Editing Slovak language (section)

===Morphology===

====Articles====
Slovak, like every major Slavic language other than [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] and [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]], does not have articles. The demonstrative pronoun in masculine form {{lang|sk|ten}} (that one) or {{lang|sk|tá}} in feminine and {{lang|sk|to}} in neuter respectively, may be used in front of the noun in situations where [[definiteness]] must be made explicit.

====Nouns, adjectives, pronouns====
{{Main|Slovak declension}}
Slovak nouns are inflected for [[Grammatical case|case]] and [[number]]. There are six cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, locative, and instrumental. The [[vocative]] is purely optional and most of the time unmarked. It is used mainly in spoken language and in some fixed expressions: {{lang|sk|mama}} mum (nominative) vs. {{lang|sk|mami}} mum! (vocative), {{lang|sk|tato}}, {{lang|sk|oco}} dad (N) vs. {{lang|sk|tati}}, {{lang|sk|oci}} dad! (V), {{lang|sk|pán}} Mr., sir vs. {{lang|sk|pane}} sir (when addressing someone e.g. in the street). There are two numbers: singular and plural. Nouns have inherent [[Grammatical gender|gender]]. There are three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Adjectives and pronouns must agree with nouns in case, number, and gender.

====Numerals====
The numerals 0–10 have unique forms, with numerals 1–4 requiring specific gendered representations. Numerals 11–19 are formed by adding {{lang|sk|násť}} to the end of each numeral. The suffix {{lang|sk|dsať}} is used to create numerals 20, 30 and 40; for numerals 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90, {{lang|sk|desiat}} is used. Compound numerals (21, 1054) are combinations of these words formed in the same order as their mathematical symbol is written (e.g. 21 = {{lang|sk|dvadsaťjeden}}, literally "twenty-one").

The numerals are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! 1–10 !!  !! 11–20 !!  !! 10–100 !! 
|-
| 1 || {{lang|sk|jeden}} (number, masculine), {{lang|sk|jedno}} (neuter), {{lang|sk|jedna}} (feminine) || 11 || {{lang|sk|jedenásť}} || 10 || {{lang|sk|desať}}
|-
| 2 || {{lang|sk|dva}} (number, masculine inanimate), {{lang|sk|dve}} (neuter, feminine), {{lang|sk|dvaja}} (masculine animate) || 12 || {{lang|sk|dvanásť}} || 20 || {{lang|sk|dvadsať}}
|-
| 3 || {{lang|sk|tri}} (number, neuter, masculine inanimate, feminine), {{lang|sk|traja}} (masculine animate) || 13 || {{lang|sk|trinásť}} || 30 || {{lang|sk|tridsať}}
|-
| 4 || {{lang|sk|štyri}} (number, neuter, masculine inanimate, feminine), {{lang|sk|štyria}} (masculine animate) || 14 || {{lang|sk|štrnásť}} || 40 || {{lang|sk|štyridsať}}
|-
| 5 || {{lang|sk|päť}} || 15 || {{lang|sk|pätnásť}} || 50 || {{lang|sk|päťdesiat}}
|-
| 6 || {{lang|sk|šesť}} || 16 || {{lang|sk|šestnásť}} || 60 || {{lang|sk|šesťdesiat}}
|-
| 7 || {{lang|sk|sedem}} || 17 || {{lang|sk|sedemnásť}} || 70 || {{lang|sk|sedemdesiat}}
|-
| 8 || {{lang|sk|osem}} || 18 || {{lang|sk|osemnásť}} || 80 || {{lang|sk|osemdesiat}}
|-
| 9 || {{lang|sk|deväť}} || 19 || {{lang|sk|devätnásť}} || 90 || {{lang|sk|deväťdesiat}}
|-
| 10 || {{lang|sk|desať}} || 20 || {{lang|sk|dvadsať}} || 100 || {{lang|sk|sto}}
|}

Some higher numbers: (200) {{lang|sk|dv'''e'''sto}}, (300) {{lang|sk|tristo}}, (900) {{lang|sk|deväťsto}}, (1,000) {{lang|sk|tisíc}}, (1,100) {{lang|sk|tisícsto}}, (2,000) {{lang|sk|dv'''e'''tisíc}}, (100,000) {{lang|sk|stotisíc}}, (200,000) {{lang|sk|dv'''e'''stotisíc}}, (1,000,000) {{lang|sk|milión}}, (1,000,000,000) {{lang|sk|miliarda}}.

Counted nouns have two forms. The most common form is the plural genitive (e.g. {{lang|sk|päť domov}} = five houses or {{lang|sk|stodva žien}} = one hundred two women), while the plural form of the noun when counting the amounts of 2–4, etc., is usually the nominative form without counting (e.g. {{lang|sk|dva domy}} = two houses or {{lang|sk|dve ženy}} = two women) but gender rules do apply in many cases.

====Verbs====
Verbs have three major conjugations. Three persons and two numbers (singular and plural) are distinguished. [[subject (grammar)|Subject]] [[personal pronoun]]s are omitted unless they are emphatic.

*Some imperfective verbs are created from the stems of perfective verbs to denote repeated or habitual actions. These are considered separate [[lexemes]]. One example is as follows: to hide (perfective) = {{lang|sk|skryť}}, to hide (habitual) = {{lang|sk|skrývať}}.
*Historically, two [[past tense]] forms were utilized. Both are formed analytically. The second of these, equivalent to the [[pluperfect]], is not widely used in the modern language, being rather considered archaic. Examples for two related verbs are as follows:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryl som}} (I hid / I have hidden); {{lang|sk|bol som skryl}} (I had hidden)
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrýval som; bol som skrýval}}.
*One [[future tense]] exists. For imperfective verbs, it is formed analytically; for perfective verbs, it is identical to the present tense. Some examples are as follows:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryjem}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: budem skrývať}}
*Two [[conditional mood|conditional]] forms exist. Both are formed analytically from the past tense:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryl by som}} (I would hide), {{lang|sk|bol by som skryl}} (I would have hidden)
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrýval by som; bol by som skrýval}}
*The [[grammatical voice|passive voice]] is formed either as in English ([[copula (linguistics)|copula]] + passive participle) or using the reflexive pronoun 'sa':
:{{lang|sk|skryť: je skrytý; sa skryje}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: je skrývaný; sa skrýva}}
*The [[passive participle]] (= ~ed (one), the "third form") is formed using the suffixes -{{lang|sk|ný}} / -{{lang|sk|tý}} / -{{lang|sk|ený}}:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skrytý}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrývaný}}
*The active [[present participle]] (= ~ing (one)) is formed using the suffixes -{{lang|sk|úci}} / -{{lang|sk|iaci}} / -{{lang|sk|aci}}
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryjúci}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrývajúci}}
*The [[Transgressive (linguistics)|transgressive]] (=(while/by) ...ing) is formed using the suffixes -{{lang|sk|úc}} / -{{lang|sk|uc}} / -{{lang|sk|iac/-ac}}.{{clarify|date=December 2012}}<!-- is this still used in Slovak or is it archaic? -->
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skryjúc}} (by hiding (perfective))
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrývajúc}} ((while/during) hiding)
*The active [[past participle]] (= ~ing (in the past)) was formerly formed using the suffix -{{lang|sk|vší}}, but is no longer used.
*The [[gerund]] (= the (process of) ...ing) is formed using the suffix -{{lang|sk|ie}}:
:{{lang|sk|skryť: skrytie}}
:{{lang|sk|skrývať: skrývanie}}

====Conjugations====
Several [[Grammatical conjugation|conjugation]] paradigms exist as follows:<ref>Jozef Ružička and co.: Morfológia slovenského jazyka, 1966</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|á}}-type verbs (Class I)
!{{lang|sk|volať}}, to call
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense (masculine – feminine – neuter)
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|volám}}
|{{lang|sk|voláme}}
|{{lang|sk|volal}} – {{lang|sk|volala}} – {{lang|sk|volalo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|voláš}}
|{{lang|sk|voláte}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|volá}}
|{{lang|sk|volajú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|á}}-type verbs (Class I) + [[Slovak orthography#Rhythmical rule|rhythmical rule]]
!{{lang|sk|bývať}}, to live, dwell, but not exist
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|bývam}}
|{{lang|sk|bývame}}
|{{lang|sk|býval}} – {{lang|sk|bývala}} – {{lang|sk|bývalo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|bývaš}}
|{{lang|sk|bývate}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|býva}}
|{{lang|sk|bývajú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|á}}-type verbs (Class I) (soft stem)
!{{lang|sk|vracať}}, to return or (mostly in slang) to vomit
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|vraciam}}
|{{lang|sk|vraciame}}
|{{lang|sk|vracal}} – {{lang|sk|vracala}} – {{lang|sk|vracalo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|vraciaš}}
|{{lang|sk|vraciate}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|vracia}}
|{{lang|sk|vracajú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|í}}-type verbs (Class V)
!{{lang|sk|robiť}}, to do, work
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|robím}}
|{{lang|sk|robíme}}
|{{lang|sk|robil}} – {{lang|sk|robila}} – {{lang|sk|robilo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|robíš}}
|{{lang|sk|robíte}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|robí}}
|{{lang|sk|robia}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|í}}-type verbs (Class V) + [[Slovak orthography#Rhythmical rule|rhythmical rule]]
!{{lang|sk|vrátiť}}, to return
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|vrátim}}
|{{lang|sk|vrátime}}
|{{lang|sk|vrátil}} – {{lang|sk|vrátila}} – {{lang|sk|vrátilo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|vrátiš}}
|{{lang|sk|vrátite}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|vráti}}
|{{lang|sk|vrátia}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|e}}-type verbs (Class IV) (-{{lang|sk|ovať}})
!{{lang|sk|kupovať}}, to buy
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|kupujem}}
|{{lang|sk|kupujeme}}
|{{lang|sk|kupoval}} – {{lang|sk|kupovala}} – {{lang|sk|kupovalo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|kupuješ}}
|{{lang|sk|kupujete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|kupuje}}
|{{lang|sk|kupujú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|e}}-type verbs (Class IV) (-{{lang|sk|nuť}}, typically preceded by a consonant)
!{{lang|sk|zabudnúť}}, to forget
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|zabudnem}}
|{{lang|sk|zabudneme}}
|{{lang|sk|zabudol}} – {{lang|sk|zabudla}} – {{lang|sk|zabudlo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|zabudneš}}
|{{lang|sk|zabudnete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|zabudne}}
|{{lang|sk|zabudnú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|ie}}-type verbs (Class V)
!{{lang|sk|vidieť}}, to see
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|vidím}}
|{{lang|sk|vidíme}}
|{{lang|sk|videl}} – {{lang|sk|videla}} – {{lang|sk|videlo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|vidíš}}
|{{lang|sk|vidíte}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|vidí}}
|{{lang|sk|vidia}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|ie}}-type verbs (Class III) (-{{lang|sk|nuť}}, typically preceded by a vowel)
!{{lang|sk|minúť}}, to spend, miss
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|miniem}}
|{{lang|sk|minieme}}
|{{lang|sk|minul}} – {{lang|sk|minula}} – {{lang|sk|minulo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|minieš}}
|{{lang|sk|miniete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|minie}}
|{{lang|sk|minú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|ie}}-type verbs (Class III) (-{{lang|sk|cť}}, -{{lang|sk|sť}}, -{{lang|sk|zť}})
!{{lang|sk|niesť}}, to carry
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|nesiem}}
|{{lang|sk|nesieme}}
|{{lang|sk|niesol}} – {{lang|sk|niesla}} – {{lang|sk|nieslo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|nesieš}}
|{{lang|sk|nesiete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|nesie}}
|{{lang|sk|nesú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+{{lang|sk|ie}}-type verbs (Class II) (-{{lang|sk|nieť}})
!{{lang|sk|stučnieť}}, to carry (be fat)
!Singular
!Plural
!Past tense
|-
|1st person
|{{lang|sk|stučniem}}
|{{lang|sk|stučnieme}}
|{{lang|sk|stučnel}} – {{lang|sk|stučnela}} – {{lang|sk|stučnelo}}
|-
|2nd person
|{{lang|sk|stučnieš}}
|{{lang|sk|stučniete}}
|-
|3rd person
|{{lang|sk|stučnie}}
|{{lang|sk|stučnejú}}
|}

{|class="wikitable"
|+Irregular verbs
!
!{{lang|sk|byť}}, to be
!{{lang|sk|jesť}}, to eat
!{{lang|sk|vedieť}}, to know
|-
|1st singular
|{{lang|sk|som}}
|{{lang|sk|jem}}
|{{lang|sk|viem}}
|-
|2nd singular
|{{lang|sk|si}}
|{{lang|sk|ješ}}
|{{lang|sk|vieš}}
|-
|3rd singular
|{{lang|sk|je}}
|{{lang|sk|je}}
|{{lang|sk|vie}}
|-
|1st plural
|{{lang|sk|sme}}
|{{lang|sk|jeme}}
|{{lang|sk|vieme}}
|-
|2nd plural
|{{lang|sk|ste}}
|{{lang|sk|jete}}
|{{lang|sk|viete}}
|-
|3rd plural
|{{lang|sk|sú}}
|{{lang|sk|jedia}}
|{{lang|sk|vedia}}
|-
|Past tense
|{{lang|sk|bol}}, {{lang|sk|bola}}, {{lang|sk|bolo}}
|{{lang|sk|jedol}}, {{lang|sk|jedla}}, {{lang|sk|jedlo}}
|{{lang|sk|vedel}}, {{lang|sk|vedela}}, {{lang|sk|vedelo}}
|}