Ukko
Template:Lang (Template:IPA),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Lang Template:IPA or Template:Lang Template:IPA (Finnish for 'male grandparent', 'grandfather', 'old man'),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> parallel to Uku in Estonian mythology,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> is the god of the sky, weather, harvest, and thunder<ref name=Haavio-1967>Template:Cite book</ref> across Finnic paganism.
Template:Lang, the Finnish word for thunder, is the diminutive form of the name Template:Lang.Template:EfnTemplate:Efn Template:Ill believes that Template:Lang, another Finnic sky god, is the origin of Template:Lang, but that as Template:Lang experienced very significant, although far from total, influence from the Indo-European sky god especially in the form of Thor.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some believe that Template:Lang's original name was Baltic Perkūnas.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Lang is considered to be the most significant god of Finnish mythology, although it is disputed by scholars whether this is accountable to later Christian influence. In the folk poems and prayers, he is also given the epithet Template:Lang ('Supreme God'), probably in reference to his status as the most highly regarded god and on the other hand his traditional domain in the heavens. Other names for Template:Lang include Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'long'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, 'father'), Template:Lang (Template:Lang, archaic form of the above, modern meaning 'great', 'big' or 'large'). Although portrayed active in myth, when appealed to Template:Lang makes all his appearances in legend solely by natural phenomena.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Template:Lang, the name Ukko was sometimes used as a common noun or generalised epithet for multiple deities instead of denoting a specific god.<ref name=Haavio-1959/>
Origins
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It is likely that the figure of Template:Lang is mostly Indo-European, possibly Baltic, in origin. Template:Lang is held by researchers of religion to be parallel to Indo-European patriarchal sky deities, for example to Zeus and Jupiter of the Classical Greco-Roman pantheon, the Indian Hindu god Indra, the Balto-Slavic god Perun-Perkūnas and the Norse god Thor. Template:Lang, a Germanic loan and cognate of Thor, was possibly an alternate name for Template:Lang.<ref name="Virrankoski 2009">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Lang is rarely encountered in Finnish mythology, and had been relegated to the mere role of deity of harvest and success.Template:Citation needed
It is possible that when Template:Lang took the position of the preceding sky god Template:Lang, Template:Lang's destiny was to become a mortal smith-hero.Template:Citation needed Stories tell about Template:Lang vaulting the sky-dome.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Whether Template:Lang was an earlier, assumably Uralic sky deity is regardless highly questionable. Some researchers hold Template:Lang and Template:Lang equivalent.
The Sami worshipped a similar deity, called Aijeke, probably as result of cultural cross-contamination or common origin. The god was equated with Horagalles.
Finnish folklore
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Template:Lang possessed a weapon, often a hammer called Template:Lang (Ukko's hammer), sometimes also an axe (Template:Langx) or a sword, by which he struck lightning (see thunderbolt). Template:Lang's weapon was largely comparable to the Norse Mjölnir, and Iron Age emblematic pendants depicting hammers and axes similar or identical to Scandinavian specimens have been unearthed in Finland. Like Mjölnir, Template:Lang's weapon has been linked by some to the boat-shaped battle axes of the Corded Ware culture.
Thunderbolts were sometimes called Template:Lang (bolt of Ukko) or Template:Lang (arrow of Ukko). It is possible that the Birch bark letter no. 292, written in a Baltic-Finnic language and unearthed in Novgorod, makes use of the metaphor, also referring to Template:Lang as doom-god according to one interpretation translated by Yuri Yeliseyev in modern English and interpreted in modern Finnish: God's arrow, ten [is] your name. This arrow is God's own. The Doom-God leads.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> The name Template:Lang was also used of Neolithic stone tools such as battle axes, which were employed as thunderstones to be buried at the corners of dwellings
Thunderstorms were sometimes interpreted as result of Template:Lang copulating with his wife Template:Lang Template:Lit.Template:Citation needed However, according to Martti Haavio, the text written by Mikael Agricola which has been used to justify this interpretation is a misunderstanding. He argued that Agricola's text mentioned two completely different gods, a fertility god Rauni-ukko and his wife, whose copulation would result in fertile fields.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He also was believed to cause thunderstorms by driving his chariot through the skies.
Neolithic stone carvings have been found in Russian Karelia which have features of both snakes and lightning. It is, however, uncertain whether these are directly connected to the figure of Template:Lang. Evidence for worship of snakes is found among different cultures around the Baltic, including the Estonians and Finns.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
There is evidence that the rowan tree was held sacred to Template:Lang.<ref name=Haavio-1967/> Template:Lang, a vaguely defined being has been hypothesised to be cognate to Germanic words for the rowan tree through Template:Langx.<ref name=Haavio-1959>Template:Cite book</ref>
The ladybird was also considered sacred to Template:Lang and called Template:Lang (Ukko's cow).<ref name="Virrankoski 2009"/> The Finnish name of the great mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is Template:Lang (Ukko's fire flower), also linked to worship of Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Festivals dedicated to Ukko
[edit]Template:See also Before the advent of Christianity, the Midsummer festival in Finland, today known as Template:Lang after John the Baptist (Template:Langx), was held in honor of Template:Lang and called Template:Lang (Festival of Ukko). This tradition carried to the 19th century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Also dedicated to Template:Lang were the Template:Lang (Template:Lang festival) also known as Template:Lang (Ukko's Template:Lang) or simply Template:Lang (Template:Langs). Template:Langs were commonly held in May coinciding with the spring sowing. During Template:Langs it was customary to consume or otherwise offer a container or some other vessel (Template:Langx) of an alcoholic beverage or food as sacrifice. It appears that often the festival was held in the community's sacred grove or Template:Lang where an animal sacrifice was sometimes also performed as part of the same festival. This ceremony was believed to guarantee good weather for the coming year and thus a good harvest.<ref name=Haavio-1967/>
It appears that the Template:Lang tradition was rather lively. The last uncontested reports of Template:Langs being held originate in the 19th century, although sporadic reports also surface in the 20th century.<ref name=Haavio-1967/> The festival is also mentioned by the Finnish reformer Template:Lang in his account of what from his point of view was Finnish idolatry.<ref>Template:Cite report</ref>
Eponymy
[edit]A number of toponyms in Finland and surrounding regions contain some form of the name Ukko. Template:Expand section
Finland
[edit]- Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Northern Karelia
- Template:Lang, Lake Inari, Finnish Lapland
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Southern Savonia
- Template:Lang, Template:Lang, Central Finland
Modern influence
[edit]The Weather Channel list of winter storms for 2012 list Template:Lang as one of the alphabetic names they used.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Footnotes
[edit]See also
[edit]- Template:Lang (Finnish Faith) or Template:Lang (Faith of Ukko), the Finnish polytheistic reconstructionist movement