Editing Milton Keynes (section)

===Original towns and villages===
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-->[[File:Bletchley Park.jpg|thumb|During World War II, British, Polish and American cryptographers at [[Bletchley Park]] broke a large number of [[Axis Powers|Axis]] codes and [[cipher]]s, including the German [[Enigma cipher|Enigma]] and [[Lorenz cipher|Lorenz]] ciphers.]]
[[File:Bradwell-windmill.JPG|thumb|right|The 1815 windmill near [[New Bradwell]] village, beside the playing fields]]
[[File:StonyStratford HighStreet01.jpg|thumb|right|Stony Stratford high street in festive mood]]
[[File:MiltonKeynesPeacePagoda01.JPG|thumb|right|[[Peace Pagoda]]]]

Milton Keynes consists of many pre-existing towns and villages that anchored the urban design,{{sfnb|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=8}} as well as new infill developments. The modern-day urban area outside the original six towns (Bletchley, Fenny Stratford, Newport Pagnell,{{efn|name=outside|Not in original designated area but subsequent expansion has grown to include it.<ref name="BUA2011" />}} Stony Stratford, Wolverton, and Woburn Sands{{efn|name=outside}}) was largely rural farmland but included many picturesque North Buckinghamshire villages and hamlets: [[Bradwell, Milton Keynes|Bradwell]] village and [[Bradwell Abbey|its Abbey]], [[Broughton, Milton Keynes|Broughton]], [[Caldecotte, Milton Keynes|Caldecotte]], [[Great Linford]], [[Loughton, Milton Keynes|Loughton]], [[Middleton, Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes Village]], [[New Bradwell]], [[Shenley Brook End]], [[Shenley Church End]], [[Simpson, Milton Keynes|Simpson]], [[Stantonbury]], [[Tattenhoe]], [[Tongwell]], [[Walton, Milton Keynes|Walton]], [[Water Eaton, Milton Keynes|Water Eaton]], [[Wavendon]], [[Willen]], [[Woolstone, Milton Keynes|Great and Little Woolstone]], [[Old Woughton|Woughton on the Green]].{{sfnb|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=8}} These historical settlements were made the focal points of their respective grid square. Every other district has an historical antecedent, if only in original farms or even field names.<ref name="MKDC-hmap">Milton Keynes Heritage (map){{snd}} English Partnerships, 2004.</ref>

[[Bletchley]] was first recorded in the 12th century as ''Blechelai''.<ref name=vch-ble>{{cite book | chapter-url= https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp274-283 | chapter= Parishes: Bletchley with Fenny Stratford and Water Eaton | series= [[Victoria History of the Counties of England]] | title= A History of the County of Buckingham | volume= 4 | date= 1927 | pages= 274{{ndash}}283 | publisher= [[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Co. Ltd.]] | access-date= 17 August 2009 | archive-date= 22 December 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151222205511/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp274-283 | url-status= live }}</ref> [[Bletchley railway station|Its station]] was an important junction (the [[London and North Western Railway]] with the Oxford-Cambridge [[Varsity Line]]), leading to the substantial urban growth in the town in the [[Victorian era|Victorian]] period.<ref name=vch-ble /> It expanded to absorb the village of [[Water Eaton (Milton Keynes)|Water Eaton]] and town of [[Fenny Stratford]].<ref name=vch-ble />

[[Bradwell (Milton Keynes)|Bradwell]]  is a traditional rural village with earthworks of a Norman [[motte and bailey]] and parish church.<ref name=vch-bra>{{cite book | chapter-url= https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp283-288 | chapter= Parishes: Bradwell | series= [[Victoria History of the Counties of England]] | title= A History of the County of Buckingham | volume= 4 | date= 1927 | page= 283{{ndash}}288 | access-date= 17 February 2019 | publisher= [[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Co. Ltd.]] | archive-date= 18 February 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081840/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp283-288 | url-status= live }}</ref> There is a [[Youth Hostels Association (England & Wales)|YHA]] hostel beside the church.<ref>{{NHLE| num=1159928 | desc= Youth Hostel | access-date=18 February 2019}}</ref>

[[Bradwell Abbey]], a former [[Benedictine]] [[Priory]] and [[scheduled monument]],<ref>{{NHLE| num=1009540 | desc= Bradwell Abbey: a Benedictine priory, chapel and fishpond | access-date=17 February 2019}}</ref> was of major economic importance in this area of North Buckinghamshire before its [[Dissolution of the Monasteries|dissolution]] in 1524.<ref>{{cite book | chapter-url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol1/pp350-352 | chapter=Houses of Benedictine monks: The priory of Bradwell | series=[[Victoria History of the Counties of England]] | title=A History of the County of Buckingham | volume=1 | date=1905 | page=350{{ndash}}352 | access-date=22 September 2009 | publisher=[[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Co. Ltd.]] | archive-date=19 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219113018/http://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol1/pp350-352 | url-status=live }}</ref> Nowadays there is only a small medieval chapel and a manor house occupying the site.<ref>{{NHLE |num=1125271 |desc=Chapel to North of Bradwell Abbey House |access-date=6 January 2009}}</ref>{{sfnb|Woodfield|1986|page=19{{ndash}}24}}

[[New Bradwell]], to the north of Bradwell and east of Wolverton, was built specifically for railway workers.<ref name=vch-bra /> The level bed of the old [[Wolverton to Newport Pagnell Line]] near here has been converted to a redway, making it a favoured route for cycling.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mkheritage.org.uk/nbhg/transport/railways/ | title=From Railway line to Railway Walk | work=New Bradwell Heritage | publisher=Milton Keynes Heritage Association | access-date=17 February 2019 | archive-date=18 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218104933/http://www.mkheritage.org.uk/nbhg/transport/railways/ | url-status=live }}</ref> A working [[windmill]] is sited on a hill outside the village.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.miltonkeynesmuseum.org.uk/home/bradwell-windmill/ | title=Bradwell Windmill | publisher=[[Milton Keynes Museum]] | access-date=17 February 2019 | archive-date=18 October 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018091954/http://www.miltonkeynesmuseum.org.uk/home/bradwell-windmill/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Great Linford]] appears in the [[Domesday Book]] as ''Linforde'', and features a church dedicated to [[Saint Andrew]], dating from 1215.<ref name=vch-lin>{{cite book | chapter-url= https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp387-392 | chapter= Parishes: Great Linford | series= [[Victoria History of the Counties of England]] | title= A History of the County of Buckingham | volume= 4 | date= 1927 | page= 387{{ndash}}392 | access-date= 17 February 2019 | publisher= [[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Co. Ltd.]] | archive-date= 18 February 2019 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190218082059/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp387-392 | url-status= live }}</ref> Today, the outer buildings of the 17th century [[manor house]] form an [[arts centre]].<ref name=mkac />

[[Middleton, Milton Keynes|Milton Keynes (Village)]] is the original village to which the New Town owes its name.{{sfnb|Llewellyn-Davies|Weeks|Forestier-Walker|Bor|1970|p=3}} The original village is still evident, with a pleasant [[thatch]]ed [[pub]], [[village hall]], church and traditional housing. The area around the village has reverted to its 11th century name of [[Middleton, Milton Keynes|Middleton]] ''(Middeltone'').<ref>{{cite book |chapter-url= https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp401-405 |chapter= Parishes: Milton Keynes |series= [[Victoria History of the Counties of England]] |title= A History of the County of Buckingham |volume= 4 |date= 1927 |page= 401{{ndash}}405 |access-date= 17 February 2019 |publisher= [[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Co. Ltd.]] |archive-date= 18 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081919/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp401-405 |url-status= live }}</ref> The oldest surviving domestic building in the area (c. 1300 CE), "perhaps the manor house", is here.{{sfnb|Woodfield |1986 |page=84}}

[[Stony Stratford]] began as a settlement on Watling Street during the [[Roman Britain|Roman occupation]], beside the ford over the Great Ouse.<ref name=vch-ss /> There has been a market here since 1194 (by [[royal charter|charter]] of [[Richard I of England|King Richard&nbsp;I]]).<ref name=charter>R. H. Britnell, 'The Origins of Stony Stratford', ''Records of Buckinghamshire'', XX (1977), pp. 451–3</ref> The former Rose and Crown Inn on the High Street is reputedly the last place the [[Princes in the Tower]] were seen alive.<ref name=vch-ss>{{cite book |chapter-url= https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp476-482 |chapter= Parishes: Stony Stratford |series= [[Victoria History of the Counties of England]] |title= A History of the County of Buckingham |volume= 4 |date= 1927 |page= 476{{ndash}}482 |access-date= 17 February 2019 |publisher= [[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Co. Ltd.]] |archive-date= 31 August 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180831003937/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp476-482 |url-status= live }}</ref>

The manor house of [[Walton, Milton Keynes|Walton]] village, [[Walton Hall, Milton Keynes|Walton Hall]], is the headquarters of the [[Open University]] and the tiny [[parish church]] (deconsecrated) is in its grounds.{{sfnb|Bendixson|Platt|1992|page=74}}

The small parish church (1680) at [[Willen]] was designed by the architect and physicist [[Robert Hooke]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/willen.htm |title=Willen Church |publisher=[[Westminster School]] |date=2007 |access-date=17 February 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002203130/http://www.roberthooke.org.uk/willen.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnb|Woodfield |1986 |page=165}} Nearby, there is a [[Buddhist]] Temple and a [[Peace Pagoda]], which was built in 1980 and was the first built by the [[Nipponzan-Myōhōji]] Buddhist Order in the western world.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theparkstrust.com/our-work/public-art-in-our-parks/public-art-at-newlands-and-willen-lake/peace-pagoda/ | title=Peace Pagoda | publisher=[[Milton Keynes Parks Trust]] | access-date=17 February 2019 | archive-date=18 February 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081751/https://www.theparkstrust.com/our-work/public-art-in-our-parks/public-art-at-newlands-and-willen-lake/peace-pagoda/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

The original [[Wolverton]] was a medieval settlement just north and west of today's town.<ref name=vch-wt>{{cite book |chapter-url= https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp505-509 |chapter= Parishes: Wolverton |series= [[Victoria History of the Counties of England]] |title= A History of the County of Buckingham |volume= 4 |date= 1927 |page= 505{{ndash}}509 |access-date= 17 February 2019 |publisher= [[Constable & Robinson|Constable & Co. Ltd.]] |archive-date= 22 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190122094741/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/bucks/vol4/pp505-509 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[ridge and furrow]] pattern of agriculture can still be seen in the nearby fields.<ref>Buckinghamshire Historical Service plaque on site</ref>  The 12th century (rebuilt in 1819) 'Church of the Holy Trinity' still stands next to the Norman [[motte and bailey]] site.<ref name=vch-wt /> Modern Wolverton was a 19th-century New Town built to house the workers at the [[Wolverton railway works]], which built engines and carriages for the [[London and North Western Railway]].<ref name=vch-wt />

Among the smaller villages and hamlets are three{{snd}} [[Broughton, Milton Keynes|Broughton]], [[Loughton, Milton Keynes|Loughton]] and [[Old Woughton|Woughton on the Green]]{{snd}} that are of note in that their names each use a different pronunciation{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|r|ɔː|t|ən}}, as in [[wikt:brought|brought]]; {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|aʊ|t|ən}}, as in [[wikt:bough|bough]]; and {{IPAc-en|ˈ|w|ʊ|f|t|ə|n}}, as in [[wikt:enough|enough]], respectively}} of the [[ough (orthography)|ough]] letter sequence in English.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=5004&context=wordways | title=Kickshaws | page=228 | last=Morice | first=Dave | publisher=[[Butler University]] | year=2005 | access-date=4 March 2019 | archive-date=1 November 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101063440/https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=5004&context=wordways | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The 6 most mispronounced Milton Keynes place names people are always getting wrong | work=Milton Keynes Citizen | first=Sally |last=Murrer |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |url=https://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/news/people/the-6-most-mispronounced-milton-keynes-place-names-people-are-always-getting-wrong-3730262}}</ref>