Editing 1991 (section)

===October===
* [[October 1]] – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the [[Yugoslav People's Army]] [[Croatian War of Independence|surround Dubrovnik]], beginning the [[Siege of Dubrovnik]], which lasts until May 31, 1992.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Silber|first=Laura|date=October 2, 1991|title=Yugoslav Forces Attack Dubrovnik Resort|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/yugoslav-forces-attack-dubrovnik-resort/a2294eab-0269-4953-884c-4eaf1fe17f12/|access-date=June 12, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122140931/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/yugoslav-forces-attack-dubrovnik-resort/a2294eab-0269-4953-884c-4eaf1fe17f12/|archive-date=November 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dubrovnik {{!}} Croatia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Dubrovnik|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=May 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518184141/https://www.britannica.com/place/Dubrovnik|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 3]]–[[November 2]] – The [[1991 Rugby World Cup]] takes place in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland and France and is won by [[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]] who beat [[England national rugby union team|England]] in [[1991 Rugby World Cup final|the final]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2020/mar/17/my-favourite-game-france-v-england-rugby-world-cup-1991|title= My favourite game - France v England Rugby World Cup 1991|work=The Guardian|date=2020|access-date=16 March 2025}}</ref>
* [[October 3]] – [[Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives]] [[Tom Foley]] announces the [[House banking scandal|closure of the House Bank]] by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=This is about this country's lack of leadership|url=https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1991/10/20/this-is-about-this-country-s-lack-of-leadership/|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Tampa Bay Times|archive-date=October 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015201301/https://www.tampabay.com/archive/1991/10/20/this-is-about-this-country-s-lack-of-leadership/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Labaton|first=Stephen|date=November 22, 1991|title=House Leaders Decide Against Vote on S.& L. Bailout Bill|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/22/business/house-leaders-decide-against-vote-on-s-l-bailout-bill.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029112919/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/22/business/house-leaders-decide-against-vote-on-s-l-bailout-bill.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[October 4]] – [[Carl Bildt]] succeeds [[Ingvar Carlsson]] as [[Prime Minister of Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prime Ministers of Sweden Since World War II|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/prime-ministers-of-sweden-since-world-war-ii.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=WorldAtlas|date=April 25, 2017|archive-date=May 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509231758/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/prime-ministers-of-sweden-since-world-war-ii.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 6]] – [[President Gorbachev]] condemns [[antisemitism in the Soviet Union]] in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the [[Babi Yar massacres]], which saw the death of [[History of the Jews in Ukraine|35,000 Jews]] in [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukraine]] during [[Eastern Front (World War II)|WWII]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Clines|first=Francis X.|date=October 7, 1991|title=Gorbachev Condemns Anti-Semitism, Past and Present|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/07/world/gorbachev-condemns-anti-semitism-past-and-present.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029112055/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/07/world/gorbachev-condemns-anti-semitism-past-and-present.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Vincent J.|last=Schodolski|date=October 7, 1991|location=Moscow|title=Gorbachev rues Jewish exodus|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-10-07-9103310768-story.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|archive-date=March 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317015122/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1991-10-07-9103310768-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 7]] – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The [[Yugoslav Air Force]] bombs the office of [[Croatian President]] [[Franjo Tuđman]], causing the [[Croatian Parliament]] to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the following day.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Harden|first=Blaine|date=October 7, 1991|title=Yugoslav Jets Attack Palace in Zagreb|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/08/yugoslav-jets-attack-palace-in-zagreb/798a3dd4-738d-4495-b129-2c5de20e615e/|access-date=June 12, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122140934/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/08/yugoslav-jets-attack-palace-in-zagreb/798a3dd4-738d-4495-b129-2c5de20e615e/|archive-date=November 22, 2024}}</ref>
* [[October 11]]
** In the [[Russian SFSR]], the [[KGB]] is replaced by the [[Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia)|SVR]], with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sakwa|first=Richard|title=Russian Politics and Society|date=September 11, 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-58769-8|pages=91–92|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WTiCAgAAQBAJ|access-date=September 10, 2023|archive-date=October 5, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005160248/https://books.google.com/books?id=WTiCAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Carlisle|first=Rodney|title=Encyclopedia of Intelligence and Counterintelligence|date=March 26, 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-47177-6|page=368|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oXysBwAAQBAJ|access-date=September 10, 2023|archive-date=7 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207104209/https://books.google.com/books?id=oXysBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>''Signals Intelligence in the Post-cold War Era'' p. 24</ref>
** Iraq disarmament crisis: The [[UN Security Council]] passes [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 715|Resolution 715]], demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the [[United Nations Special Commission|Special Commission]]."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Security Council Resolution 715|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Chronology/resolution715.htm|access-date=June 16, 2021|work=United Nations|archive-date=April 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411141007/https://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/Chronology/resolution715.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful".
* [[October 12]] – [[Askar Akayev]] is confirmed as the first [[president of Kyrgyzstan]] in an uncontested poll.<ref>{{Cite news|date=January 11, 2021|title=Kyrgyzstan profile – Timeline|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16185772|access-date=June 12, 2021|archive-date=June 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612174414/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16185772|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Nohlen|editor1-first=Dieter|editor2-last=Grotz|editor2-first=Florian|editor3-last=Hartmann|editor3-first=Christof|editor1-link=Dieter Nohlen|title=Elections in Asia and the Pacific: A Data Handbook: Volume 1|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-19-924958-X|page=448}}</ref>
* [[October 13]] – In the [[1991 Bulgarian parliamentary election|Bulgarian parliamentary election]], the [[Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)|Union of Democratic Forces]] defeats the [[Bulgarian Socialist Party]], leaving no remaining [[Communist governments]] in [[Eastern Europe]].{{sfn|Nohlen|Stöver|2010|pp=369, 382}}<ref>{{Cite web|author=UNHCR|title=Refworld {{!}} Bulgaria. Movements Towards Democratization|url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6084.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=Refworld|archive-date=September 14, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914132139/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6a6084.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 15]]
** [[Clarence Thomas]] is confirmed as the new [[U.S. Supreme Court Justice]] following [[Thurgood Marshall]]'s retirement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 102nd Congress – 1st Session|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=102&session=1&vote=00220|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=U.S. Senate|archive-date=April 7, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407085736/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=102&session=1&vote=00220|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rosenthal|first=Andrew|date=June 28, 1991|title=Marshall retires from High Court; blows to Liberals|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/us/marshall-retires-from-high-court-blow-to-liberals.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=June 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614103615/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/28/us/marshall-retires-from-high-court-blow-to-liberals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
** The leaders of the [[Baltic States]]—[[Arnold Rüütel]] of [[Estonia]], [[Anatolijs Gorbunovs]] of [[Latvia]], and the [[Vytautas Landsbergis]] of [[Lithuania]]—sign the [[OSCE]] Final Act in [[Helsinki]], Finland.<ref>''Mitä Missä Milloin, Kansalaisen vuosikirja 1993'', p. 21. Helsinki: [[Otava (publisher)|Otava]], 1992. ISBN 951-1-12269-X. (in Finnish)</ref>
** The [[Oh-My-God particle]], the highest energy cosmic ray ever recorded, is detected.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O’Callaghan |first1=Jonathan |date=May 30, 2023 |title=We are finally closing in on the cosmic origins of the 'OMG particle' |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25834413-100-we-are-finally-closing-in-on-the-cosmic-origins-of-the-omg-particle/ |url-status=live |journal=[[New Scientist]] |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609005718/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25834413-100-we-are-finally-closing-in-on-the-cosmic-origins-of-the-omg-particle/ |archive-date=June 9, 2023 |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref>
* [[October 16]] – [[Luby's shooting]]: 23 people are killed at a [[Luby's|Luby's restaurant]] in Killeen, Texas after [[George Hennard]] drives his truck through the establishment and begins firing at diners. It becomes the [[Mass shootings in the United States|deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history]] and wouldn't be surpassed until the [[Virginia Tech shooting]].
* [[October 18]] – The [[Soviet Union]] restores its [[Israel–Russia relations|diplomatic relations]] with [[Israel]], which have been suspended since the [[1967 Six-Day War]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Haberman|first=Clyde|date=October 19, 1991|title=Israel and Soviets Restore Full Relations|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/world/israel-and-soviets-restore-full-relations.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028112304/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/19/world/israel-and-soviets-restore-full-relations.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 20]]
** The [[Harare Declaration]] is signed in [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]], laying down the [[Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria]].<ref name="Harare Declaration text">{{cite web|date=October 20, 1991|title=Harare Commonwealth Declaration|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=34457|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040207030954/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Templates/Internal.asp?NodeID=34457|archive-date=February 7, 2004|access-date=July 25, 2007|work=[[Commonwealth Secretariat]]}}</ref>
** A [[Oakland firestorm of 1991|large suburban firestorm]] centered in [[Oakland Hills]], [[California]], kills 25 people and injures 150 others.<ref>{{Cite web|title=EBRPD – The Oakland Hills Firestorm {{!}} Forward|url=https://www.ebparks.org/about/history/the_oakland_hills_firestorm___forward.htm|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=ebparks.org|archive-date=May 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210516123802/https://www.ebparks.org/about/history/the_oakland_hills_firestorm___forward.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
** A 6.8 [[Moment magnitude scale|M<sub>w</sub>]] [[1991 Uttarkashi earthquake|earthquake strikes]] [[Uttarkashi district|Uttarkashi]], India, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes.<ref name="Jain">{{cite web|last1=Jain|first1=Sudhir. K.|title=Garhwal Earthquake of Oct. 20, 1991|url=https://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Uttarkashi.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520050915/https://www.nicee.org/eqe-iitk/uploads/EQR_Uttarkashi.pdf|archive-date=May 20, 2022|url-status=live|volume=26|number=2|pages=1–3|year=1992|series=EERI Special Earthquake Report|work=National Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering|last2=Singh|first2=Ramesh P.|last3=Gupta|first3=Vinay K.|last4=Nagar|first4=Amit}}</ref>
* [[October 21]] – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Boustany|first1=Nora|last2=Diehl|first2=Jackson|last3=Priest|first3=Dana|date=October 21, 1991|title=Hostage Turner Freed, Arrives in Damascus|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/22/hostage-turner-freed-arrives-in-damascus/b6628fa2-38e0-4cf7-a68c-9c8b253c8891/|access-date=June 12, 2021|newspaper=The Washington Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241122141047/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/22/hostage-turner-freed-arrives-in-damascus/b6628fa2-38e0-4cf7-a68c-9c8b253c8891/|archive-date=November 22, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hedges|first=Chris|date=October 23, 1991|title=Ex-Beirut Hostage Is in Care of U.S.|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/23/world/ex-beirut-hostage-is-in-care-of-us.html|access-date=June 12, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=October 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029112537/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/23/world/ex-beirut-hostage-is-in-care-of-us.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 23]] – In [[Paris]], the [[Vietnam]]-backed government of the [[People's Republic of Kampuchea|state of Cambodia]] signs an agreement with the [[Khmer Rouge]] to end [[Cambodian Civil War|the civil war]] and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the [[Cambodian genocide]]. The deal ends the [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War]] and results in the creation of the [[UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Khmer Rouge {{!}} Facts, Leadership, Genocide, & Death Toll|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khmer-Rouge|access-date=June 13, 2021|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|archive-date=November 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107033002/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Khmer-Rouge|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=United Nations transitional authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) – Mandate|url=https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/untacmandate.html#:~:text=UNITED%20NATIONS%20TRANSITIONAL%20AUTHORITY%20IN,Paris%20on%2023%20October%201991.|access-date=June 13, 2021|work=United Nations|archive-date=October 19, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019211537/https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/past/untacmandate.html#:~:text=UNITED%20NATIONS%20TRANSITIONAL%20AUTHORITY%20IN,Paris%20on%2023%20October%201991.|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 27]] – The first [[1991 Polish parliamentary election|free parliamentary elections]] in [[Poland]] since [[1928 Polish legislative election|1928]] are held.<ref>{{Cite web|title=POLAND : parliamentary elections Sejm, 1991|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2255_91.htm|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=archive.ipu.org|archive-date=November 1, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101103307/http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2255_91.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 28]] – [[November 4]] – The [[1991 Perfect Storm]] strikes the [[northeastern U.S.]] coast and [[Atlantic Canada]], causing over US$200&nbsp;million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ocean Prediction Center and 'The Perfect Storm'|url=https://ocean.weather.gov/perfectstorm/mpc_ps_intro.php|access-date=June 13, 2021|website=ocean.weather.gov|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002020/https://ocean.weather.gov/perfectstorm/mpc_ps_intro.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Perfect Storm (1991)|url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-perfect-storm-1991.htm|access-date=June 13, 2021|work=National Park Service|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613002021/https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-perfect-storm-1991.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 29]] – [[NASA]]'s [[Galileo spacecraft]] makes its closest approach to [[951 Gaspra]], becoming the first probe to visit an [[asteroid]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA – NSSDCA – Data Collection – Details|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/dataset/display.action?id=PSSB-00623|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|archive-date=October 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015201302/https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/dataset/display.action?id=PSSB-00623|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=May 16, 2019|title=Spacecraft Exploration of Gaspra|url=https://www.britannica.com/explore/space/spacecraft-exploration-gaspra/|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=SpaceNext50 {{!}} Encyclopedia Britannica|archive-date=October 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015170819/https://www.britannica.com/explore/space/spacecraft-exploration-gaspra/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[October 31]] – [[November 3]] – The [[1991 Halloween blizzard|Halloween blizzard]] hits the U.S. [[Upper Midwest]], killing 22 people and causing US$100&nbsp;million in damage.<ref>{{Cite web|last=US Department of Commerce|first=NOAA|title=The Halloween Blizzard of 1991|url=https://www.weather.gov/dlh/1991halloweenblizzard|access-date=June 12, 2021|website=weather.gov|archive-date=June 13, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613003527/https://www.weather.gov/dlh/1991halloweenblizzard|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=July 30, 2018|title=On This Day: The Halloween Blizzard of 1991|url=http://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/halloween-blizzard-1991|access-date=June 12, 2021|work=[[NCEI]]|archive-date=March 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327204140/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/news/halloween-blizzard-1991|url-status=live}}</ref>