Timothy McVeigh

Timothy James McVeigh (April 23, 1968 – June 11, 2001) was an American domestic terrorist who masterminded and perpetrated the Oklahoma City bombing on April 19, 1995.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The bombing itself killed 167 people (including 19 children), injured 684 people, and destroyed one-third of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite report</ref> A rescue worker was killed after the bombing when debris struck her head, bringing the total to 168 killed. It remains the deadliest act of domestic terrorism in U.S. history.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

A Gulf War veteran, McVeigh became radicalized by anti-government beliefs. He sought revenge against the United States federal government for the 1993 Waco siege, as well as the 1992 Ruby Ridge incident. McVeigh expressed particular disapproval of federal agencies such as the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (ATF) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for their handling of issues regarding private citizens. He hoped to inspire a revolution against the federal government, and he defended the bombing as a legitimate tactic against what he saw as a tyrannical government.<ref name="mcveigh_dead"/> He was arrested shortly after the bombing and indicted on 160 state offenses and 11 federal offenses, including the use of a weapon of mass destruction. He was found guilty on all counts in 1997 and sentenced to death.<ref name="cnn 3-29-01"/>

McVeigh was executed by lethal injection on June 11, 2001, at the Federal Correctional Complex in Terre Haute, Indiana. His execution, which took place just over six years after the offense, was carried out in a considerably shorter time than for most inmates awaiting execution, due in part to his refusal to pursue appeals or stays of execution.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Early life

Timothy James McVeigh was born on April 23, 1968, in Lockport, New York, the only son and the second of three children of his Irish American parents, Noreen Mildred "Mickey" Hill and William McVeigh. In 1866, McVeigh's great-great-grandfather Edward McVeigh emigrated from Ireland and settled in Niagara County.<ref>John O'Beirne Ranelagh (2012), A Short History of Ireland, p. 341</ref><ref name=washingtonpost>Template:Cite news</ref> After McVeigh's parents divorced when he was ten years old, he was raised by his father in Pendleton, New York.<ref name=washingtonpost/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

McVeigh claimed to have been a target of bullying at school, and he took refuge in a fantasy world where he imagined retaliating against the bullies.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Most who knew McVeigh remember him as being very shy and withdrawn while a few described him as an outgoing and playful child who withdrew as an adolescent. He is said to have had only one girlfriend as an adolescent; he later told journalists that he did not have any idea how to impress girls.<ref name=bbcprofile>Template:Cite news</ref>

While in high school McVeigh became interested in computers, and hacked into government computer systems on his Commodore 64 under the handle The Wanderer, taken from the song by Dion DiMucci. In his senior year he was named "most promising computer programmer" of Starpoint Central High School (as well as "Most Talkative" by his classmates as a joke as he did not speak much)<ref>Lou Michel and Dan Herbeck, American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh & the Tragedy at Oklahoma City (2002), pp. 31–32</ref><ref name="archive.seattletimes.com">Template:Cite web</ref> but had relatively poor grades until his 1986 graduation.<ref name=washingtonpost/><ref name="jacobs"/>

He was introduced to firearms by his grandfather. McVeigh told people of his wish to become a gun shop owner and sometimes took firearms to school to impress his classmates. He became intensely interested in gun rights as well as the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution after he graduated from high school and read magazines such as Soldier of Fortune. He briefly attended Bryant & Stratton College before dropping out.<ref name="a mind">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Smith, Brent L., Damhousse, Kelly R. and Roberts, Paxton, Pre-Incident Indicators of Terrorist Incidents: The Identification of Behavioral, Geographic and Temporal Patterns of Preparatory Conduct, Document No.: 214217, May 2006, p. 234, found at NCJRS Government website Template:Webarchive, Scribd website Template:Webarchive and DHS Government websiteTemplate:Dead link. Retrieved July 22, 2009.</ref> After dropping out of college, McVeigh worked as an armored car guard and was noted by co-workers as being obsessed with guns. One co-worker recalled an instance when McVeigh came to work "looking like Pancho Villa" as he was wearing bandoliers.<ref name="washingtonpost" />

Military career

In May 1988, at the age of 20, McVeigh enlisted in the United States Army and attended Basic Training and Advanced Individual Training at the U.S. Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, Georgia.<ref>Linder, Douglas O. "The Oklahoma City Bombing & The Trial of Timothy McVeigh," Template:Webarchive, online posting, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Law School faculty projects, 2006, accessed August 7, 2006, feb 17; cf. People in the News: Timothy McVeigh: The Path to Death Row , transcript of program broadcast on CNN, June 9, 2001, 11:30 p.m. ET. </ref> While in the military, McVeigh used much of his spare time to read about firearms, sniper tactics, and explosives.<ref>Michel, Herbeck 2002 p. 61</ref> McVeigh was reprimanded by the military for purchasing a "White Power" T-shirt at a Ku Klux Klan rally where they were objecting to black servicemen who wore "Black Power" T-shirts around a military installation (primarily Army).<ref>Michel, Herbeck 2002 pp. 87–88</ref> His future co-conspirator Terry Nichols was his platoon guide. He and Nichols quickly got along with their similar backgrounds as well as their views on gun collecting and survivalism.<ref name="archive.seattletimes.com" /> The two were later stationed together at Fort Riley in Junction City, Kansas, where they met and became friends with their future accomplice, Michael Fortier.

McVeigh was a top-scoring gunner with the M242 25mm cannon of the Bradley Fighting Vehicles used by the 1st Infantry Division and was promoted to sergeant. After being promoted, McVeigh earned a reputation for assigning undesirable work to black servicemen and using derogatory language.<ref name="washingtonpost" /> He was stationed at Fort Riley before being deployed on Operation Desert Storm.<ref name="CNN 2001">Template:Cite web</ref>

In an interview before his execution, McVeigh said that he hit an Iraqi tank more than 500 yards away on his first day in the war and then the Iraqis surrendered. He also decapitated an Iraqi soldier with cannon fire from 1,100 yards away. He said he was later shocked to see carnage on the road while leaving Kuwait City after U.S. troops routed the Iraqi Army. McVeigh received several service awards, including the Bronze Star Medal<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name=washingtonpost/> National Defense Service Medal,<ref name="jacobs">Template:Cite web</ref> Southwest Asia Service Medal,<ref name="willman">Template:Cite web</ref> Army Service Ribbon,<ref name="willman"/> and the Kuwaiti Liberation Medal.<ref name="jacobs"/>

McVeigh aspired to join the United States Army Special Forces (SF). After returning from the Gulf War, he entered the selection program, but withdrew on the second day of the 21-day assessment and selection course for the Special Forces, telling other recruits that he had injured an ankle. However, in a letter to his superiors, McVeigh wrote that he was not "physically ready".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> McVeigh decided to leave the Army and was honorably discharged in 1991.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Post-military life

McVeigh wrote letters to local newspapers complaining about taxes. In 1992, he wrote to the Lockport Union-Sun & Journal: Template:Blockquote

McVeigh also wrote to Representative John J. LaFalce (D–New York),<ref name="goldstein">Template:Cite web</ref> complaining about the arrest of a woman for carrying mace: Template:Blockquote

McVeigh later moved with Nichols to Nichols' brother James' farm around Decker, Michigan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While visiting friends, McVeigh reportedly complained that the Army had implanted a microchip into his buttocks so that the government could keep track of him.<ref name=washingtonpost/> McVeigh worked long hours in a dead-end job and felt that he did not have a home. He sought romance, but his advances were rejected by a co-worker and he felt nervous around women. He believed that he brought too much pain to his loved ones.<ref>Michel, Herbeck 2002 p. 102</ref> He grew angry and frustrated at his difficulties in finding a girlfriend. He took up obsessive gambling.<ref>Michel, Herbeck 2002 p. 114</ref> Unable to pay gambling debts, he took a cash advance and then defaulted on his repayments. He began looking for a state with low taxes so that he could live without heavy government regulation or high taxes. He became enraged when the government told him that he had been overpaid $1,058 while in the Army and he had to pay back the money. He wrote an angry letter to the government, saying: Template:Quote

McVeigh introduced his sister to anti-government literature, but his father had little interest in these views. He moved out of his father's house and into an apartment that had no telephone. This made it impossible for his employer to contact him for overtime assignments. He quit the National Rifle Association of America (NRA), believing that it was too weak on gun rights.<ref>Michel, Herbeck (2002) p.111</ref>

1993 Waco siege and gun shows

In 1993, McVeigh drove to Waco, Texas, during the Waco siege to show his support. At the scene, he distributed pro-gun rights literature and bumper stickers bearing slogans such as, "When guns are outlawed, I will become an outlaw." He told a student reporter:

For the five months following the Waco siege, McVeigh worked at gun shows and handed out free cards printed with the name and address of Lon Horiuchi, an FBI sniper, "in the hope that somebody in the Patriot movement would assassinate the sharpshooter." Horiuchi's actions while an FBI agent have drawn controversy, specifically his shooting and killing of Randy Weaver's wife while she held an infant child. McVeigh wrote hate mail to Horiuchi, suggesting that "what goes around, comes around". McVeigh later considered putting aside his plan to target the Murrah Building to target Horiuchi or a member of his family instead.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

McVeigh became a fixture on the gun show circuit, traveling to forty states and visiting about eighty gun shows. He found that the further west he went, the more anti-government sentiment he encountered, at least until he got to what he called "The People's Socialist Republic of California."<ref>Michel, Herbeck (2002) p. 121</ref> McVeigh sold survival items and copies of The Turner Diaries. One author said: Template:Quote

Arizona with Fortier

McVeigh had a road atlas with hand-drawn designations of the most likely places for nuclear attacks and considered buying property in Seligman, Arizona, which he determined to be in a "nuclear-free zone." He lived with Michael Fortier in Kingman, Arizona, and the two became so close that he served as best man at Fortier's wedding. McVeigh experimented with cannabis and methamphetamine after first researching their effects in an encyclopedia.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was never as interested in drugs as Fortier was, and one of the reasons they parted ways was that McVeigh grew tired of Fortier's drug habits.<ref name="trutv6">Template:Cite web</ref>

With Nichols, Waco siege, and radicalization

In April 1993, McVeigh headed for a farm in Michigan where former roommate Terry Nichols lived. In between watching coverage of the Waco siege on TV, Nichols and his brother began teaching McVeigh how to make explosives by combining household chemicals in plastic jugs. The destruction of the Waco compound enraged McVeigh and convinced him that it was time to take action. He was particularly angered by the government's use of CS gas on women and children; he had been exposed to the gas as part of his military training and was familiar with its effects. The disappearance of certain evidence,<ref name="missingdoor">Template:Cite news</ref> such as the bullet-riddled steel-reinforced front door to the complex, led him to suspect a cover-up.

McVeigh's anti-government rhetoric became more radical. He began to sell Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) hats riddled with bullet holes, and a flare gun that he said could shoot down an "ATF helicopter".<ref name="cnn 3-29-01">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Editors (2000) "Gun Shows in America." Template:Webarchive Violence Policy Center.</ref> He produced videos detailing the government's actions at Waco and handed out pamphlets with titles such as "U.S. Government Initiates Open Warfare Against American People" and "Waco Shootout Evokes Memory of Warsaw '43." He began changing his answering machine greeting every couple of weeks to various quotes by Patrick Henry, such as "Give me liberty or give me death."<ref>Michel, Herbeck 2002 pp. 136–14-</ref> He began experimenting with making pipe bombs and other small explosive devices. The government imposed new firearms restrictions in 1994 which McVeigh believed threatened his livelihood.<ref name="trutv6"/>

McVeigh dissociated himself from his boyhood friend Steve Hodge by sending him a 23-page farewell letter. He proclaimed his devotion to the United States Declaration of Independence, explaining in detail what each sentence meant to him. McVeigh declared that: Template:Quote

McVeigh felt the need to personally reconnoiter sites of rumored conspiracies. He visited Area 51 in order to defy government restrictions on photography and went to Gulfport, Mississippi, to determine the veracity of rumors about United Nations operations. These turned out to be false; the Russian vehicles on the site were being configured for use in U.N.-sponsored humanitarian aid efforts. Around this time, McVeigh and Nichols began making bulk purchases of ammonium nitrate, an agricultural fertilizer, for resale to survivalists, since rumors were circulating that the government was preparing to ban it.<ref>Michel, Herbeck (2002) pp. 156–158</ref>

Plan against federal building or individuals

McVeigh told Fortier of his plans to blow up a federal building, but Fortier declined to participate. Fortier also told his wife about the plans.<ref>Michel, Herbeck (2002) pp. 161–162</ref> McVeigh composed two letters to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms, the first titled "Constitutional Defenders" and the second "ATF Read." He denounced government officials as "fascist tyrants" and "storm troopers," and warned: Template:Quote

McVeigh also wrote a letter to recruit a customer named Steve Colbern: Template:Quote

McVeigh began announcing that he had progressed from the "propaganda" phase to the "action" phase. He wrote to his Michigan friend Gwenda Strider, "I have certain other 'militant' talents that are in short supply and greatly demanded."<ref>Michel, Herbeck (2002) p. 195</ref>

McVeigh later said he considered "a campaign of individual assassination," with "eligible" targets including Attorney General Janet Reno, Judge Walter S. Smith Jr. of Federal District Court, who handled the Branch Davidian trial; and Lon Horiuchi, a member of the FBI hostage-rescue team, who shot and killed Vicki Weaver in a standoff at a remote cabin at Ruby Ridge, Idaho, in 1992.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He said he wanted Reno to accept "full responsibility in deed, not just words."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Such an assassination seemed too difficult,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and he decided that since federal agents had become soldiers, he should strike at them at their command centers.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to McVeigh's authorized biography, he decided that he could make the loudest statement by bombing a federal building. After the bombing, he was ambivalent about his act and the deaths he caused; as he said in letters to his hometown newspaper, he sometimes wished that he had carried out a series of assassinations against police and government officials instead.<ref name=Oklahoman>Template:Cite web</ref>

Oklahoma City bombing

File:Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg

The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building two days after the Oklahoma City bombing

Working at a lakeside campground near McVeigh's old Army post, he and Nichols constructed an ANFO explosive device mounted in the back of a rented Ryder truck. The bomb consisted of about Template:Convert of ammonium nitrate and nitromethane.

On April 19, 1995, McVeigh drove the truck to the front of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building just as its offices opened for the day. Before arriving, he stopped to light a two-minute fuse. At 09:02, a large explosion destroyed the north half of the building. It killed 168 people, including 19 children in the day care center on the second floor, and injured 684 others.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

McVeigh said that he had not known that there was a daycare center on the second floor, and that he might have chosen a different target if he had known about it.<ref>See Michel and Herbeck; cf. Walsh:</ref><ref name="vidal">Template:Cite book</ref> Nichols said that he and McVeigh did know about the daycare center in the building, and that they did not care.<ref name="Global Terrorism Database">Global Terrorism Database Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="washingtonpost.com">Template:Cite news</ref>

McVeigh's biographers, Lou Michel and Dan Herbeck, spoke with McVeigh in interviews totaling 75 hours. He said about the victims: Template:Quote

During an interview in 2000 with Ed Bradley for television news magazine 60 Minutes, Bradley asked McVeigh for his reaction to the deaths of the nineteen children. McVeigh said: Template:Quote

According to the Oklahoma City Memorial Institute for the Prevention of Terrorism (MIPT), more than 300 buildings in the city were damaged. More than 12,000 volunteers and rescue workers took part in the rescue, recovery and support operations following the bombing. In reference to theories that McVeigh had assistance from others, he responded with a well-known line from the film A Few Good Men, "You can't handle the truth!" He added, "Because the truth is, I blew up the Murrah Building and isn't it kind of scary that one man could wreak this kind of hell?"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Arrest and trial

File:Aa McVeigh sketch and pic.jpg

FBI forensic sketch compared to mug shot of McVeigh

By tracing the vehicle identification number of a rear axle found in the wreckage, the FBI identified the vehicle as a Ryder rental box truck rented from Junction City, Kansas. Workers at the agency assisted an FBI artist in creating a sketch of the renter, who had used the alias "Robert Kling". The sketch was shown in the area. Lea McGown, manager of the local Dreamland Motel, identified the sketch as Timothy McVeigh.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref name="trutv2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Shortly after the bombing, while driving on Interstate 35 in Noble County, near Perry, Oklahoma, McVeigh was stopped by State Trooper Charles J. Hanger.<ref>See "Officer of the Month – October 2001: Second Lieutenant Charles J. Hanger, Oklahoma Highway Patrol," National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial Fund, copyright 2004–06. Retrieved August 8, 2006.</ref> Hanger had passed McVeigh's yellow 1977 Mercury Marquis and noticed that it had no license plate. McVeigh admitted to the state trooperTemplate:Sndwho noticed a bulge under his jacketTemplate:Sndthat he had a gun; the trooper arrested him for driving without plates and possessing an illegal firearm. McVeigh's concealed weapon permit was not legal in Oklahoma. McVeigh was wearing a shirt at that time with a picture of Abraham Lincoln and the motto Template:Lang ('Thus always to tyrants'), the supposed words shouted by John Wilkes Booth after he shot Lincoln.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On the back, it had a tree with a picture of three blood droplets and the Thomas Jefferson quote, "The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Three days later, McVeigh was identified as the subject of the nationwide manhunt.

File:TimothyMcVeighPerryOKApr2195.jpg

McVeigh about to be led out of a Perry, Oklahoma, courthouse two days after the bombing

On August 10, 1995, McVeigh was indicted on 11 federal counts, including conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction, use of a weapon of mass destruction, destruction with the use of explosives, and eight counts of first degree murder for the deaths of law enforcement officers.<ref>Count 1: "conspiracy to detonate a weapon of mass destruction" in violation of 18 USC § 2332a, culminating in the deaths of 168 people and destruction of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.Template:Ubl</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On February 20, 1996, the Court granted a change of venue and ordered that the case be transferred from Oklahoma City to the District Court in Denver, to be presided over by District Judge Richard Paul Matsch.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

McVeigh instructed his lawyers to use a necessity defense, but they ended up not doing so.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> They would have had to prove that McVeigh was in "imminent danger" from the government. McVeigh argued that "imminent" did not necessarily mean "immediate". They would have argued that his bombing of the Murrah building was a justifiable response to what McVeigh believed were the crimes of the U.S. government at Waco, Texas, where the 51-day siege of the Branch Davidian complex resulted in the deaths of 76 Branch Davidians.<ref>Linder, Douglas O., "The Oklahoma City Bombing & The Trial of Timothy McVeigh," Template:Webarchive, online posting, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Law School faculty projects, 2006, accessed August 7, 2006.</ref> As part of the defense, McVeigh's lawyers showed the jury the controversial video Waco, the Big Lie.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

On June 2, 1997, McVeigh was found guilty on all 11 counts of the federal indictment.<ref>Eddy, Mark; Lane, George; Pankratz, Howard; Wilmsen, Steven "Guilty on Every Count," Template:Webarchive Denver Post June 3, 1997, accessed August 7, 2006</ref> Although 168 people, including 19 children, were killed in the April 19, 1995, bombing, murder charges were brought against McVeigh for only the eight federal agents who were on duty when the bomb destroyed much of the Murrah Building. Along with the eight counts of murder, McVeigh was charged with conspiracy to use a weapon of mass destruction, and destroying a federal building. Oklahoma City District Attorney Bob Macy said he would file state charges in the other 160 murders after McVeigh's co-defendant, Terry Nichols, was tried. After the verdict, McVeigh tried to calm his mother by saying, "Think of it this way. When I was in the Army, you didn't see me for years. Think of me that way now, like I'm away in the Army again, on an assignment for the military."<ref>Michel, Herbeck (200) p. 347</ref>

On June 13, the jury recommended that McVeigh be sentenced to death.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The U.S. Department of Justice brought federal charges against McVeigh for causing the deaths of eight federal officers leading to a possible death penalty for McVeigh; they could not bring charges against McVeigh for the remaining 160 deaths in federal court because those deaths fell under the jurisdiction of the State of Oklahoma. Because McVeigh was convicted and sentenced to death, the State of Oklahoma did not file murder charges against McVeigh for the other 160 deaths.<ref>People in the News: Timothy McVeigh: The Path to Death Row , transcript of program broadcast on CNN, June 9, 2001, 11:30 p.m. ET.</ref> Before the sentence was formally pronounced by Judge Matsch, McVeigh addressed the court for the first time and said: "If the Court please, I wish to use the words of Justice [Louis] Brandeis dissenting in Olmstead [v. United States] to speak for me. He wrote, 'Our Government is the potent, the omnipresent teacher. For good or for ill, it teaches the whole people by its example.' That's all I have."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Incarceration and execution

File:Florence ADMAX.jpg

McVeigh was held at USP Florence ADMAX in Colorado until 1999.

McVeigh's death sentence was delayed pending an appeal. One of his appeals for Template:Lang, taken to the Supreme Court of the United States, was denied on March 8, 1999. McVeigh's request for a nationally televised execution was also denied. Entertainment Network Inc., an Internet company that produces adult-themed websites, unsuccessfully sued for the right to broadcast the execution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Mieszkowski and Standen">Template:Cite news</ref> At USP Florence ADMAX, McVeigh and Nichols were housed in what was known as "bomber's row". Ted Kaczynski, Luis Felipe, and Ramzi Yousef were also housed in this cell block. Yousef made frequent, unsuccessful attempts to convert McVeigh to Islam.<ref>Michel, Herbeck (2002) pp. 360–361.</ref>

The day before his execution, McVeigh said in a letter to The Buffalo News: "I am sorry these people had to lose their lives, but that's the nature of the beast. It's understood going in what the human toll will be."<ref name=usa4>Template:Cite news</ref> He said that if there turned out to be an afterlife, he would "improvise, adapt and overcome",<ref name=usa4/> noting: "If there is a hell, then I'll be in good company with a lot of fighter pilots who also had to bomb innocents to win the war."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also said: "I knew I wanted this before it happened. I knew my objective was state-assisted suicide and when it happens, it's in your face. You just did something you're trying to say should be illegal for medical personnel."<ref name="Mieszkowski and Standen"/>

The Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP) transferred McVeigh from USP Florence ADMAX to the federal death row at USP Terre Haute in Terre Haute, Indiana, in 1999.<ref>Huppke, Rex W. "EXECUTION: Terre Haute, Ind. dreads execution of Timothy McVeigh". Southeast Missourian, April 6, 2001. p. 2A (continued from 1A). Associated Press. Retrieved from Google News (2/16) on October 14, 2010. "The planning for this day began when McVeigh was moved to the U.S. Penitentiary in Terre Haute, Indiana along with the 19 other federal death row inmates in 1999[...]"</ref> McVeigh dropped his remaining appeals, saying that he would rather die than spend the rest of his life in prison.<ref name="BushdelaynecCCN">Template:Cite news</ref> On January 16, 2001, the BOP set May 16 as McVeigh's execution date.<ref>"Federal Execution date set for Timothy James McVeigh" (Template:Webarchive). Federal Bureau of Prisons. January 16, 2001. Retrieved May 29, 2010.</ref> McVeigh said that his only regret was not completely destroying the federal building.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Six days prior to his scheduled execution, the FBI turned over thousands of documents of evidence it had previously withheld to McVeigh's attorneys. As a result, U.S. Attorney General John Ashcroft announced McVeigh's execution would be stayed for one month.<ref name="BushdelaynecCCN"/> The execution date was reset for June 11. Conductor David Woodard performed Requiem Mass music for McVeigh on the morning of McVeigh's execution.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> While acknowledging McVeigh's "horrible deed", David Woodard intended to "provide comfort".<ref>Siletti, M. J., Sounding the last mile: Music and capital punishment in the United States since 1976, doctoral dissertation under Prof. J. Magee, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, 2018, pp. 240–241.</ref><ref>Günther, M., Gesichter Amerikas: Reportagen aus dem Land der unbegrenzten Widersprüche (Bottrop: Henselowsky Boschmann Verlag, 2006), p. 30.</ref> McVeigh also requested a Catholic chaplain. His last meal consisted of two pints of mint chocolate chip ice cream.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:TerreHauteUSP.jpg

McVeigh was held on federal death row at USP Terre Haute in Indiana after 1999.

McVeigh chose William Ernest Henley's 1875 poem "Invictus" as his final written statement.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Just before the execution, when he was asked if he had a final statement, he declined. Jay Sawyer, a relative of one of the victims, wrote, "Without saying a word, he got the final word."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Larry Whicher, whose brother died in the attack, described McVeigh as having "a totally expressionless, blank stare. He had a look of defiance and that if he could, he'd do it all over again."<ref name="trutv11">Template:Cite web</ref> McVeigh was executed by lethal injection at 7:14 a.m. on June 11, 2001, the first person to be executed by the United States federal government since Victor Feguer was executed in Iowa on March 15, 1963.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

On November 21, 1997, President Bill Clinton had signed S. 923, special legislation introduced by Senator Arlen Specter to bar McVeigh and other veterans convicted of capital crimes from being buried in any military cemetery.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:USStatute</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His body was cremated at Mattox Ryan Funeral Home in Terre Haute. His ashes were given to his lawyer, who said "the final destination of McVeigh's remains would remain privileged forever."<ref name="mcveigh_dead"/> McVeigh had written that he considered having them dropped at the site of the memorial where the building once stood, but decided that would be "too vengeful, too raw, too cold."<ref name="mcveigh_dead">Template:Cite web</ref> He had expressed willingness to donate organs, but was prohibited from doing so by prison regulations.<ref name=Oklahoman/> Psychiatrist John Smith concluded that McVeigh was "a decent person who had allowed rage to build up inside him to the point that he had lashed out in one terrible, violent act."<ref name=bbcprofile/> McVeigh's IQ was assessed at 126.<ref>Michel, Herbeck 2002 p. 288.</ref>

Associations

According to CNN, his only known associations were as a registered Republican while in Buffalo, New York, in the 1980s, and a membership in the National Rifle Association while in the Army.

After returning home from war he signed up for a trial membership in the KKK, although he did not ultimately continue with the Klan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There is no conclusive evidence that he ever belonged to any other extremist groups.<ref name="Profile of Timothy McVeigh">Profile of Timothy McVeigh, Template:Webarchive CNN, March 29, 2001. Retrieved February 22, 2015.</ref>

Religious beliefs

McVeigh was raised Roman Catholic.<ref name="pcoletime">Patrick Cole, "A Look Back in TIME: Interview with Timothy McVeigh", March 30, 1996. Retrieved October 19, 2010. </ref> During his childhood, he and his father attended Mass regularly.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> McVeigh was confirmed at the Good Shepherd Church in Pendleton, New York, in 1985.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In a 1996 interview, McVeigh professed belief in "a God", although he said he had "sort of lost touch with" Catholicism and "I never really picked it up, however I do maintain core beliefs."<ref name = "pcoletime" /> In McVeigh's biography American Terrorist, released in 2002, he stated that he did not believe in a hell and that science is his religion.<ref>"The McVeigh Tapes " Rachel Maddow Show, aired April 19, 2010, pt. 1 at 2 min. 40 sec.</ref><ref>Michel, Herbeck 2002 pp. 142-143</ref> In June 2001, a day before the execution, McVeigh wrote a letter to the Buffalo News identifying himself as agnostic.<ref name="Borger">Julian Borger,"McVeigh faces day of reckoning: Special report: Timothy McVeigh," Template:Webarchive, The Guardian, June 11, 2001. Retrieved October 19, 2010.</ref> However, he took the last rites, administered by a priest, just before his execution.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>McVeigh took last rites before execution Template:Webarchive, CNN, April 10, 2001. Retrieved October 7, 2015.</ref> Father Charles Smith ministered to McVeigh in his last moments on death row.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Motivations for the bombing

McVeigh claimed that the bombing was revenge against the government for the sieges at Waco and Ruby Ridge.<ref>See "McVeigh Remorseless About Bombing," newswire release, Associated Press, March 29, 2001.</ref> McVeigh visited Waco during the standoff. While there, he was interviewed by student reporter Michelle Rauch, a senior journalism major at Southern Methodist University who was writing for the school paper. McVeigh expressed his objections over what was happening there.<ref name="Profile of Timothy McVeigh"/><ref name="Rauch's Waco testimony">Template:Cite news</ref>

McVeigh frequently quoted and alluded to the white supremacist novel The Turner Diaries; he claimed to appreciate its interest in firearms. Photocopies of pages sixty-one and sixty-two of The Turner Diaries were found in an envelope inside McVeigh's car. These pages depicted a fictitious mortar attack upon the U.S. Capitol in Washington.<ref>Michel and Herbeck; cf. Walsh.</ref>

In a 1,200-word essay<ref name="McVeigh word essay">Template:Cite journal</ref> dated March 1998, from the federal maximum-security prison at Florence, Colorado, McVeigh claimed that the terrorist bombing was "morally equivalent" to U.S. military actions against Iraq and other foreign countries. The handwritten essay, submitted to and published by the alternative national news magazine Media Bypass, was distributed worldwide by the Associated Press on May 29, 1998. This was written in the midst of the 1998 Iraq disarmament crisis and a few months before Operation Desert Fox.

On April 26, 2001, McVeigh wrote a letter to Fox News, "I Explain Herein Why I Bombed the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City", which explicitly laid out his reasons for the attack.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> McVeigh read the novel Unintended Consequences (1996), and said that if it had come out a few years earlier, he would have given serious consideration to using sniper attacks in a war of attrition against the government instead of bombing a federal building.<ref>Michel, Herbeck 2002 p. 304</ref>

Accomplices

McVeigh's accomplice Terry Nichols was convicted and sentenced in federal court to life in prison for his role in the crime.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At Nichols' trial, evidence was presented indicating that others may have been involved.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Several residents of central Kansas, including real estate agent Georgia Rucker and a retired Army NCO, testified at Terry Nichols' federal trial that they had seen two trucks at Geary Lake State Park, where prosecutors alleged the bomb was assembled. The retired NCO said he visited the lake on April 18, 1995, but left after a group of surly men looked at him aggressively. The operator of the Dreamland Motel testified that two Ryder trucks had been parked outside her Grandview Plaza motel where McVeigh stayed in Room 26 the weekend before the bombing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Terry Nichols is incarcerated at ADX Florence in Florence, Colorado.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Michael and Lori Fortier were also considered accomplices, due to their foreknowledge of the bombing. In addition to Michael assisting McVeigh in scouting the federal building, Lori had helped McVeigh laminate a fake driver's license which was used to rent the Ryder truck.<ref name="McVeighBomb33">Template:Cite news</ref> Fortier agreed to testify against McVeigh and Nichols in exchange for a reduced sentence and immunity for his wife.<ref name="CNN6">Template:Cite news</ref> He was sentenced on May 27, 1998, to twelve years in prison and fined $75,000 for failing to warn authorities about the bombing.<ref name="Fortier12years">Template:Cite news</ref> On January 20, 2006, Fortier was released for good behavior into the Witness Protection Program and given a new identity.<ref name="DMNidenity">Template:Cite news</ref>

An ATF informant, Carol Howe, told reporters that shortly before the bombing she had warned her handlers that guests of the private community of Elohim City, Oklahoma,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> were planning a major bombing attack.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> McVeigh was issued a speeding ticket there at the same time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other than this speeding ticket, there is no evidence of a connection between McVeigh and members of the Midwest Bank Robbers at Elohim City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Some witnesses claimed to have seen a second suspect, and there was a search for a "John Doe #2", but none was ever found.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In popular culture

In the 2023 historical drama miniseries Waco: The Aftermath, McVeigh is portrayed by Alex Breaux.<ref name="ABC News">Template:Cite news</ref>

In 2024, HBO produced the documentary An American Bombing: The Road to April 19.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In the 2024 film McVeigh, he is played by Alfie Allen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

See also

• Capital punishment by the United States federal government
• Capital punishment in the United States
• List of people executed by the United States federal government
• List of people executed in the United States in 2001
• Volunteer (capital punishment)

References

Further reading

• Jones, Stephen, and Peter Israel (2001). Others Unknown: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing Conspiracy. 2nd ed. New York: PublicAffairs. Template:ISBN.
• Madeira, Jody Lyneé (2012). Killing McVeigh: The Death Penalty and the Myth of Closure. New York: NYU Press. Template:ISBN.
• Michel, Lou, and Dan Herbeck (2001). American Terrorist: Timothy McVeigh and the Oklahoma City Bombing. New York: ReganBooks/HarperCollins. Template:ISBN.
• Stickney, Brandon M. (1996). "All-American Monster: The Unauthorized Biography of Timothy McVeigh". Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. Template:ISBN.
• Template:Cite book
• Vidal, Gore (2002). Perpetual War for Perpetual Peace: How We Got to Be So Hated. Thunder's Mouth Press/Nation Books. Template:ISBN.
• Wright, Stuart A. (2007). Patriots, Politics, and the Oklahoma City Bombing. New York: Cambridge University Press. Template:ISBN.

External links

• "Bad Day Dawning" in "Criminals and Methods: Timothy McVeigh" at Court TV: Crime Library
• Timothy McVeigh's April 27, 2001 letter to reporter Rita CosbyTemplate:SndExplains why he bombed the Murrah Federal Building (posted on independence.net)
• Timothy McVeigh's Prison Dossier at The Smoking Gun
• The Timothy McVeigh Story: The Oklahoma Bomber at Court TV: Crime Library
• Voices of Oklahoma interview with Stephen Jones. First person interview conducted on January 27, 2010, with Stephen Jones, lawyer for Timothy McVeigh.
• Ted Kaczynski's letter to the writers of the book, American Terrorist Template:WebarchiveTemplate:SndCritique of Timothy McVeigh by fellow inmate Unabomber
• Execution of Timothy McVeigh – USA Today