Editing Umbrian language (section)

===== Ablative and locative =====
In contrast to Latin, in which the [[Locative case|locative]] was reduced to rare and limited functions, the Umbrian locative retained much broader and more widespread use.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=199}} The Umbrian locative was used to signify the place something occurred; thus, Umbrian terms locatives such as {{Lang|xum|Acersoniem}}, meaning "at Acedonia," and "{{Lang|xum|tote Iouine}}," meaning "at [city of] Iguvium." Locative forms such as {{Lang|xum|fratrecate}} and {{Lang|xum|maronatei}}, both of which refer to the time frame in which a specific individual held a political office, attest to the existence of a locative of time, which would indicate the time something occurred.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=200}} Ablative forms were also utilized to communicate locative meanings: Umbrian phrases such as "{{Lang|xum|tremnu serse}}" ("sitting in the tent") utilize the ablative to indicate the location where something occurred.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=204}} The ablative, typically when accompanied by a preposition such as "{{Lang|xum|ehe}}" ("{{Lang|la|ex}};" "out of," "from") or a postpositive marker such as "{{Lang|xum|-'''ta'''}}" or "{{Lang|xum|-'''tu'''}}," could also indicate movement from a location: the terms term "{{Lang|xum|'''akrutu'''}}" ("from the field") and the sentence"{{Lang|xum|ehe esu poplu}}" ("from this people") both demonstrate this function of the ablative.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=201}} Furthermore, the ablative in Umbrian could indicate the route through which movement had occurred: the sentence, "{{Lang|xum|uia auiecla etuto}}" ("go by the augural way"), exemplifies this usage."{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=202}} Ablative forms could communicate the time something occurred, as demonstrated in the phrase "{{Lang|xum|pesclu semu}}" ("in the middle of the prayer"). Both the ablative and locative appeared to be able to communicate the means by which in action occurred: the phrase "{{Lang|xum|mani tenitu}}" ("to hold in the hand") utilizes the ablative form "{{Lang|xum|mani}}" ("in the hand"), while the sentence "{{Lang|xum|'''manuve habitu'''}}" ("to hold in the hand") utilizes the locative form {{Lang|xum|'''manuve'''}} to communicate a similar meaning.{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=204}} 

The ablative could also communicate the attendant circumstances surrounding an action, as demonstrated by sentences such as "{{Lang|xum|'''eruhu tiçlu sestu luvepatre'''}}" ("present to Jupiter with the same dedication").{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=203}} More broadly, the Umbrian ablative could signify accompaniment; it could communicate that an action was occurring with or alongside something. Such a meaning appears in sentences such as "{{Lang|xum|com prinuatir stahitu}}" ("stand with the assistants"), which utilize the preposition "{{Lang|xum|com}}" ("{{Lang|la|cum}};" "with"). This preposition was dropped in scenarios where the notion of accompaniment could be substituted for the ablative of means or manner: "{{Lang|xum|'''apretu tures et pure'''}}" ("go about [preform the lustration] with the bulls and the fire").{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=202}} The preposition "{{Lang|xum|-co(m)}}" or "{{Lang|xum|-'''ku(m)'''}}," when used as a postpositive marker of an ablative term, communicated a locative meaning: "{{Lang|xum|'''asaku'''}}" ("at the altar") and "{{Lang|xum|termnuco}}" ("at the boundary").{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=203}} Another, more miscellaneous usage of the Umbrian ablative is the ablative of price, which marks the cost of something: "{{Lang|xum|'''muneklu habia numer prever pusti kastruvuf'''}}" ("shall receive a perquisite of one sesterce for each person").{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=201}} There is also limited attestation of an [[ablative absolute]] in Umbrian: "{{Lang|xum|'''aves anzeriates'''}}" ("when the birds have been observed").{{Sfn|Buck|1904|p=203}} The linguist Gary B. Holland suggests that it is possible this form merely constitutes a locative, as the locative plural is identical to the ablative plural in Umbrian.{{Sfn|Holland|1986|p=189}}