Editing Guarani language (section)

=== Conjugation ===
Guarani stems can be divided into a number of conjugation classes, which are called {{lang|gn|areal}} (with the subclass {{lang|gn|aireal}}) and {{lang|gn|chendal}}. The names for these classes stem from the names of the prefixes for 1st and 2nd person singular.

The {{lang|gn|areal}} conjugation is used to convey that the participant is [[Agent (grammar)|actively involved]], whereas the {{lang|gn|chendal}} conjugation is used to convey that the participant is the [[Patient (grammar)|undergoer]]. However, the {{lang|gn|areal}} conjugation is also used if an intransitive verb expresses [[Aktionsart|an event as opposed to a state]], for example {{Lang|gn|manó}} 'die', and even with a verb such as {{Lang|gn|ké}} 'sleep'. In addition, all borrowed Spanish verbs are adopted as {{lang|gn|areal}} as opposed to borrowed adjectives, which take {{lang|gn|chendal}}.<ref>{{cite thesis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302131251/http://www.ling.su.se/gu/kursmaterial/311_4/active.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2008 |url=http://www.ling.su.se/gu/kursmaterial/311_4/active.pdf |last=Andréasson |first=Daniel |year=2001 |title=Active languages |publisher=Stockholm University |pages=18–20 |degree=BA}}</ref> Intransitive verbs can take either conjugation, transitive verbs normally take {{lang|gn|areal}}, but can take {{lang|gn|chendal}} for [[habitual aspect|habitual]] readings. Nouns can also be conjugated, but only as {{lang|gn|chendal}}. This conveys a predicative possessive reading.<ref name=Nordhoff2004>{{cite journal |last=Nordhoff |first=Sebastian |year=2004 |title=Nomen-Verb-Distinktion im Guarani |editor-last=Sasse |editor-first=Hans-Jürgen |location=Köln |publisher=Universität zu Köln |journal=Arbeitspapier |volume=48 |issn=1615-1496 |lang=de |url=https://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22366/file/AP_48_Nordhoff_Nomen_ver_Distinktion_im_Guarani.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612022954/http://publikationen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/22366/file/AP_48_Nordhoff_Nomen_ver_Distinktion_im_Guarani.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>

Furthermore, the conjugations vary slightly according to the stem being oral or nasal.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="3" | pronoun
! colspan="2" | {{lang|gn|areal}}
! rowspan="2" | {{lang|gn|aireal}}
! rowspan="2" | {{lang|gn|chendal}}
|-
! oral
! nasal
|-
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|guata}} {{gloss|to walk}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|ñeʼẽ}} {{gloss|to speak}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|puru}} {{gloss|to use}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|tuicha}} {{gloss|to be big}}}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|che}}
| {{lang|gn|'''a'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''a'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ai'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''che'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|ñande}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ja'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ña'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''jai'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ñande'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|ore}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ro'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ro'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''roi'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''ore'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nde}}
| {{lang|gn|'''re'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''re'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''rei'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''nde'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|peẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''pe'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''pe'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''pei'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''pende'''-tuicha}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|haʼe(kuéra)}}
| {{lang|gn|'''o'''-guata}}
| {{lang|gn|'''o'''-ñeʼẽ}}
| {{lang|gn|'''oi'''-puru}}
| {{lang|gn|'''i'''-tuicha}}
|}

==== Negation ====
Negation is indicated by a [[circumfix]] {{lang|gn|n(d)(V)-...-(r)i}} in Guarani. The preverbal portion of the circumfix is {{lang|gn|nd-}} for oral bases and {{lang|gn|n-}} for nasal bases. For 2nd person singular, an [[epenthetic]] {{lang|gn|-e-}} is inserted before the base, for 1st person plural inclusive, an epenthetic {{lang|gn|-a-}} is inserted.

The postverbal portion is {{lang|gn|-ri}} for bases ending in {{lang|gn|-i}}, and {{lang|gn|-i}} for all others. However, in spoken Guarani, the {{lang|gn|-ri}} portion of the circumfix is frequently omitted for bases ending in {{lang|gn|-i}}.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Oral verb
! Nasal verb
! With ending in "i"
|-
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|japo}} {{gloss|do, make}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|kororõ}} {{gloss|roar, snore}}}}
! {{nobold|{{lang|gn|jupi}} {{gloss|go up, rise}}}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nd-ajapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|n-akororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nd-ajupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nde-rejapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|ne-rekororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nde-rejupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nd-ojapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|n-okororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nd-ojupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nda-jajapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|na-ñakororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nda-jajupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nd-orojapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|n-orokororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nd-orojupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nda-pejapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|na-pekororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nda-pejupí-ri}}
|-
| {{lang|gn|nd-ojapó-i}}
| {{lang|gn|n-okororõ-i}}
| {{lang|gn|nd-ojupí-ri}}
|}

The negation can be used in all tenses, but for future or irrealis reference, the normal tense marking is replaced by {{lang|gn|moʼã}}, resulting in {{lang|gn|n(d)(V)}}-base-{{lang|gn|moʼã-i}} as in {{lang|gn|Ndajapomoʼãi}}, "I won't do it".

There are also other negatives, such as: {{lang|gn|ani}}, {{lang|gn|ỹhỹ}}, {{lang|gn|nahániri}}, {{lang|gn|naumbre}}, {{lang|gn|naʼanga}}.