Urania

Urania (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; Template:Langx; modern Greek shortened name Template:Lang Ránia; meaning "heavenly" or "of heaven") was, in Greek mythology, the muse of astronomy and astrology. Urania is the goddess of astronomy and stars, her attributes being the globe and compass.

The muse Urania is sometimes confused with Aphrodite Urania ("heavenly Aphrodite") because of their similar name.

Family

Urania was the daughter of Zeus by Mnemosyne and also a great-granddaughter of Uranus.<ref>Hesiod, Theogony 78; Ovid, Fasti 5.55</ref> Some accounts list her as the mother of the musician Linus<ref>Suidas s.v. Linos</ref> by Apollo<ref>Smith, s.v. Urania (1); Hyginus, Fabulae 161</ref> or Hermes<ref>Suda, lambda, 568</ref> or Amphimarus,<ref>Pausanias, 9.29.6</ref> son of Poseidon. Hymenaeus is also said to have been a son of Urania.<ref>Catullus lxi. 2.</ref>

Function and representation

File:Allegorical Portrait of Urania, Muse of Astronomy by Louis Tocqué.jpg

Urania depicted with a celestial globe with stars above her head. Allegorical Portrait of Urania, Muse of Astronomy by Louis Tocqué.

Urania is often associated with Universal Love. Sometimes identified as the eldest of the divine sisters, Urania inherited Zeus' majesty and power and the beauty and grace of her mother Mnemosyne.

Urania dresses in a cloak embroidered with stars and keeps her eyes and attention focused on the Heavens. She is usually represented with a celestial globe to which she points with a little staff,<ref>Hirt, Mythol. Bilderb. p. 210.</ref> and depicted in modern art with stars above her head. She is able to foretell the future by the arrangement of the stars.<ref>Statius, Thebaid 8.548 ff.</ref>

Urania as Muse

File:Urania Pio-Clementino Inv293.jpg

Urania, a restored Roman copy after a Greek original of the 4th century BC, Hadrian's Villa.

Those who are most concerned with philosophy and the heavens are dearest to her. Those who have been instructed by her she raises aloft to heaven, for it is a fact that imagination and the power of thought lift men's souls to heavenly heights.<ref>Diodorus, 4.7.1</ref>

Urania, o'er her star-bespangled lyre,
With touch of majesty diffused her soul;
A thousand tones, that in the breast inspire,
Exalted feelings, o er the wires'gan roll—
How at the call of Jove the mist unfurled,
And o'er the swelling vault—the glowing sky,
The new-born stars hung out their lamps on high,
And rolled their mighty orbs to music's sweetest sound.

—From An Ode To Music by James G. Percival

During the Renaissance, Urania began to be considered the Muse for Christian poets.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In the invocation to Book 7 of John Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost, the poet invokes Urania to aid his narration of the creation of the cosmos, though he cautions that it is "[t]he meaning, not the name I call" (7.5)

In popular culture

File:Farcot and Carrier-Belleuse Conical Mystery Clock.jpg

A monumental conical pendulum clock by Eugène Farcot depicting the Greek goddess, 1862.

Urania in Astronomy and Navigation

• The planet Uranus, though mostly named after the Greek god personifying the sky, is also indirectly named after Urania.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Urania is the namesake for astronomical observatories in Berlin, Budapest, Bucharest, Vienna, Zürich, Antwerp, and Uraniborg on the island of Hven. The main belt asteroid (30) Urania was also named after her.
• The official seal of the U.S. Naval Observatory portrays Urania. Hr. Ms. Urania is a sail training vessel for the Royal Netherlands Naval College. There has been a Hr. Ms. Urania in the Royal Netherlands Navy since 1832.
• Urania is featured on the seal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, as well of its motto: Quo ducit Urania ("Where Urania leads").

Other uses of "Urania"

• Urania is the name traditionally given to the eighth book of Herodotus' Histories.
• Aphrodite Urania (heavenly Aphrodite) is often an epithet given to Aphrodite in contrast with her more earthy aspect Aphrodite Pandemos (Aphrodite for all people).]<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Urania is the muse for books 7 and 9 of Paradise Lost.

See also

• Muses in popular culture

Sources

• Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, Volume III: Books 4.59-8, translated by C. H. Oldfather, Loeb Classical Library No. 340, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1939. Template:ISBN. Online version at Harvard University Press. Online version by Bill Thayer.
• Hesiod, Theogony, in The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd., 1914. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Internet Archive.
• Hyginus, Gaius Julius, Fabulae, in The Myths of Hyginus, edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. Online version at ToposText.
• Ovid, Ovid's Fasti: With an English translation by Sir James George Frazer, London, William Heinemann Ltd.; Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1959. Internet Archive.
• Smith, William, Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, London (1873). Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.

External links

• Urania: Goddess Muse of Astronomy, Theoi Project
• Britannica Online Encyclopedia
• Warburg Institute Iconographic Database