Editing 1686 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 3]] &ndash; In [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]) in India, local residents employed by the [[East India Company]] threaten to boycott their jobs after corporate administrator [[William Gyfford]] imposes a house tax on residences within the city walls.  Gyfford places security forces at all entrances to the city and threatens to banish anyone who fails to pay their taxes, as well as to confiscate the goods of merchants who refuse to make sales.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tchitcherov |first1=Alexander I |title=India: changing economic structure in the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries : outline history of crafts and trade |date=1998 |publisher=Manohar Publishers and Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-062-7 |page=98 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiachangingeco0000tchi/page/98/mode/2up?q=black+town |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> A compromise is reached the next day on the amount of the taxes.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Records of Fort St. George. Diary and consultation book (1686-1689) |journal=Records of Fort St. George |date=1913 |publisher=Superintendent Government Press |location=Madras |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433000051163&view=1up&seq=25&q1=3%20january |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[King Louis XIV]] of [[Kingdom of France|France]] reports the success of the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]], issued on October 22 against the Protestant [[Huguenots]], and reports that after less than three months, the vast majority of the Huguenot population had left the country.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Scoville |first1=Warren Candler |title=The persecution of Huguenots and French economic development, 1680-1720 |date=1960 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkley |page=58 |url=https://archive.org/details/persecutionofhug0000scov/page/58/mode/2up?q=%22january+17%22 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref>
* [[January 29]] &ndash; In [[Guatemala]], Spanish Army Captain Melchor Rodríguez Mazariegos leads a campaign to conquer the [[Lacandon people|indigenous Maya people]] in the rain forests of [[Lacandon Jungle|Lacandona]], departing from [[Huehuetenango]] to rendezvous with the colonial governor at [[San Mateo Ixtatán]]. 
* [[January 31]] &ndash; In the wake of the success of France's campaign against Protestantism, [[Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia|Victor Amadeus II]], the Duke of Savoy, issues an edict against the [[Waldensians|Valdesi]], the Duchy's Protestant minority, setting a 15-day deadline for members of the Valdesi to publicly renounce their beliefs as erroneous, or face banishment or death.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wylie |first1=James Aitken |title=History of the Waldenses |date=2001 |publisher=TEACH Services |location=Brushton, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-57258-185-2 |pages=163–165 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwaldens0000wyli/page/164/mode/2up?q=%22thirty-first%22 |access-date=May 6, 2023}}</ref> The February 15 deadline is ignored.
* [[February 15]] &ndash; After the Valdesi in the [[Duchy of Savoy]] decline to obey the edict to convert to Catholicism, Duke Victor Amadeus dispatches a force of 9,000 French and Piedmontese soldiers to enforce the edict.
* [[February 22]] &ndash; Sweden's Council of State endorses the reforms proposed by King Charles XI for the [[Swedish Church Law 1686]], after having debated it in three sessions on February 18, 19 and 20.<ref>A. F. Upton, ''Charles XI and Swedish Absolutism'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998) p. 110</ref> The law confirms and describes the rights of the Lutheran Church and confirms Sweden as a Lutheran state; all non-Lutherans are banned from immigration unless they convert to Lutheranism; the [[Romani people]] are to be incorporated to the Lutheran Church; the poor care law is regulated; and all parishes are forced by law to teach the children within them to read and write, in order to learn the scripture, which closely eradicates illiteracy in Sweden.<ref>{{cite book|last=Du Rietz|first=Anita|title=Kvinnors entreprenörskap: under 400 år|publisher=Dialogos|location=Stockholm|year=2013}}</ref>
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Gabriel Milan]], the controversial Governor of the Danish West Indies since 1684, is removed from office by order of [[Frederick III of Denmark|King Frederick III]] and placed under arrest for treason.  Three years later, after being found guilty in a trial after being brought back to [[Copenhagen]], Milan is beheaded on March 26, 1689.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krarup |first1=Janus |title=Gabriel Milan og Somme af hans Samtid. II. (Sluttet) |journal=Personalhistorisk Tidsskrift |date=January 1, 1894 |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=47 |url=https://tidsskrift.dk/personalhistorisk_tidsskrift/article/view/78380/113504 |language=da |issn=2445-4958}}</ref>  
* [[March 3]] &ndash; A group of 107 French Canadian soldiers, under the command of [[Pierre de Troyes, Chevalier de Troyes|Pierre de Troyes]], begins the [[Hudson Bay expedition (1686)|Hudson Bay expedition]], departing from [[Montreal]] on an {{convert|800|mi|adj=on}} journey to take control of the properties of British North American settlers of the [[Hudson's Bay Company]].<ref>Elle Andra-Warner, ''Hudson's Bay Company Adventures: Tales of Canada's Fur Traders'' (Heritage House, 2011)</ref> The group marches for 82 days and arrives at the first Hudson's Bay fort, at [[Moose Factory, Ontario|Moose Factory]] on June 19.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenyon |first1=Walter Andrew |title=The History of James Bay, 1610-1686: A Study in Historical Archaeology |date=1986 |publisher=Royal Ontario Museum |isbn=978-0-88854-316-5 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tgRAQAAIAAJ&q=19%20june |access-date=May 7, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 9]] &ndash; As the Valdesi rebellion continues, the Duke of Savoy issues a second edict, giving the Protestant Valdesi eight days to lay down their arms and allows safe passage into exile for those who agree.
* [[April 22]] &ndash; In the wake of Savoy's newest repression of the Protestant Valdesi, [[Savoyard–Waldensian wars#Renewed persecution and war|a third war breaks out]] and Protestant pastor [[Henri Arnaud (pastor)|Henri Arnaud]] leads the resistance with 3,000 rebel soldiers against 8,500 Savoyard soldiers and mercenaries.  The Valdesi are overwhelmed within one month.
* [[May 4]] &ndash; The [[Municipality]] of [[Ilagan]] is founded in the [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malumbres |first1=Julian |title=Historia de Nueva-Vizcaya y provincia montanõsa |date=1919 |publisher=Tipog. Litog. del Col. de Sto. Tomas |location=Manila |page=112 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9xYlDoKdrcC&q=4%20mayo%201686 |access-date=May 11, 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Perpetual Peace (1686)]] is signed between the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], recognizing the former's possession of [[Left-bank Ukraine]] and the city of [[Kyiv]], as agreed upon in the earlier [[Truce of Andrusovo|Treaty of Andrusovo]] in [[1667]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bushkovitch |first1=Paul |title=Peter the Great: The Struggle for Power, 1671–1725 |date=September 27, 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43075-3 |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZPajB4XyIwC&q=6%20may |access-date=May 11, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The treaty also brings the Tsardom of Russia into the [[Great Turkish War]], on the side of the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League of 1684]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koziara |first1=Thomas P. |title=Historia Nostra: The Complete History of Poland: 1586 to Present |date=November 18, 2020 |publisher=Aurifera S.A. |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GaYJEAAAQBAJ&dq=6+may+1686+russia+holy+league&pg=PA24 |access-date=May 11, 2023 |volume = 6|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Joseph Dudley]] formally begins his tenure, as President of the Council of the newly formed [[Dominion of New England]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=John Stetson |title=The History of Massachusetts |date=1855 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fhQZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22new%20england%22%20joseph%20dudley%20appointed%20president |access-date=May 11, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 25]] &ndash; The third [[Savoyard–Waldensian wars#Renewed persecution and war|war against the Protestant Valdesi]] ends.  Soon afterward, 2,000 of the Valdesi are massacred, 8,500 taken prisoner and about 3,000 surviving civilians forcibly resettled and converted to Catholicism.
* [[June 20]] &ndash; French Canadian soldiers on the [[Hudson Bay expedition (1686)|Hudson Bay expedition]] capture the first of the British [[Hudson's Bay Company]] outposts, with the surrender the unarmed inhabitants of the fortress at [[Moose Factory, Ontario]].<ref>Pierre-François-Xavier de Charlevoix, ''History and General Description of New France'' (F. P. Harper, 2013) p. 970</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 9]] &ndash; The [[Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)]] is founded, in response to claims made by [[Louis XIV]] of France on the [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] in [[western Germany]]. It comprises the [[Holy Roman Empire]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Sweden]], [[Spain]], the electors of [[Bavaria]], [[Saxony]] and the Electorate of the Palatinate.<ref>"Augsburg, League of", in ''The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge'' (Encyclopedia Americana Corporation, 1918) p. 541</ref><ref>Kenneth M. Setton, ''Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century'' (American Philosophical Society, 1991) p. 390</ref>
* [[July 17]] &ndash; King [[James II of England]] appoints four [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]]s to the [[Privy Council of England]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=196–197|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> in defiance of the [[Test Act]]s, which bar Catholics from public office. Suspicions about James's intentions lead to a group of conspirators meeting at [[Charborough House]] in [[Dorset]], to plan his overthrow and replacement with the [[Protestant]] Dutch [[Stadtholder]], [[William III of England|William III of Orange-Nassau]] (James's son-in-law).
* [[July 18]] &ndash; [[Sino-Russian border conflicts#1665-1689: Albazin|An army of 3,000 Chinese troops demand Russian surrender]] of a Russian Empire fortress at [[Albazino]] on the [[Amur River]].  The fortress is manned by only 736 Russian soldiers and militia but is armed with cannons.  Over the next several weeks, the Chinese troops are joined by another 3,000 men in supply boats, but the Russians hold off the attacks for the next five months.  By December, only 24 Russians remain, and Albazino is ceded to China in 1689. 
* [[July 22]] &ndash; [[Albany, New York]], is granted a city charter by the colonial governor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howell |first1=George Rogers |title=The Date of the Settlement of the Colony of New York |date=1897 |publisher=C. Van Benthuysen |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q_lYAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22july+22+1686%22+New+york+citycharter&pg=PA16 |access-date=May 12, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 4]] &ndash; Portuguese soldiers hired by the [[East India Company]] mutiny rather than follow orders to join the war in Bengal.  The ringleaders are quickly arrested and executed, and the mutiny ends. 
* [[August 15]] &ndash; [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Christina]], who had ruled as the monarch of Sweden until her abdication in 1654 in favor of her cousin Charles, responds to the revocation in France of the Edict of Nantz and declares that Jews within Sweden will be under her protection.
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[James II of England|King James VII]] of Scotland dismisses the [[Parliament of Scotland]] after the members refuse to remove restrictions on Roman Catholics and on Protestants outside of the Church of Scotland and the Church of England.  The Parliament does not meet again for more than two and a half years. 
* [[August 17]] &ndash; Spanish troops attack and plunder the Scottish colony of Stuarts Town in the [[Province of Carolina]] (now [[Port Royal, South Carolina]]) and plunder the city.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Worth |first1=John E. |title=The Struggle for the Georgia Coast |date=February 4, 2007 |publisher=University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-5411-4 |page=164 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U5gWyZbNRaoC&q=august+17 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> After three days, the Spaniards begin a march of over {{convert|75|mi}} toward the larger port city of [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charles Town]]. 
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Great Turkish War]]: [[Battle of Buda (1686)|Battle of Buda]] &ndash; Imperial forces of the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League of 1684]] ([[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Electorate of Saxony|Saxony]], [[Margraviate of Brandenburg|Brandenburg]] and [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] under [[Austria]]n leadership) liberate [[Buda]] (now part of [[Budapest]]) from [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Turkish]] rule (leading to the end of Ottoman rule in [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]] during subsequent years).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Almási |first1=Gábor |title=A Divided Hungary in Europe: Exchanges, Networks and Representations, 1541-1699; Volume 3 – The Making and Uses of the Image of Hungary and Transylvania |date=January 12, 2015 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-7307-9 |page=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=__WmBgAAQBAJ&dq=%222+september+1686%22+buda&pg=PA170 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 4]] &ndash; A [[hurricane]] saves [[Charleston, South Carolina]] from attack by [[Spain|Spanish]] vessels.<ref>Vance A. Myers, ''Storm Tide Frequencies on the South Carolina Coast'', NOAA Technical Report NWS-16 (National Weather Service Office of Hydrology, June 1975) p. 15</ref>
* [[September 30]] &ndash; The Ottoman fortress of Sinj in Dalmatia falls to the army of the Republic of Venice.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nazor |first1=Ante |title=PoljiËani u Morejskom ratu (1684.-1699.) |journal=Povijesni prilozi |date=January 21, 2001 |volume=20 |issue=21 |page=51 |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/45077 |access-date=May 13, 2023|language=croatian}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 17]] &ndash; As the [[Savoyard–Waldensian wars]], draw to a close, the Duke of Savoy announces that the [[Waldensians|Protestant Valdisi]] defenders will be granted safe passage to Switzerland, and that children taken during the war will be allowed to return to their families.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lovisa |first1=Barbro |title=Italienische Waldenser und das protestantische Deutschland 1655 bis 1989 |date=1994 |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |isbn=978-3-525-56539-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mgXx4AjICGAC&pg=PA30 |access-date=May 18, 2023 |language=de}}</ref> By January, a little more than 2,500 Valdisi take the offer.
* [[October 22]] &ndash; In the [[Great Turkish War]], the [[Siege of Pécs]] ends when the Ottoman-held city, located across the [[Danube|Danube River]] from the recent liberated [[Buda]], surrenders<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kolta |first1=János |title=Baranya |date=1958 |publisher=Baranya Megyei Idegenforgalmi Hivatal |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8QQ9AAAAIAAJ&q=%221686.%20okt%C3%B3ber%2022.%22,%20P%C3%A9cs |access-date=May 18, 2023 |language=hu}}</ref> to Austrian troops of the [[Holy League (1684)|Holy League]], continuing the Austrian assumption of control of Hungary.<ref>{{cite web |title=After the victory against Turkish |url=http://www.memo.fr/en/article.aspx?ID=REG_HON_PEC_MOD_002 |access-date=May 18, 2023 |date=September 28, 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928021337/http://www.memo.fr/en/article.aspx?ID=REG_HON_PEC_MOD_002 | archive-date=September 28, 2011 }}</ref> Buda and Pécs are later combined to form the Hungarian city (and now capital) of [[Budapest]].
* [[October 23]] &ndash; [[Szeged]], now the second largest city in [[Hungary]], is liberated from Turkish Ottoman rule.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Török |first1=József |title=Szerzetes- és lovagrendek Magyarországon |date=1990 |publisher=Panoráma |isbn=978-963-243-723-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BEGNAAAAMAAJ&q=%221686.+okt%C3%B3ber+23.%22,+Szeged |access-date=May 18, 2023 |language=hu}}</ref>
* [[October 31]] &ndash; [[Anglurah Agung]], the virtual leader of the island of [[Bali]] as king of the paramount state of [[Gelgel, Indonesia|Gelgel]], is killed in battle fighting Batu Lepang (who also dies in the fighting), ending the unification of the island (now part of Indonesia) and causing Bali to split into several principalities.
* [[November 26]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Whitehall]], more formerly the Treaty of Neutrality for America, is signed at the [[Palace of Whitehall]] in Westminster between representatives of King Louis XIV of France and King James II of England, with both sides pledging that "though the two Countries might be at war in Europe their Colonies in America should continue in peace and Neutrality".<ref>Max Savelle, ''Origins of American Diplomacy: The International History of Angloamerica 1492—1763'' (Macmillan, 1967), p. 108</ref> The treaty is broken less than two years later when [[King William's War]] breaks out in what is now the U.S. state of [[Maine]]. 
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Melchor Portocarrero, 3rd Count of Monclova]] becomes the new [[Viceroy of New Spain]] (encompassing what is now [[Mexico]] and much of the southwestern United States) as he arrives in Mexico City to take over at the end of the term of [[Tomás de la Cerda, 3rd Marquess of la Laguna]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Johann Wilhelm Baron |title=Reisen in den Vereinigten Staaten, Canada und Mexico |date=1865 |publisher=F.A. Brockhaus |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dtc0AAAAIAAJ&q=Tom%C3%A1s%20de%20la%20Cerda |access-date=May 22, 2023 |language=de}}</ref>  
* [[December 20]] &ndash; [[Edmund Andros]] arrives in [[Boston]] to become the British Governor of the newly created [[Dominion of New England]], which includes most of the what are now the U.S. states of [[Connecticut]], [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[New Jersey]], [[Rhode Island]], [[Vermont]] and much of the eastern portion of [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Transactions of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts |date=1907 |publisher=Massachusetts Colonial Society |page=158 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N4_w-Y8vO3UC&dq=Edmund+Andros+%2220+december+1686%22&pg=RA2-PA158 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The unpopular Andros, who reigns as a dictator after being appointed by King James II, is driven out of office in 1689 after the overthrow of James, and the Dominion of New England is broken up into its constituent colonies.
* [[December 22]] &ndash; [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]] and [[Duchy of Prussia|Duke of Prussia]], head of the [[House of Hohenzollern]], enters into an alliance with the [[Holy Roman Empire]].

=== Date unknown ===
 
* [[English people|English]] historian and naturalist [[Robert Plot]] publishes ''The Natural History of Staffordshire'', a collection of illustrations and texts detailing the history of the county.<ref>{{cite web |title=Robert Plot |url=http://www.oum.ox.ac.uk/learning/pdfs/plot.pdf |website=ox.ac.uk |access-date=May 22, 2023}}</ref> It is the first document known to mention [[crop circle]]s<ref>{{cite book |last1=Collins |first1=Andrew |title=The New Circlemakers: Insights into the Crop Circle Mystery |date=March 2009 |publisher=ARE Press |isbn=978-0-87604-549-7 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ATOgTRSu4fkC&dq=robert+plot+1686+%22crop+circle%22&pg=PR12 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and a double sunset.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kilburn |first1=Kevin J |title=Dr Plot and the amazing double sunset |journal=Astronomy & Geophysics |date=February 1999 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=120–122 |doi=10.1093/astrog/40.1.1.20 |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8111885 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |issn=1468-4004|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* The [[Café Procope]], which remains in business in the 21st century, is opened in [[Paris]] by [[Procopio Cutò]], as a [[coffeehouse]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Satin |first1=Morton |title=Coffee Talk: The Stimulating Story of the World's Most Popular Brew |date=October 31, 2011 |publisher=Prometheus Books |isbn=978-1-61592-732-6 |page=194 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eJv4Wb-PDwC&dq=Caf%C3%A9+Procope+%221686%22&pg=PA194 |access-date=May 22, 2023 |language=en}}</ref>