Editing 1816 (section)

== Events ==
=== January–March ===
* [[January 6]] – (December 25, 1815 on the Russian Julian calendar): [[Tsar]] [[Alexander I of Russia]] signs an order, expelling the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] from [[St. Petersburg]] and Moscow.<ref>[http://www.toughissues.org/whowereczars.htm Who were Czars Alexander I and Alexander II of Russia?], toughissues.org (accessed 2013-12-13). {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216121544/https://www.toughissues.org/whowereczars.htm|date=December 16, 2013}}.</ref>
* [[January 9]] – 
**Sir [[Humphry Davy]]'s [[Davy lamp]] is first tested underground as a [[coal mining]] [[safety lamp]], at [[Hebburn]] Colliery in northeast England;<ref>{{cite book|last=Thompson|first=Roy|title=Thunder Underground: Northumberland mining disasters, 1815-1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u6sgAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2013-01-08|year=2004|publisher=Landmark|location=Ashbourne|isbn=9781843061694|page=121}}</ref> 
**[[Ludwig van Beethoven]] wins the custody battle for his nephew [[Karl van Beethoven|Karl]].
* [[January 17]] – Fire nearly destroys the city of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's, Newfoundland]].
* [[February 10]] – [[Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]], dies and is succeeded by [[Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg|Friedrich Wilhelm]], his son and founder of the [[House of Glücksburg]].
* [[February 20]] – [[Gioachino Rossini]]'s [[opera buffa]] ''[[The Barber of Seville]]'' premières at the [[Teatro Argentina]] in Rome.
* [[March 1]] – The [[Gorkha War]] between the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Nepal]] is ended after more than a year by the ratification of the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], with Nepal ceding about one-third of its territory to British Indian control.<ref>K. L. Pradhan, ''Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839'' (Concept Publishing, 2012), p. 110.</ref>
* [[March 16]] – U.S. Secretary of State [[James Monroe]] is nominated by a caucus of Democratic-Republican Party members of Congress, to be its party's representative in the U.S. presidential election; Monroe receives 65 votes, and Secretary of War [[William H. Crawford]] receives 54 votes.<ref>''The Statesman's Manual: The Addresses and Messages of the Presidents of the United States, Inaugural, Annual, and Special, from 1789 to 1854'' (E. Walker, 1849) p321</ref>
* [[March 21]] – The [[Institut de France]] is reorganized by King [[Louis XVIII of France]] into four royal academies: a revived [[Académie française]]; the Royal Academy of Inscriptions and Belles Lettres; the Royal Academy of Sciences; and the [[Académie des Beaux-Arts]].<ref>Louis L. Bucciarelli and Nancy Dworsky, ''Sophie Germain: An Essay in the History of the Theory of Elasticity'' (Springer, 2012), p. 138.</ref>
* [[March 22]] – The United States signs a treaty with the Cherokee Nation, acknowledging that it will return land in Alabama and Georgia that had been illegally ceded to the U.S. in [[1814]] by the Creek Nation; General Andrew Jackson refuses to honor the treaty, and uses the controversy as a justification for removing Indians from the southeastern United States.<ref>Kenneth J. Hagan and Ian J. Bickerton, ''Unintended Consequences: The United States at War'' (Reaktion Books, 2007), p. 48.</ref>

=== April–June ===
* [[March 29]]–[[April 10]] – The [[Second Bank of the United States]] obtains its charter.
* [[March 30]]–[[April 11]] – In [[Philadelphia]], the [[African Methodist Episcopal Church]] is established by [[Richard Allen (bishop)|Richard Allen]] and other African-American Methodists, the first such denomination in the U.S. completely independent of White churches.
* [[April 28]] – The French ''[[Caisse des dépôts et consignations]]'', a public investment body, is created by [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006072846|title=Ordonnance du 3 juillet 1816 relative aux attributions de la Caisse des dépôts et consignations créée par la loi du 28 avril 1816|work=Legifrance|access-date=2019-06-19}}</ref>
* April – [[Banjul]], capital of [[the Gambia]], is founded as a trading post named Bathurst.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saho |first1=Bala |title=Contours of Change: Muslim Courts, Women, and Islamic Society in Colonial Bathurst, the Gambia, 1905–1965 |date=2018 |publisher=Michigan State University Press |isbn=9781611862669 |location=East Lansing, Michigan |pages=45–51}}</ref>
* [[May 2]] – [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold of Saxe-Coburg]] (later King of the Belgians) marries [[Charlotte Augusta]], daughter of the [[George IV|Prince Regent]], at [[Carlton House]] in London. 
* [[May 8]] – Divorce is abolished in France by the ''[[Chambre introuvable]]'', after having been permitted following the French Revolution.<ref>{{cite book|first=Andrew J.|last=Counter|title=The Amorous Restoration: Love, Sex, and Politics in Early Nineteenth-Century France|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2016|page=47}}</ref>
* [[June 4]] (N.S.) ([[May 23]] O.S.) – The [[Governorate of Estonia]] of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from [[serfdom]].
* [[June 16]] – The [[Peace Society|Society for the Promotion of Permanent and Universal Peace]] is founded in London.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ceadel |first=Martin |title=The Origins of War Prevention: The British Peace Movement and International Relations, 1730–1854 |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1996 |page=222}}</ref>
* [[June 19]] – [[Battle of Seven Oaks]]: The [[Hudson's Bay Company]] is defeated by the [[North West Company]], near [[Winnipeg]], Canada.

=== July–September ===
* [[July 2]] – The French frigate ''[[French frigate Méduse (1810)|Medusa]]'' runs aground off the coast of [[Senegal]], with 140 lives lost in the botched rescue that takes weeks, leading to a scandal in the French government.<ref>{{cite book| last= Snow | first= Edward Rowe | year=1979 | title= Tales of terror and tragedy | publisher= Dodd, Mead | place=New York | isbn= 978-0396077756 |page=67}}</ref>
* [[July 9]] – The [[United Provinces of the Río de la Plata|United Provinces of South America]] (today [[Argentina]], [[Uruguay]], [[Bolivia]] and southern [[Brazil]]) declares [[Argentine Declaration of Independence|independence]] from Spain.
* [[August 12]]–[[August 24|24]] – The [[Treaty of St. Louis (1816)|Treaty of St. Louis]], between the United States and the [[Council of Three Fires]] tribes, is signed in [[St. Louis]].
* [[August 14]] – The United Kingdom formally annexes the [[Tristan da Cunha]] archipelago in the southern Atlantic Ocean, ruling it from the [[Cape Colony]].
* [[August 27]] – [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]]: An anglo-Dutch fleet forces [[Omar Agha]], [[Dey of Algiers]] to free Christian slaves.
* [[September 3]] – [[Pope Pius VII]] sends a directive to [[Stanisław Bohusz Siestrzeńcewicz]], the [[Metropolitan Archdiocese of Mohilev|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mohilev]], advising Siestrzeńcewicz not to continue the [[Russian Bible Society]]'s plans to circulate the Scriptures written in the [[Russian language]], commenting that "if the Sacred Scriptures were allowed in the vulgar tongue, more detriment than benefit would arise."<ref>Roger Steer, ''Good News for the World: 200 Years of Making the Bible Heard : the Story of Bible Society'' (Monarch Books, 2004), p. 155.</ref>
* [[September 6]] – King [[Louis XVIII of France|Louis XVIII]] dissolves the ''Chambre introuvable'', the legislature that had been elected after the [[Second Restoration|Second Bourbon Restoration]] re-established the old monarchy.<ref>Darrin M. McMahon, ''[[Enemies of the Enlightenment|Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity]]'' (Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 157.</ref>

=== October–December ===
* [[October 21]] – [[Penang Free School]] is founded by Rev. Sparke Hutchings, on the island of [[Penang]] (in modern-day Malaysia).
* [[October 25]]–[[November 6]] – [[1816 United States presidential election]]: [[James Monroe]] defeats [[Rufus King]].
* [[November 10]] – The British troop transport ''[[Harpooner (1769 ship)|Harpooner]]'', returning from Quebec to Britain, is wrecked at [[Cape Pine]] on [[Newfoundland (island)]] with the loss of 208 of the 385 people on board.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.c2735027?urlappend=%3Bseq=429|title=The Marine List|journal=[[Lloyd's List]]|issue=5134|date=1816-12-13|pages=78 v|hdl=2027/uc1.c2735027?urlappend=%3Bseq=429|accessdate=2021-05-17}}</ref>
* [[November 19]] – The [[University of Warsaw]] is established.
* [[December 11]] – [[Indiana]] is admitted as the 19th [[U.S. state]].
* [[December 12]] – The thrones of [[Kingdom of Sicily|Sicily]] and [[Kingdom of Naples|Naples]] are merged into the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], under King [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand I]].
* [[December 9]]–[[December 21|21]] – The [[American Colonization Society]] is established, to support the emigration of free [[African Americans]] to Africa.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] resettled.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1178&reg_id=0#encadre1|title=Le recensement de la population à Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon en 2006|publisher=Insee|access-date=2013-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204040/http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=ip1178&reg_id=0#encadre1|archive-date=2012-11-05|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[René Laennec]] invents the [[stethoscope]].
* [[Robert Stirling]] [[patent]]s his [[Stirling engine]], at this time known as "Stirling's air engine", in the United Kingdom.
* [[E. Remington and Sons]], the firearm and later typewriter manufacturing company, is founded in the United States.
* Mutuelle de L'assurance contre L'incendie ("L'Anciente Mutuelle"), predecessor of [[Axa]], the global [[insurance]] and [[financial services]] company, is founded in [[Rouen]], [[France]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.axa-iom.co.im/dotnet/ePublic/basic.aspx?id=AdvCorpAXAGrp|title=Axa Isle of Man: History|publisher=Axa-iom.co.im|date=1996-11-12|access-date=2024-04-11|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308225001/https://www.axa-iom.co.im/dotnet/ePublic/basic.aspx?id=AdvCorpAXAGrp|archive-date=2012-03-08}}</ref>