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==History== European Americans founded Holly Springs in 1836 on territory occupied by the [[Chickasaw]] people for centuries before [[Indian Removal]]. Most of their land was ceded under the [[Treaty of Pontotoc Creek]] of 1832.<ref name = haines /><ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss">{{cite journal |last=Callejo-PΓ©rez |first=David M. |title=CHAPTER THREE: Holly Springs: Introduction to a North Mississippi City |journal=Counterpoints |volume=153 |pages=20β32 |jstor=42976499 | date = 2001 }}</ref><ref name="lostmansions">{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Mary Carol |date=1996 |title=Lost Mansions of Mississippi |location=Oxford, Mississippi |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |pages=67β76}}</ref> Many early U.S. migrants were from [[Virginia]],<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> supplemented by migrants from [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and the [[Carolinas]].<ref name="lostmansions"/> In 1836, the city had 4,000 European-American residents.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> A year later, records show that 40 residents were lawyers,<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> and there were six physicians by 1838.<ref name="lostmansions"/> By 1837, the town already had "twenty dry goods stores, two drugstores, three banks, several hotels, and over ten saloons."<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> Hillcrest Cemetery was built on land settler William S. Randolph gave the city in 1837.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/nom/prop/22331.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120904014855/http://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/nom/prop/22331.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-04 |url-status=live |first= Pamela C. | last= Guren | title= Hillcrest Cemetery: Holly Springs, Marshall County, MS: HISTORIC RESOURCES OF HOLLY SPRINGS | website = [[Mississippi Department of Archives and History]] |access-date= September 5, 2015}}</ref> Newcomers established the [[Chalmers Institute]], later known as the University of Holly Springs, Mississippi's oldest university.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/nom/prop/22330.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024158/https://www.apps.mdah.ms.gov/nom/prop/22330.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=live |title= Historic Sites Survey: The Chalmers Institute | website = [[Mississippi Department of Archives and History]] |access-date= September 6, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Mary Carol |date=1998 |title=Marshall County: From the Collection of Chesley Thorne Smith |location=Mount Pleasant, South Carolina |publisher=Arcadia Publishing |page=59}}</ref> The area was developed with extensive cotton [[Plantations in the American South|plantations]] dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans. Many had been transported from the [[Upper South]] in the domestic slave trade, breaking up families.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> Holly Springs served as a trading center for the neighboring cotton plantations. In 1837, it was made seat of the newly created [[Marshall County, Mississippi|Marshall County]],<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> named for [[John Marshall]], the [[United States Supreme Court|Supreme Court]] justice. The town developed a variety of merchants and businesses to support the plantations. Its population into the early twentieth century included a community of [[American Jews|Jewish]] merchants, whose ancestors were immigrants from eastern Europe in the 19th century.<ref name="jewishhistory">{{cite web |url=http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/ms/hollysprings.htm |title=History of Holly Springs' Jewish community |website=[[Institute of Southern Jewish Life]] |access-date=September 12, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207120014/http://www.isjl.org/history/archive/ms/hollysprings.htm |archive-date=February 7, 2012 }}</ref> The cotton industry suffered in the crisis of 1840, but soon recovered.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> By 1855 Holly Springs was connected to [[Grand Junction, Tennessee]], by the [[Mississippi Central Railroad|Mississippi Central Railway]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85038518/1856-04-29/ed-1/seq-2/ | title = Mississippi Central and Tennessee Rail Road. | date = April 29, 1856 | access-date = October 25, 2011 | newspaper = Nashville Union and American | publisher = John L. Marling & Co}} via [[Chronicling America]] website</ref> In ensuing years, the line was completed to the south of Hill Springs. Toward the end of the 19th century, the [[Kansas City, Memphis and Birmingham Railroad]] was constructed to intersect this line in Holly Springs. During the [[American Civil War|Civil War]], Union general [[Ulysses S. Grant]] temporarily used Holly Springs as a supply depot and headquarters while mounting an effort to take the city of [[Vicksburg, Mississippi|Vicksburg]].<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> Confederate general [[Earl Van Dorn]] led the successful [[Holly Springs Raid]] on the town in December 1862, destroying most of the Union supplies at the [[Confederate Armory Site]].<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> The campus of the [[Holly Springs Female Institute]], which had been open since 1836, was also burned, forcing it to permanently close. Grant eventually succeeded in ending the [[siege of Vicksburg]] with a Union victory. In 1878, Holly Springs suffered a [[yellow fever]] epidemic,<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> part of a regional epidemic; 1,400 residents became ill and 300 died.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> The Marshall County courthouse, at the center of Holly Springs's square, was used as a hospital during the epidemic.<ref name = haines>{{cite web | url = http://marshallcountyms.org/locales/hshist.php | title = History of Holly Springs | last = Haines | first = Deb | access-date = 2011-10-24}}</ref> After the war and emancipation, many [[freedmen]] stayed in the area, working as [[sharecropper]]s on former plantations.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> There were tensions after the war. As agriculture was mechanized in the early 20th century, there were fewer farm labor jobs. From 1900 to 1910, a quarter of the population left the city. Many blacks moved to the North in the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] to escape southern oppression and seek employment in northern factories. The invasion of [[boll weevil]]s in the 1920s and 1930s, which occurred across the South, destroyed the cotton crops and caused economic problems on top of the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]].<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> Some [[light industry]] developed in the area.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> After [[World War II]], most industries moved to the major cities of [[Memphis, Tennessee]], and [[Birmingham, Alabama]].<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/>
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