Swiss German
Template:Short description Template:About Template:More citations needed Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox language Swiss German (Standard German: Template:Lang, Template:Langx,<ref group=note>Because of the many different dialects, and because there is no defined orthography for any of them, many different spellings can be found.</ref> and others; Template:Langx) is any of the Alemannic dialects spoken in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, and in some Alpine communities in Northern Italy bordering Switzerland. Occasionally, the Alemannic dialects spoken in other countries are grouped together with Swiss German as well, especially the dialects of Liechtenstein and Austrian Vorarlberg, which are closely associated to Switzerland's.<ref name="AsherMoseley2018">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="GorterMarten2011">Template:Cite book</ref>
Linguistically, Alemannic is divided into Low, High and Highest Alemannic, varieties all of which are spoken both inside and outside Switzerland. The only exception within German-speaking Switzerland is the municipality of Samnaun, where a Bavarian dialect is spoken. The reason Swiss German dialects constitute a special group is their almost unrestricted use as a spoken language in practically all situations of daily life, whereas the use of the Alemannic dialects in other countries is restricted or even endangered.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The dialects that comprise Swiss German must not be confused with Swiss Standard German, the variety of Standard German used in Switzerland. Swiss Standard German is fully intelligible to all speakers of Standard German, it is one of three major standards of German today.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While Swiss Standard German is internationally easily intelligible, many people in Germany – especially in the north – do not understand non-standard Swiss German.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> An interview with a Swiss German speaker, when shown on television in Germany, generally requires subtitles.<ref name=3sat>Template:Cite web</ref> Although Swiss German is the native language in the German-speaking part of Switzerland, Swiss school students are taught Swiss Standard German from the age of six. They are thus capable of understanding, writing and speaking Standard German, with varying abilities.
Use
[edit]Unlike most regional languages in modern Europe, Swiss German is the everyday spoken language for the majority of the population, in all social strata, from urban centers to the countryside. Using Swiss German conveys neither social nor educational inferiority and is done with pride.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> There are a few settings where speaking Standard German is demanded or polite, e.g., in education (but not during breaks in school lessons, where the teachers will speak with students in Swiss German), in multilingual parliaments (the federal parliaments and a few cantonal and municipal ones), in the main news broadcast or in the presence of non-Alemannic speakers.<ref>Schmidlin, Regula. 2011. Die Vielfalt des Deutschen: Standard und Variation: Gebrauch, Einschätzung und Kodifizierung einer plurizentrischen Sprache. Berlin: de Gruyter, p. 102. "[Die] Funktionsbreite der Standardsprache in der Schweiz viel schmaler ist als in den anderen deutschsprachigen Gebieten."</ref> This situation has been called a "medial diglossia", since the spoken language is mainly Swiss German, whereas the written language is mainly (the Swiss variety of) Standard German.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
In 2014, about 87% of the people living in the German-speaking portion of Switzerland were using Swiss German in their everyday lives.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Swiss German is intelligible to speakers of other Alemannic dialects, but largely unintelligible to speakers of Standard German who lack adequate prior exposure. This is also a challenge for French- or Italian-speaking Swiss who learn Standard German at school. In the rare cases that Swiss German is heard on TV in Germany and Austria, the speaker is most likely to be dubbed or subtitled. More commonly, a Swiss speaker will speak Standard German on non-Swiss media.
"Dialect rock" is a music genre using the language;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> many Swiss rock bands, however, sing in English instead.
The Swiss Amish of Adams County, Indiana, and their daughter settlements also use a form of Swiss German.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Variation and distribution
[edit]Swiss German is a regional or political umbrella term, not a linguistic unity. For all Swiss-German dialects, there are idioms spoken outside Switzerland that are more closely related to them than to some other Swiss-German dialects. The main linguistic divisions within Swiss German are those of Low, High and Highest Alemannic, and mutual intelligibility across those groups is almost fully seamless, despite some differences in vocabulary. Low Alemannic is only spoken in the northernmost parts of Switzerland, in Basel and around Lake Constance. High Alemannic is spoken in most of the Swiss Plateau, and is divided into an eastern and a western group. Highest Alemannic is spoken in the Alps.
Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend Template:Legend
- Low Alemannic:
- Basel German in Basel-Stadt (BS), closely related to Alsatian
- High Alemannic:
- Western:
- Bernese German, in the Swiss Plateau parts of Bern (BE)
- Dialects of Basel-Landschaft (BL)
- Dialects of Solothurn (SO)
- Dialects of the western part of Aargau (AG)
- In a middle position between eastern and western:
- Dialects in the eastern part of Aargau (AG)
- Dialects of Lucerne (LU)
- Dialects of Zug (ZG)
- Zürich German, in Zürich (ZH)
- Eastern:
- Dialects of St. Gallen (SG)
- Dialects of Appenzell (AR & AI)
- Template:AnchorDialects of Thurgau (TG)
- Dialects of Schaffhausen (SH)
- Dialects in parts of Graubünden (GR)
- Western:
- Highest Alemannic:
- Dialects in parts of Canton of Fribourg (FR)
- Dialects of the Bernese Oberland (BE)
- Dialects of Unterwalden (OW & NW) and Uri (UR)
- Dialects of Schwyz (SZ)
- Dialects of Glarus (GL)
- Walliser German in parts of the Valais (VS)
- Walser German: due to the medieval migration of the Walser, Highest Alemannic spread to pockets of what are now parts of northern Italy (Piedmont), the north-west of Ticino (TI), parts of Graubünden (GR), Liechtenstein and Vorarlberg.
One can separate each dialect into numerous local subdialects, sometimes down to a resolution of individual villages. Speaking the dialect is an important part of regional, cantonal and national identities. In the more urban areas of the Swiss plateau, regional differences are fading due to increasing mobility and to a growing population of non-Alemannic background. Despite the varied dialects, the Swiss can still understand one another, but may particularly have trouble understanding Walliser dialects.
History
[edit]Most Swiss German dialects have completed the High German consonant shift; exceptions are all Highest Alemanic dialects. Unlike Standard German, which has only shifted t to Template:IPA or Template:IPA and p to Template:IPA or Template:IPA, they have also shifted k to Template:IPA or Template:IPA; the dialects of Chur and Basel are exceptions to this particular difference. Basel German is a Low Alemannic dialect (mostly spoken in Germany near the Swiss border), and Chur German is basically High Alemannic without initial Template:IPA or Template:IPA.
Examples:
| High Alemannic | Low Alemannic | Standard German | Spelling | Translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:IPA | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'Kasten' | 'box' |
| Template:IPA | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'Karibik' | 'Caribbean' |
The High German consonant shift occurred between the 4th and 9th centuries south of the Benrath line, separating High German from Low German (where high refers to areas of greater altitude). It combines Upper German and Central German varieties - also referring to their geographical locations.
The Walser migration, which took place in the 12th and 13th centuries, spread varieties from upper Valais to the east and south, into Grisons and to modern western Austria and northern Italy. Informally, a distinction is made between the German-speaking people living in Valais, the Walliser, and those who have migrated, the Walsers. The latter can mainly be found in Grisons and Ticino in Switzerland, Vorarlberg in Austria, south of the Monte Rosa mountain chain in Italy (e.g. in Issime in Valle d'Aosta), South Tyrol in northern Italy, and the Allgäu in Bavaria).
Generally, the Walser communities were situated on higher alpine regions, so were able to stay independent of the ruling forces of those days, who did not or were not able to oversee them all the time in these hostile environments. Hence the Walsers were pioneers of the liberation from serfdom and feudalism. In addition, Walser villages are easily distinguishable from Grisonian ones, as Walser houses are made of wood rather than stone.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Like most other Southern German dialects, Swiss German dialects have no voiced obstruents. The voiceless lenis obstruents are often marked with the IPA diacritic for voicelessness as Template:IPA.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Swiss German Template:IPA are not aspirated. Nonetheless, there is an opposition of consonant pairs such as Template:IPA and Template:IPA or Template:IPA and Template:IPA. Traditionally, it has been described as a distinction of fortis and lenis in the original sense, that is, distinguished by articulatory strength or tenseness.<ref>Template:Harvcoltxt</ref> Alternatively, it has been claimed to be a distinction of quantity.<ref>Astrid Krähenmann: Quantity and prosodic asymmetries in Alemannic. Synchronic and diachronic perspectives. de Gruyter, Berlin 2003. Template:ISBN</ref>
Aspirated Template:IPA have secondarily developed by combinations of prefixes with word-initial Template:IPA or by borrowings from other languages (mainly Standard German): Template:IPA 'keep' (standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA); Template:IPA 'tea' (standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA); Template:IPA 'salary' (standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, aspirated Template:IPA is also present in native words, corresponding to the affricate Template:IPA of the other dialects, which does not occur in Basel or Chur.
Swiss German keeps the fortis–lenis opposition at the end of words. There can be minimal pairs such as Template:Lang Template:IPA 'straight' and Template:Lang Template:IPA 'arête' or bis Template:IPA 'be (imp.)' and Template:Lang Template:IPA 'bite'. That distinguishes Swiss German and Swiss Standard German from German Standard German, which neutralizes the fortis–lenis opposition at the ends of words. The phenomenon is usually called final-obstruent devoicing even though, in the case of German, phonetic voice may not be involved.
Unlike Standard German, Swiss German Template:IPA does not have the allophone Template:IPA but is typically Template:IPA, with allophones Template:IPA. The typical Swiss shibboleth features this sound: Template:Lang ('kitchen cupboard'), pronounced Template:IPA.
Most Swiss German dialects have gone through the Alemannic n-apocope, which has led to the loss of final -n in words such as Template:Lang 'garden' (standard German Template:Lang) or Template:Lang 'to make' (standard German Template:Lang). In some Highest Alemannic dialects, the n-apocope has also been effective in consonant clusters, for instance in Template:Lang 'horn' (High Alemannic Template:Lang) or Template:Lang 'to think' (High Alemannic Template:Lang). Only the Highest Alemannic dialects of the Lötschental and of the Haslital have preserved the -n.
The phoneme Template:IPA is pronounced as an alveolar trill Template:IPA in many dialects, but some dialects, especially in the Northeast or in the Basel region, have a uvular trill Template:IPA, and other allophones resulting in fricatives and an approximant as [[[:Template:IPA]]] like in many German varieties of Germany.
In many varieties of Bernese German and adjacent dialects, an Template:IPA at the syllable coda and intervocalic Template:IPA are pronounced as a Template:IPA or Template:IPA respectively.
A labiodental approximant Template:IPA is used instead of the Northern Standard German fricative Template:IPA as the reflex of Middle High German Template:IPA. In Walser German, the fricative is used instead.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Vowels
[edit]
Most Swiss German dialects have rounded front vowels, unlike other High German dialects.<ref>Werner König: dtv-Atlas zur deutschen Sprache. München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1989. Template:ISBN</ref> Only in Low Alemannic dialects of northwestern Switzerland (mainly Basel) and in Walliser dialects have rounded front vowels been unrounded. In Basel, rounding is being reintroduced because of the influence of other Swiss German dialects.
Like Bavarian dialects, Swiss German dialects have preserved the opening diphthongs of Middle High German: Template:IPA: in Template:IPA 'lovely' (standard German Template:Lang but pronounced Template:IPA); Template:IPA 'hat' (standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA); Template:IPA 'cool' (Standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA). Some diphthongs have become unrounded in several dialects. In the Zürich dialect, short pronunciations of /Template:IPA/ are realized as [[[:Template:IPA]]]. Sounds like the monophthong Template:IPA can frequently become unrounded to Template:IPA among many speakers of the Zürich dialect. Vowels such as a centralized [[[:Template:IPA]]] and an open-mid [[[:Template:IPA]]] only occur in the Bernese dialect.<ref>Marti, Werner (1985), Berndeutsch-Grammatik, Bern: Francke</ref>
Like in Low German, most Swiss German dialects have preserved the old West-Germanic monophthongs Template:IPA: Template:IPA 'arrow' (Standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA); Template:IPA 'belly' (Standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA); Template:IPA 'pillar' (Standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA). A few Alpine dialects show diphthongization, like in Standard German, especially some dialects of Unterwalden and Schanfigg (Graubünden) and the dialect of Issime (Piedmont).
| Middle High German/many Swiss German dialects | Unterwalden dialect | Schanfigg and Issime dialects | Standard German | translation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:IPA | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'house' |
| Template:IPA | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | Template:IPA | 'time' |
Some Western Swiss German dialects like Bernese German have preserved the old diphthongs Template:IPA, but the other dialects have Template:IPA like Standard German or Template:IPA. Zürich German, and some other dialects distinguish primary diphthongs from secondary ones that arose in hiatus: Zürich German Template:IPA from Middle High German Template:IPA versus Zürich German Template:IPA from Middle High German Template:IPA; Zürich German Template:IPA 'leg, woman' from Middle High German Template:Lang, Template:Lang versus Zürich German Template:IPA 'free, building' from Middle High German Template:Lang, Template:Lang.
Suprasegmentals
[edit]In many Swiss German dialects, consonant length and vowel length are independent from each other, unlike other modern Germanic languages. Here are examples from Bernese German:
| short Template:IPA | long Template:IPA | |
|---|---|---|
| short Template:IPA | Template:IPA 'bowl' | Template:IPA 'the honest ones' |
| long Template:IPA | Template:IPA 'apes' | Template:IPA 'to sleep' |
Lexical stress is more often on the first syllable than in Standard German, even in French loans like Template:IPA or Template:IPA 'thanks' (despite stress falling on the final syllable in French). However, there are many different stress patterns, even within dialects. Bernese German has many words that are stressed on the first syllable: Template:IPA 'casino' while Standard German has Template:IPA. However, no Swiss German dialect is as consistent as Icelandic in that respect.
Grammar
[edit]The grammar of Swiss dialects has some idiosyncratic features in comparison to Standard German:
- There is no preterite indicative (yet there is a preterite subjunctive).
- The preterite is replaced by perfect constructs (this also happens in spoken Standard German, particularly in Southern Germany and Austria).
- It is still possible to form pluperfect phrases, by applying the perfect construct twice to the same sentence.
- There is no genitive case, though certain dialects have preserved a possessive genitive (for instance in rural Bernese German). The genitive case is replaced by two constructions: The first of these is often acceptable in Standard German as well: possession + Prp. Template:Lang (Std. German Template:Lang) + possessor: Template:Lang vs. Standard German Template:Lang ('a book of a professor'), Template:Lang vs. Standard German Template:Lang ('the professor's book'). The second is still frowned on where it appears in Standard German (from dialects and spoken language): dative of the possessor + the possessive pronoun referring to the possessor + possession: Template:Lang ('the professor his book').<ref name="AL">Andreas Lötscher: Schweizerdeutsch – Geschichte, Dialekte, Gebrauch. Huber, Frauenfeld/Stuttgart 1983 Template:ISBN</ref>
- The order within verb groups may vary, e.g. Template:Lang vs. Standard German Template:Lang 'when you have come/came'.<ref>See Rudolf Hotzenköcherle, Rudolf Trüb (eds.) (1975): Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz II 261s.</ref> In fact, dependencies can be arbitrarily cross-serial, making Swiss German one of the few known non-context-free natural languages.<ref name="shieber1985">Template:Citation.</ref>
- All relative clauses are introduced by the relative particle Template:Lang ('where'), never by the relative pronouns Template:Lang as in Standard German, e.g. Template:Lang vs. Standard German Template:Lang ('the example that she writes'); Template:Lang vs. Standard German Template:Lang ('the example that she thinks of'). Whereas the relative particle Template:Lang replaces the Standard German relative pronouns in the Nom. (subject) and Acc. (direct object) without further complications, in phrases where Template:Lang plays the role of an indirect object, a prepositional object, a possessor or an adverbial adjunct it has to be taken up later in the relative clause by reference of (prp. +) the personal pronoun (if Template:Lang refers to a person) or the pronominal adverb (if Template:Lang refers to a thing). E.g. Template:Lang ('the professor whose book I showed you'), Template:Lang ('the mountain that we were upon').<ref name=AL/>
Reduplication verbs
[edit]Overview
[edit]In Swiss German, a small number of verbs reduplicate in a reduced infinitival form, i.e. unstressed shorter form, when used in their finite form governing the infinitive of another verb. The reduced and reduplicated part of the verb in question is normally put in front of the infinitive of the second verb.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> This is the case for the motion verbs Template:Lang 'to go' and Template:Lang 'to come' when used in the meaning of 'go (to) do something', 'come (to) do something', as well as the verbs Template:Lang 'to let' and in certain dialects Template:Lang 'to start, to begin' when used in the meaning of 'let do something', or 'start doing something'.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Most affected by this phenomenon is the verb Template:Lang, followed by Template:Lang. Both Template:Lang and Template:Lang are less affected and only when used in present tense declarative main clauses.<ref>Template:Citation</ref>
Declarative sentence examples:
| Swiss German | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Gloss | I | go-1SG | now | go | eat-INF |
| Standard German | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Ø | Template:Lang |
| English | I'm going to eat now. / I'll go eat now. | ||||
| Swiss German | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Gloss | He | comes | now | come | eat-INF |
| Standard German | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Ø | Template:Lang |
| English | He's coming to eat now. | ||||
| Swiss German | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Gloss | You | let-2SG | me-ACC | let | eat-INF |
| Standard German | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Ø | Template:Lang |
| English | You're letting me eat. / You let me eat. | ||||
| Swiss German | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| Gloss | We | start-1PL | now | start-PREF | start | eat-INF |
| Standard German | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang | Template:Lang |
| English | We're starting to eat now. / We start eating now. | |||||
As the examples show, all verbs are reduplicated with a reduced infinitival form when used in a declarative main clause. This is especially interesting as it stands in contrast to the standard variety of German and other varieties of the same, where such doubling effects are not found as outlined in the examples.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Template:Lang: weakest doubling effects
[edit]Reduplication effects are weaker in the verbs Template:Lang 'to let' and Template:Lang 'to start, to begin' than they are in Template:Lang 'to go' and Template:Lang 'to come'. This means that Template:Lang is most likely to be used without its reduplicated and reduced form while retaining grammaticality, whereas utterances with goo are least likely to remain grammatical without the reduplicated part.
Between Template:Lang and Template:Lang, these effects are weakest in Template:Lang. This means that while reduplication is mandatory for Template:Lang in declarative main clauses almost everywhere in the country, this is the case for fewer varieties of Swiss German with Template:Lang.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref> The reason for this is unknown, but it has been hypothesized that the fact that afaa has a separable prefix (a-) might weaken its doubling capacity.<ref name=":0" /> The presence of this separable prefix also makes the boundaries between the reduced infinitival reduplication form and the prefix hard if not impossible to determine.<ref name=":0" /> Thus, in the example above for Template:Lang, an argument could be made that the prefix a- is left off, while the full reduplicated form is used:
In this case, the prefix would be omitted, which is normally not permissible for separable prefixes, and in its place, the reduplication form is used.
Meanwhile, Template:Lang is not reduplicated when used in a subordinate clause or in the past tense. In such instances, doubling would result in ungrammaticality:
Past tense example with Template:Lang:
The same is true for subordinate clauses and the verb Template:Lang:
Subordinate clause examples with Template:Lang:
In order to achieve grammaticality in both instances, the reduced doubling part Template:Lang would have to be taken out.
Template:Lang and optionality of reduplication
[edit]While Template:Lang 'to start, to begin' is quite restricted when it comes to reduplication effects, the phenomenon is more permissive, but not mandatory in the verb Template:Lang 'to let'. While present tense declarative sentences are generally ungrammatical when Template:Lang remains unduplicated, this is not true for past tense and subordinate clauses, where doubling effects are optional at best:
Past tense example with Template:Lang:
Subordinate clause example with Template:Lang:
In the use of this form, there are both geographical and age differences. Reduplication is found more often in the western part of Switzerland than in the eastern part, while younger generations are much more inclined to leave out reduplication, which means that the phenomenon is more widespread in older generations.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Template:Lang and Template:Lang: stronger reduplication
[edit]Ungrammaticality in reduplication of Template:Lang 'to start, to begin' in the past tense and in subordinate clauses as well as the somewhat more lenient use of reduplication with Template:Lang 'to let' stand in contrast to doubling effects of the motion verbs Template:Lang 'to go' and Template:Lang 'to come'. When the latter two verbs are used in other utterances other than a declarative main clause, where the finite verb traditionally is in second position, their use might not be mandatory; however, it is correct and grammatical to double them both in the past tense and in subordinate clauses:
Past tense example with Template:Lang and Template:Lang:
As outlined in both examples, the reduplicated form of both Template:Lang and Template:Lang can but does not have to be used in order for the past tense sentences to be grammatical.Notably, it is the reduced form of both verbs that is necessary, not the full participle form.
Subordinate clause examples for Template:Lang and Template:Lang:
In subordinate clauses, the reduplicated part is needed as the sentence would otherwise be ungrammatical in both Template:Lang and Template:Lang.<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref>
The same is true for the past tense. Since there is only one past tense in Swiss German and since this is formed using an auxiliary verb – Template:Lang 'to be' or Template:Lang 'to have', depending on the main verb – reduplication seems to be affected and therefore, less strictly enforced for Template:Lang and Template:Lang, while it is completely ungrammatical for Template:Lang and optional for Template:Lang respectively.
Questions
[edit]Questions behave a lot like their declarative counterparts, and reduplication is therefore mandatory for both motion verbs Template:Lang 'to go' and Template:Lang 'to come', while Template:Lang 'to let' and Template:Lang 'to start, to begin' show weaker doubling effects and more optionality. Furthermore, this is the case for both open and close (yes/no) questions. Consider the following examples:
Template:Lang in open and close questions:
Just like in declarative forms, Template:Lang could be reduced to a- and thus be considered the detachable prefix. In this case, Template:Lang would no longer be a reduplicated verb, and that is where the language development seems to move towards.<ref name=":0" />
Template:Lang in open and close questions:
Template:Lang and especially Template:Lang, however, do not allow for their reduced doubling part to be left out in questions, irrespective of the fact whether they are open or close:
Template:Lang in open and close questions:
Template:Lang in open and close questions:
Imperative mood
[edit]In the imperative mood, just like in questions, Template:Lang 'to go' and Template:Lang 'come' are very strict in their demand for doubling. The same is true for Template:Lang 'to let'; it is ungrammatical to use it in imperative mood undoubled. On the other hand, Template:Lang leaves a lot more room for the speaker to play with. Speakers accept both sentences with only the detachable prefix and no doubling, and sentences with the full doubled form.
Imperative mood: Template:Lang
Imperative mood: Template:Lang
Imperative mood: Template:Lang
Imperative mood: Template:Lang
Cross-doubling with Template:Lang and Template:Lang
[edit]In the case of the verb Template:Lang 'to come', there are situations when instead of it being reduplicated with its reduced form Template:Lang, the doubled short form of Template:Lang 'to go', Template:Lang, is used instead. This is possible in almost all instances of Template:Lang, regardless of mood or tense.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Schaengold1999">Template:Cite journal</ref> The examples below outline Template:Lang reduplicated with both its reduced form Template:Lang and the reduced form of Template:Lang, Template:Lang, in different sentence forms.
Declarative main clause, present tense
Declarative main clause past tense
Subordinate clause
Imperative mood
Multiple reduplication with Template:Lang and Template:Lang
[edit]With the motion verbs Template:Lang 'to go' and Template:Lang 'to come', where reduplication effects are strongest, there is some variation regarding their reduplicated or reduced forms. Thus, in some Swiss German dialects, Template:Lang will be doubled as Template:Lang, while Template:Lang will be doubled as Template:Lang. In some analyses, this is described as a multiple reduplication phenomenon in that the reduced infinitives Template:Lang or Template:Lang part is repeated as Template:Lang, providing the forms Template:Lang and Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref> However, these forms are used less frequently than their shorter counterparts and seem to be concentrated into a small geographic area of Switzerland.
Vocabulary
[edit]The vocabulary is varied, especially in rural areas: many specialized terms have been retained, e.g., regarding cattle or weather. In the cities, much of the rural vocabulary has been lost. A Swiss German greeting is Template:Lang, from Template:Lang (Standard German Template:Lang Template:Wikt-lang Template:Lang), loosely meaning 'God bless you'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Most word adoptions come from Standard German. Many of these are now so common that they have totally replaced the original Swiss German words, e.g. the words Template:Lang 'hill' (instead of Template:Lang, Template:Lang), Template:Lang 'lip' (instead of Template:Lang). Others have replaced the original words only in parts of Switzerland, e.g., Template:Lang 'butter' (originally called Template:Lang in most of Switzerland). Virtually any Swiss Standard German word can be borrowed into Swiss German, always adapted to Swiss German phonology. However, certain Standard German words are never used in Swiss German, for instance Template:Lang 'breakfast', Template:Lang 'cute' or Template:Lang 'at home'; instead, the native words Template:Lang, Template:Lang and Template:Lang are used.
Swiss dialects have quite a few words from French and Italian, which are perfectly assimilated. Template:Lang (ice cream) for example is pronounced Template:IPA in French but Template:IPA or Template:IPA in many Swiss German dialects. The French word for 'thank you', Template:Lang, is also used as in Template:Lang (Template:Literally, cf. Standard German's Template:Lang and Template:Lang). Possibly, these words are not direct adoptions from French but survivors of the once more numerous French loanwords in Standard German, many of which have fallen out of use in Germany.
In recent years, Swiss dialects have also taken some English words which already sound very Swiss, e.g., Template:IPA ('to eat', from 'food'), Template:IPA ('to play computer games', from game) or Template:IPA or Template:IPA – ('to snowboard', from snowboard). These words are probably not direct loanwords from English but have been adopted through standard German intermediation. While most of those loanwords are of recent origin, some have been in use for decades, e.g. Template:IPA ('to play football', from shoot).
There are also a few English words which are modern adoptions from Swiss German. The dishes müesli, and rösti have become English words, as did loess (fine grain), flysch (sandstone formation), kepi, landammann, kilch, Template:Linktext, and putsch in a political sense. The term Template:Linktext is sometimes explained as originating from Swiss German,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while printed etymological dictionaries (e.g. the German Kluge or Knaurs Etymological Dictionary) derive it from Low German instead.
Sample phrases
[edit]| English | Swiss German (Bernese)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> | Swiss Standard German |
|---|---|---|
| Hello! | Grüessech! | Hallo! |
| Good morning. | Guete Morge! | Guten Morgen! |
| Good evening. | Gueten Aabe! | Guten Abend! |
| Welcome! | Härzlech wiukomme! | Herzlich willkommen! |
| Goodbye. | Tschüss! | Ade! |
| Good night. | Guet Nacht! | Gute Nacht! |
| Yes! | Ja/Jo/Ieu/Iu! | Ja! |
| Yes, please! | Jo, gärn. | Ja, bitte! |
| Please! | Bitte! | Bitte! |
| Thank you! | Merci. | Danke/Merci! |
| Thank you very much! | Merci viu mau! | Merci vielmal! |
| You're welcome. | Gärn gscheh./Bitte. | Gern geschehen. |
| No! | Nei/Ä-ää! | Nein! |
| No thank you/no thanks. | Nei merci. | Nein, danke! |
| Excuse me. | Exgüsee. | Entschuldigung! |
| Of course not! or What did you mean? | Au-wä (allwäg)! | Selbstverständlich nicht! or Was hast du gemeint? |
| What time is it? | Was isch für Ziit? | Wie spät ist es? or Wie viel Uhr ist es? |
| Can you repeat that, please? | Chöiter das bitte wyderhole? | Könntet Ihr das bitte wiederholen? |
| Please speak more slowly! | Red chli langsamer, bitte! | Sprich ein bisschen langsamer, bitte! |
| I don't understand! | Das verschtaani nid. | Das verstehe ich nicht. |
| I'm sorry! | Es tuet mer leid. | Es tut mir leid! |
| I'd like a coffee, please! | I hätti gärn es Kaffi. | Ich hätte gerne einen Kaffee. |
| Two beers, please! | Zwöi Bier, bitte! | Zwei Bier, bitte! |
| How much does this cost? | Was choschtet das? | Wie viel kostet das? |
| Where are the toilets? | Wo isch d'Toilette? | Wo ist das WC? |
Orthography
[edit]History
[edit]Written forms that were mostly based on the local Alemannic varieties, thus similar to Middle High German, were only gradually replaced by the forms of New High German. This replacement took from the 15th to 18th centuries to complete. In the 16th century, the Alemannic forms of writing were considered the original, truly Swiss forms, whereas the New High German forms were perceived as foreign innovations. The innovations were brought about by the printing press and were also associated with Lutheranism. An example of the language shift is the Froschauer Bible: Its first impressions after 1524 were largely written in an Alemannic language, but since 1527, the New High German forms were gradually adopted. The Alemannic forms were longest preserved in the chancelleries, with the chancellery of Bern being the last to adopt New High German in the second half of the 18th century.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Walter Haas: Dialekt als Sprache literarischer Werke. In: Dialektologie. Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung. Ed. by Werner Besch, Ulrich Knoop, Wolfgang Putschke, Herbert Ernst Wiegand. 2nd half-volume. Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1983, pp. 1637–1651.</ref>
Today all formal writing, newspapers, books and much informal writing is done in Swiss Standard German, which is usually called Template:Lang (written German). Certain dialectal words are accepted regionalisms in Swiss Standard German and are also sanctioned by the Duden, e.g., Template:Lang (afternoon snack). Swiss Standard German is virtually identical to Standard German as used in Germany, with most differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and orthography. For example, Swiss Standard German always uses a double s (ss) instead of the eszett (ß).
There are no official rules of Swiss German orthography. The orthographies used in the Swiss-German literature can be roughly divided into two systems: Those that try to stay as close to standard German spelling as possible and those that try to represent the sounds as well as possible. The so-called Template:Lang was developed by Eugen Dieth, but knowledge of these guidelines is limited mostly to language experts. Furthermore, the spellings originally proposed by Dieth included some special signs not found on a normal keyboard, such as Template:Angle bracket instead of Template:Angle bracket for Template:IPA or Template:Angle bracket instead of Template:Angle bracket for Template:IPA. In 1986, a revised version of the Dieth-Schreibung was published, designed to be typed with a regular typewriter.<ref>Dieth, Eugen: Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift. Dieth-Schreibung. 2nd ed. revised and edited by Christian Schmid-Cadalbert, Aarau: Sauerländer, 1986. Template:ISBN</ref>
Conventions
[edit]A few letters are used differently from the Standard German rules:
- Template:Angle bracket (and Template:Angle bracket) are used for the affricate Template:IPA.
- Template:Angle bracket is used for the unaspirated fortis Template:IPA.
- Template:Angle bracket (and sometimes Template:Angle bracket) traditionally stands for the Template:IPA (in many dialects shortened to Template:IPA, but still with closed quality) that corresponds to Standard German Template:IPA, e.g. in Template:Lang 'rice' (standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA) vs. Template:Lang 'giant' (standard German Template:Lang Template:IPA). This usage goes back to an old ij-ligature. Many writers, however, do not use Template:Angle bracket, but Template:Angle bracket/Template:Angle bracket, especially in the dialects that have lost distinction between these sounds, compare Zürich German Template:Lang Template:IPA 'rice' or 'giant' to Bernese German Template:Lang Template:IPA 'rice' vs. Template:Lang Template:IPA ('giant'). Some use even Template:Angle bracket, influenced by Standard German spelling, which leads to confusion with Template:Angle bracket for Template:IPA.
- Template:Angle bracket represents Template:IPA, slightly different from Standard German as Template:IPA.
- Template:Angle bracket usually represents Template:IPA, and can also represent Template:IPA or Template:IPA.
- Template:Angle bracket represents Template:IPA, Template:Angle bracket represents Template:IPA, and Template:Angle bracket represents Template:IPA.
- Since Template:IPA is written as Template:Angle bracket, Template:IPA is written as Template:Angle bracket, though in eastern Switzerland Template:Angle bracket is often used for both of these phonemes.
Literature
[edit]Since the 19th century, a considerable body of Swiss German literature has accumulated. The earliest works were in Lucerne German (Jost Bernhard Häfliger, Josef Felix Ineichen), in Bernese German (Gottlieb Jakob Kuhn), in Glarus German (Cosimus Freuler) and in Zürich German (Johann Martin Usteri, Jakob Stutz); the works of Jeremias Gotthelf which were published at the same time are in Swiss Standard German, but use many expressions of Bernese German. Some of the more important dialect writing authors and their works are:
- Anna Maria Bacher (born 1947), Template:Lang (South Walser German of Formazza/Pomatt)
- Albert Bächtold (1891–1981), Template:Lang (Schaffhausen dialect of Klettgau)
- Ernst Burren (born 1944), Template:Lang (Solothurn dialect)
- August Corrodi (1826–1885), Template:Lang (Zurich dialect)
- Barbara Egli (1918–2005), Template:Lang (Zurich Oberland dialect)
- Fritz Enderlin (1883–1971), Template:Lang, translated from C. F. Ramuz's French poem "Template:Lang" (Upper Thurgovian dialect)
- Martin Frank (born 1950), Template:Lang (Bernese dialect with Zurich interferences)
- Simon Gfeller (1868–1943), Template:Lang (Bernese dialect of Emmental)
- Georg Fient (1845–1915), Template:Lang (Graubünden Walser dialect of Prättigau)
- Paul Haller (1882–1920), Template:Lang (Western Aargau dialect)
- Frida Hilty-Gröbli (1893–1957), Template:Lang (St Gall dialect)
- Josef Hug (1903–1985), Template:Lang (Graubünden Rhine Valley dialect)
- Guy Krneta (born 1964), Template:Lang (collection of short stories), Template:Lang (prose), Template:Lang (Bernese dialect)
- Michael Kuoni (1838–1891), Template:Lang (Graubünden Walser dialect of Prättigau)
- Maria Lauber (1891–1973), Template:Lang (Bernese Oberland dialect)
- Pedro Lenz (born 1965), Template:Lang (Bernese Dialect)
- Meinrad Lienert (1865–1933), Template:Lang (Schwyz dialect of Einsiedeln)
- Carl Albert Loosli (1877–1959), Template:Lang (Bernese dialect of Emmental)
- Kurt Marti (born 1921), Template:Lang (Bernese dialect)
- Werner Marti (1920–2013), Template:Lang (Bernese dialect)
- Mani Matter (1936–1972), songwriter (Bernese dialect)
- Traugott Meyer (1895–1959), Template:Lang (Basel-Landschaft dialect)
- Gall Morel (1803–1872), Template:Lang (Schwyz German of Iberg)
- Viktor Schobinger (born 1934), Template:Lang and a lot of other Züri Krimi (Zurich dialect)
- Caspar Streiff (1853–1917), Template:Lang (Glarus dialect)
- Jakob Stutz (1801–1877), Template:Lang (Zurich Oberland dialect)
- Rudolf von Tavel (1866–1934), Template:Lang (Bernese dialect)<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Alfred Tobler (1845–1923), Template:Lang (Appenzell dialect)
- Johann Martin Usteri (1763–1827), Template:Lang (Zurich German)
- Hans Valär (1871–1947), Template:Lang (Graubünden Walser dialect of Davos)
- Bernhard Wyss (1833–1889), Template:Lang (Solothurn dialect)
Parts of the Bible were translated in different Swiss German dialects, e.g.:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Lang (Bernese New Testament, translated by Hans and Ruth Bietenhard, 1989)
- Template:Lang (parts of the Old Testament in Bernese dialect, translated by Hans and Ruth Bietenhard, 1990)
- Template:Lang (Psalms in Bernese dialect, translated by Hans, Ruth and Benedikt Bietenhard, 1994)
- Template:Lang (Zurich German New Testament, translated by Emil Weber, 1997)
- Template:Lang (Psalms in Zurich German, translated by Josua Boesch, 1990)
- Template:Lang (parts of the Old and the New Testament in Basel dialect, 1981)
- Template:Lang (Gospel of Mark in Lucerne dialect, translated by Walter Haas, 1988)
- Template:Lang (Gospel of Mark in the Obwalden dialect, translated by Karl Imfeld, 1979)
Cinema and television
[edit]Template:See Many films and TV series produced in German-speaking Switzerland are filmed in Swiss German, although these are sometimes re-dubbed into Standard German for broadcast or when shown in cinemas.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="tatort">Template:Cite news</ref> For instance, Swiss Tatort episodes are originally re-recorded with dialogue in dialects, usually various Swiss German dialects, or for example French or Italian, as required by the corresponding role, for broadcasting on German Swiss channels (SRF), and dubbed in Standard German spoken with a Swiss accent to preserve the local colour of the setting for broadcasting on German and Austrian channels.<ref name="tatort"/>
See also
[edit]- Argentinien-schwyzertütsch dialect
- Swiss French
- Swiss Italian
- Swiss Standard German
- Linguistic geography of Switzerland
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- Albert Bachmann (ed.), Beiträge zur schweizerdeutschen Grammatik (BSG), 20 vols., Frauenfeld: Huber, 1919–1941.
- Template:Citation
- Rudolf Hotzenköcherle (ed.), Beiträge zur schweizerdeutschen Mundartforschung (BSM), 24 vols., Frauenfeld: Huber, 1949–1982.
- Rudolf Hotzenköcherle, Robert Schläpfer, Rudolf Trüb (ed.), Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz. Bern/Tübingen: Francke, 1962–1997, vol. 1–8. – Helen Christen, Elvira Glaser, Matthias Friedli (ed.), Kleiner Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz. Frauenfeld: Huber, 2010 (and later editions), Template:ISBN. [1]
- Verein für das Schweizerdeutsche Wörterbuch (ed.), Schweizerisches Idiotikon: Wörterbuch der schweizerdeutschen Sprache. Frauenfeld: Huber; Basel: Schwabe, 17 vols. (16 complete), 1881–, Template:ISBN. [2]
External links
[edit]- Chochichästli-Orakel – choose the Swiss German words you would normally use and see how well this matches the dialect of your area. Template:In lang
- Dialekt.ch a site with sound samples from different dialects. Template:In lang
- Schweizerisches Idiotikon The homepage of the Swiss national dictionary.
- One poem in 29 Swiss dialects Template:In lang
- Zürich's Swiss German morphology and lexicon
<section begin="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>
<section end="list-of-glossing-abbreviations"/>
Template:Languages of Switzerland Template:Germanic languages Template:Portal bar