Editing Nyaya (section)

==Etymology==
''Nyaya'' (न्याय) is a Sanskrit word which means justice, equality for all being, specially a collection of general or universal rules.<ref name=mmw/> In some contexts, it means model, axiom, plan, legal proceeding, judicial sentence, or judgment. Nyaya could also mean, "that which shows the way" tracing its Sanskrit etymology. In the theory of logic, and Indian texts discussing it, the term also refers to an argument consisting of an [[enthymeme]] or sometimes for any [[syllogism]].<ref name=mmw>[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html nyAya] Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany</ref> In philosophical context, ''Nyaya'' encompasses propriety, logic and method.<ref>{{Google books|XtUhAQAAMAAJ|The Spectator}}, ''Hindu Philosophy'', Volume 32, page 1260</ref>

[[Pāṇini|Panini]], revered Sanskrit grammarian, derives the "''Nyaya''" from the root "i" which conveys the same meaning as "gam" – to go. "''Nyaya''" signifying logic is there etymologically identical with "nigama" the conclusion of a syllogism.<ref name="978-81-7110-629-5">The Nyaya Sutras of Gautama (Original Text, English Translation & Commentary) Translated & English Commentary by M.M. Satisa Candra Vidyabhusana Edited with a Sanskrit Preface by Dr. Sukhram {{ISBN|978-81-7110-629-5}}</ref>

''Nyaya'' is related to several other concepts and words used in Indian philosophies: ''Hetu-vidya'' (science of causes), ''[[Anviksiki]]'' (science of inquiry, systematic philosophy), ''Pramana-sastra'' (epistemology, science of correct knowledge), ''Tattva-sastra'' (science of categories), ''Tarka-vidya'' (science of reasoning, innovation, synthesis), ''Vadartha'' (science of discussion) and ''Phakkika-sastra'' (science of uncovering sophism, fraud, error, finding fakes).<ref>N Sinha (1990), The Nyaya Sutras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0748-8}}, see Introduction, pages i–ii</ref> Some of these subsume or deploy the tools of ''Nyaya''.