Editing Nyaya (section)

====Determinate and indeterminate perception====
The Naiyyayika maintains two modes or stages in perception. The first is called ''[[nirvikalpa]]'' (indeterminate), when one just perceives an object without being able to know its features, and the second ''[[savikalpa]]'' (determinate), when one is able to clearly know an object.<ref>Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0309-4}}, pages 170–172</ref> All ''laukika'' and ''alaukika'' ''pratyakshas'' are ''savikalpa'', but it is necessarily preceded by an earlier stage when it is indeterminate. Vātsāyana says that if an object is perceived with its name we have determinate perception but if it is perceived without a name, we have indeterminate perception. [[Jayanta Bhatta]] says that indeterminate perception apprehends substance, qualities and actions and universals as separate and indistinct, without any association with any names, whereas determinate perception apprehends them all together with a name. There is yet another stage called ''Pratyabhijñā'', when one is able to re-recognise something on the basis of memory.<ref name=c>C Sharma, A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0365-5}}, pages192-196</ref>