=145|issue=5|pages=1217–1226|doi=10.1099/13500872-145-5-1217|pmid=10376838|doi-access=free}}</ref> and ''Tatumella ptyseos''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marin-Cevada |first1=V.|display-authors=3 |title=''Tatumella ptyseos'', an unrevealed causative agent of Pink disease in pineapple |journal=Journal of Phytopathology |volume=158 |issue=2 |pages=93–99 |year=2010 |doi=10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01575.x |last2=Caballero-Mellado |first2=Jesús |last3=Bustillos-Cristales |first3=R. |last4=Muñoz-Rojas |first4=J. |last5=Mascarúa-Esparza |first5=M. A. |last6=Castañeda-Lucio |first6=M. |last7=López-Reyes |first7=L. |last8=Martínez-Aguilar |first8=L. |last9=Fuentes-Ramírez |first9=L. E. |bibcode=2010JPhyt.158...93M }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Marín-Cevada|first1=V.|last2=Fuentes-Ramírez|first2=L. E.|date=2016|title=Pink disease, a review of an asymptomatic bacterial disease in pineapple|journal=Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura|volume=38|issue=3|pages=e949|doi=10.1590/0100-29452016949|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some pests that commonly affect pineapple plants are scales, [[thrip]]s, mites, mealybugs, ants, and [[symphylid]]s.<ref name="foodmarketexchange1" />

Heart-rot is the most serious disease affecting pineapple plants. The disease is caused by ''[[Phytophthora cinnamomi]]'' and ''[[Phytophthora parasitica|P. parasitica]]'', fungi that often affect pineapples grown in wet conditions. Since it is difficult to treat, it is advisable to guard against infection by planting resistant cultivars where these are available; all [[Suckers (botany)|suckers]] that are required for propagation should be dipped in a fungicide, since the fungus enters through the wounds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Gardening|last=Brickell|first=Christopher|publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=1996|isbn=978-1-85833-579-7|location=London |pages=419}}</ref>

=== Production ===
{{See also|List of countries by pineapple production}}

In 2022, world production of pineapples was 29 million [[tonne]]s, led by [[Indonesia]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Costa Rica]], each producing about 3 million tonnes.<ref name=faostat/>