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Holly Springs, Mississippi

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File:Holly Springs Depot.jpg
Holly Springs railroad depot
File:Holly Springs home.jpg
Montrose, an antebellum mansion in Holly Springs
File:Ida B. Wells-Barnette Brith Home (Holly Springs, MS).jpg
The Bolling–Gatewood House, home to Ida B. Wells
File:Graceland Too Holly Springs MS 2012-08-19 002.jpg
Graceland Too in Holly Springs

Holly Springs is a city in and the county seat of Marshall County, Mississippi, United States, near the border with Tennessee to the north. As of the 2020 census, the population was 6,968,<ref name="Census 2020"/> down from 7,699 in 2010.<ref name="GR6">Template:Cite web</ref> Along with the Mississippi Delta, in the 19th century, the area was developed for cotton plantations. After the Civil War, many freedmen continued to work in agriculture as sharecroppers and tenant farmers.

As the county seat, Holly Springs is a center of trade and court sessions. The city has several National Register of Historic Places-listed properties and historic districts, including the Southwest Holly Springs Historic District, Holly Springs Courthouse Square Historic District, Depot-Compress Historic District, and East Holly Springs Historic District.<ref name="Capace2001">Template:Cite book</ref> Hillcrest Cemetery contains the graves of five Confederate generals and has been called "Little Arlington of the South".<ref name="pelicanguide">Template:Cite book</ref>

History

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European Americans founded Holly Springs in 1836 on territory occupied by the Chickasaw people for centuries before Indian Removal. Most of their land was ceded under the Treaty of Pontotoc Creek of 1832.<ref name = haines /><ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="lostmansions">Template:Cite book</ref> Many early U.S. migrants were from Virginia,<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> supplemented by migrants from Georgia and the Carolinas.<ref name="lostmansions"/>

In 1836, the city had 4,000 European-American residents.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> A year later, records show that 40 residents were lawyers,<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> and there were six physicians by 1838.<ref name="lostmansions"/> By 1837, the town already had "twenty dry goods stores, two drugstores, three banks, several hotels, and over ten saloons."<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> Hillcrest Cemetery was built on land settler William S. Randolph gave the city in 1837.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Newcomers established the Chalmers Institute, later known as the University of Holly Springs, Mississippi's oldest university.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The area was developed with extensive cotton plantations dependent on the labor of enslaved African Americans. Many had been transported from the Upper South in the domestic slave trade, breaking up families.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> Holly Springs served as a trading center for the neighboring cotton plantations. In 1837, it was made seat of the newly created Marshall County,<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> named for John Marshall, the Supreme Court justice. The town developed a variety of merchants and businesses to support the plantations. Its population into the early twentieth century included a community of Jewish merchants, whose ancestors were immigrants from eastern Europe in the 19th century.<ref name="jewishhistory">Template:Cite web</ref> The cotton industry suffered in the crisis of 1840, but soon recovered.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/>

By 1855 Holly Springs was connected to Grand Junction, Tennessee, by the Mississippi Central Railway.<ref>Template:Cite news via Chronicling America website</ref> In ensuing years, the line was completed to the south of Hill Springs. Toward the end of the 19th century, the Kansas City, Memphis and Birmingham Railroad was constructed to intersect this line in Holly Springs.

During the Civil War, Union general Ulysses S. Grant temporarily used Holly Springs as a supply depot and headquarters while mounting an effort to take the city of Vicksburg.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> Confederate general Earl Van Dorn led the successful Holly Springs Raid on the town in December 1862, destroying most of the Union supplies at the Confederate Armory Site.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> The campus of the Holly Springs Female Institute, which had been open since 1836, was also burned, forcing it to permanently close. Grant eventually succeeded in ending the siege of Vicksburg with a Union victory.

In 1878, Holly Springs suffered a yellow fever epidemic,<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> part of a regional epidemic; 1,400 residents became ill and 300 died.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> The Marshall County courthouse, at the center of Holly Springs's square, was used as a hospital during the epidemic.<ref name = haines>Template:Cite web</ref>

After the war and emancipation, many freedmen stayed in the area, working as sharecroppers on former plantations.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> There were tensions after the war.

As agriculture was mechanized in the early 20th century, there were fewer farm labor jobs. From 1900 to 1910, a quarter of the population left the city. Many blacks moved to the North in the Great Migration to escape southern oppression and seek employment in northern factories. The invasion of boll weevils in the 1920s and 1930s, which occurred across the South, destroyed the cotton crops and caused economic problems on top of the Great Depression.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> Some light industry developed in the area.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/> After World War II, most industries moved to the major cities of Memphis, Tennessee, and Birmingham, Alabama.<ref name="introductiontoanorthmiss"/>

Geography

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Holly Springs is located slightly east of the geographic center of Marshall County. Interstate 22 runs along the southwest border of the city, with access from exits 26 and 30. I-22 leads northwest toward Memphis, Tennessee, Template:Convert distant, and southeast Template:Convert to Tupelo. State highways 4 and 7 pass through the center of Holly Springs on South Craft Street and North Memphis Street. Highway 4 leads east Template:Convert to Ashland and southwest Template:Convert to Senatobia, while Highway 7 leads south Template:Convert to Oxford and northeast toward Bolivar, Tennessee, Template:Convert distant.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Holly Springs has an area of Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert, or 0.15%, are water.<ref name="CenPopGazetteer2023"/> The city sits on high ground that drains to the north and the west toward tributaries of the Coldwater River, and to the southeast toward Big Spring Creek, a tributary of the Little Tallahatchie River.

Climate

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Holly Spring's climate is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Holly Springs has a humid subtropical climate.<ref>Climate Summary for Holly Springs, Mississippi</ref> On December 23, 2015, a massive EF4 tornado struck the town around 6:00 pm, causing significant damage.<ref name="Dec. 23, 2015">"Holly Springs boy one of 3 tornado deaths in N. Mississippi." The Commercial Appeal Dec. 23, 2015</ref> James Richard Anderson, the Marshall County coroner, confirmed the boy's death.<ref name="Dec. 23, 2015"/> Nearly 200 Marshall County structures were damaged during the tornado, some totally.<ref>Mississippi Emergency Management Agency. " Mississippi Emergency Management Agency - TWO ADDITIONAL DEATHS, STORM DAMAGE REPORTED TO MEMA." December 26, 2015 Template:Webarchive</ref>

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Demographics

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Template:US Census population

2020 census

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Holly Springs Racial Composition<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Race Num. Perc.
White 1,193 17.12%
Black or African American 5,521 79.23%
Native American 4 0.06%
Asian 7 0.1%
Pacific Islander 7 0.1%
Other/Mixed 162 2.32%
Hispanic or Latino 74 1.06%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 6,968 people, 2,369 households, and 1,259 families residing in the city.

2010 census

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As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 7,699 people living in the city, making it a minority-majority city: 79.2% of the residents were African American, 19.3% White, 0.2% Native American, 0.2% Asian, 0.6% from some other race, and 0.5% from two or more races. 1.2% were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

2000 census

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As of the census<ref name="GR2">Template:Cite web</ref> of 2000, there were 7,957 people, 2,407 households, and 1,699 families living in the city. The population density was Template:Convert. There were 2,582 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the city was 22.81% White, 76.18% African American, 0.06% Native American, 0.16% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.06% from other races, and 0.69% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 2,407 households, out of which 36.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.3% were married couples living together, 31.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.4% were non-families. 27.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the average family size was 3.22.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 19.1% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 17.2% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $23,408, and the median income for a family was $25,808. Males had a median income of $29,159 versus $20,777 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,924. About 27.5% of families and 32.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 44.6% of those under age 18 and 21.2% of those age 65 or over.

Education

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The city is served by the Holly Springs School District. Marshall Academy is a private institution for the MPSA, offering K-4 through 12th grade.

Rust College was established in 1866 by the Freedman's Aid Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church to serve freedmen and is a historically black college.

The now defunct Mississippi Industrial College, intended as a vocational training school, was in Holly Springs, as was the Holly Springs Female Institute.

Notable people

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See also

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References

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Template:Marshall County, Mississippi Template:Memphis, Tennessee Template:Mississippi Template:Mississippi county seats

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