South Park

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Good article Template:Pp-vandalism Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox television

South Park is an American animated sitcom created by Trey Parker and Matt Stone, and developed by Brian Graden for Comedy Central. The series revolves around four boysTemplate:Mdash Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman, and Kenny McCormick Template:Mdashand their exploits in and around the titular Colorado town. South Park also features many recurring characters. The series became infamous for its profanity and dark, surreal humor that satirizes a large range of subject matter.

Parker and Stone developed South Park from two animated short films, both titled The Spirit of Christmas, released in 1992 and 1995. The second short became one of the first viral Internet videos, leading to the series' production. The pilot episode was produced using cutout animation; the remainder of the series uses computer animation recalling the prior technique. Since the fourth season, episodes have generally been written and produced during the week preceding their broadcast, with Parker serving as the lead writer and director.

Since its debut on August 13, 1997, 328 episodes of South Park have been broadcast. It debuted with great success, consistently earning the highest ratings of any basic cable program. Subsequent ratings have varied, but it remains one of Comedy Central's longest-running programs. In August 2021, South Park was renewed through 2027, and a series of television specials was announced for Paramount+, the first two of which were released later that year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In October 2019, it was announced that WarnerMedia had acquired exclusive streaming rights to South Park starting in June 2020 for HBO Max.<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref> The series' twenty-seventh season will premiere on July 9, 2025.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

South Park has received critical acclaim, and is included in various publications' lists of the greatest television shows. It has received numerous accolades, including five Primetime Emmy Awards and a Peabody Award. A theatrical film, South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut, was released in June 1999 to commercial and critical success, garnering an Academy Award nomination. In 2013, TV Guide ranked South Park the tenth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Premise

Setting and characters

Template:Main South Park centers around four boys: Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Eric Cartman and Kenny McCormick. The boys live in the fictional small town of South Park, located within the real-life South Park basin in the Rocky Mountains of central Colorado,<ref name="statesman">Template:Cite news</ref> approximately a one-hour drive from Denver.<ref>Template:Cite episode</ref> The town is also home to an assortment of other characters, including students, families, elementary school staff, and other various residents.<ref name="nytimesmorals">Template:Cite news</ref> Prominent settings include South Park Elementary, various neighborhoods and the surrounding mountain range, actual Colorado landmarks, and the businesses along the town's main street, all of which are based on the appearance of similar locations in Fairplay, Colorado.<ref name="statesman"/><ref name="nytimesmorals"/> As one of the few television programs set in the Mountain West region that takes place outside the urban core of Denver, South Park frequently features the unique culture of the region, including cattle ranchers, Old West theme parks, snowy climates, mountaineering, Mormons, real-life Colorado locations such as Casa Bonita and Cave of the Winds, and many other regionally specific characteristics.

Stan is portrayed as an average American boy; however, he has many mishaps throughout the series. In the first 22 seasons, Stan lived in South Park, but in the episodes during and after season 22, Stan resided in Tegridy Farms. Kyle is Jewish, and his portrayal as one of the few such people in South Park is often dealt with satirically.<ref name="growsup2">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Stan is modeled after Parker, while Kyle is modeled after Stone. They are best friends, and their friendship, symbolically intended to reflect Parker and Stone's friendship,<ref name="time">Template:Cite news</ref> is a common topic throughout the series. Cartman (as he is commonly referred to) is amoral and increasingly psychopathic, and is commonly portrayed as an antagonist. His staunch antisemitism has resulted in a progressive rivalry with Kyle.<ref name="growsup2" /><ref name="NPR">Template:Cite web</ref> Kenny, who comes from a poor family, tightly wears his parka hood to the point where it obscures most of his face and muffles his speech. During the first five seasons, Kenny died in almost every episode before reappearing in the next with no definite explanation. He was killed off in the fifth season episode "Kenny Dies", before being reintroduced in the sixth season finale, "Red Sleigh Down". Since then, Kenny is depicted as dying sporadically. During the first 58 episodes, the children were in the third grade. During the fourth season, they entered the fourth grade, where they have remained ever since.<ref name="faq-11jan2005">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="faq-8oct2008">Template:Cite web</ref>

Plots are often set in motion by events, ranging from the fairly typical to the supernatural and extraordinary, which frequently happen in the town.<ref name="whois">Template:Cite web</ref> The boys often act as the voice of reason when these events cause panic or incongruous behavior among the adult populace, who are customarily depicted as irrational, gullible, and prone to overreaction.<ref name="statesman"/><ref name="cornell">Template:Cite news</ref> They are frequently confused by the contradictory and hypocritical behavior of their parents and other adults, and often perceive them as having distorted views on morality and society.<ref name="nytimesmorals"/><ref name="tvamerica">Template:Cite news</ref>

Themes and style

Template:See also

Each episode opens with a tongue-in-cheek all persons fictitious disclaimer: "All characters and events in this show—even those based on real people—are entirely fictional. All celebrity voices are impersonated.....poorly. The following program contains coarse language and due to its content it should not be viewed by anyone."<ref name="reason">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

South Park was the first weekly program to be rated TV-MA,<ref name="psu">Template:Cite web</ref> and is generally intended for adult audiences.<ref name="nytimescarter">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nydailyratings">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="sfrubin">Template:Cite news</ref> The boys and most other child characters use strong profanity, with only the most taboo words being bleeped during a typical broadcast.<ref name="nytimesmorals" /> Parker and Stone perceive this as the manner in which real-life small boys speak when they are alone.<ref name="avr">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="abc4">Template:Cite news</ref>

South Park commonly makes use of carnivalesque and absurdist techniques,<ref name="blame">Template:Harvnb</ref> numerous running gags,<ref name="fortune">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="crude" /> violence,<ref name="crude">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="augusta_trash">Template:Cite news</ref> sexual content,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> offhand pop-cultural references, and satirical portrayal of celebrities.<ref name="lowbrow" />

Early episodes tended to be shock value-oriented and featured more slapstick-style humor.<ref name="augusta_trendy">Template:Cite news</ref> While social satire had been used on the show occasionally earlier on, it became more prevalent as the series progressed, with the show retaining some of its focus on the boys' fondness of scatological humor in an attempt to remind adult viewers "what it was like to be eight years old".<ref name="growsup2" /> Parker and Stone also began further developing other characters by giving them larger roles in certain storylines,<ref name="growsup2" /> and began writing plots as parables based on religion, politics, and numerous other topics.<ref name="nytimesmorals" /> This provided the opportunity for the show to spoof both extreme sides of contentious issues,<ref name="loudlewd2">Template:Cite news</ref> while lampooning both liberal and conservative points of view.<ref name="nytimesmorals" /><ref name="cornell" /><ref name="rs1">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Rebecca Raphael described the show as "an equal opportunity offender",<ref name="whois" /> while Parker and Stone describe their main purpose as to "be funny" and "make people laugh",<ref name="mcfarland1" /><ref name="wilonsky" /> while stating that no particular topic or group of people be exempt from mockery and satire.<ref name="cornell" /><ref name="lowbrow">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="mcfarland2">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="nytimesconserv">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="cityjournal">Template:Cite news</ref>

Parker and Stone insist that the show is still more about "kids being kids" and "what it's like to be in [elementary school] in America",<ref name="rocky">Template:Cite news</ref> stating that the introduction of a more satirical element to the series was the result of the two adding more of a "moral center" to the show so that it would rely less on simply being crude and shocking in an attempt to maintain an audience.<ref name="mcfarland1">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="wilonsky">Template:Cite web</ref> While profane, Parker notes that there is still an "underlying sweetness" aspect to the child characters,<ref name="loudlewd2" /> and Time described the boys as "sometimes cruel but with a core of innocence".<ref name="time" /> Usually, the boys or other characters pondered over what transpired during an episode and conveyed the important lesson taken from it with a short monologue. During earlier seasons, this speech commonly began with a variation of the phrase "You know, I've learned something today...".<ref name="philo">Arp and Jacoby, p. 58</ref>

Development

Two adult males sitting in chairs with their left legs crossed.

South Park creators Trey Parker (left) and Matt Stone continue to do most of the writing, directing and voice acting on the show.

Parker and Stone met in film class at the University of Colorado in 1992 and discovered a shared love of Monty Python, which they often cite as one of their primary inspirations.<ref name="montypython">Template:Cite web Template:Cbignore</ref> They created an animated short entitled The Spirit of Christmas.<ref name="fortune" /> The film was created by animating construction paper cutouts with stop motion, and features prototypes of the main characters of South Park, including a character resembling Cartman but named "Kenny", an unnamed character resembling what is today Kenny, and two near-identical unnamed characters who resemble Stan and Kyle. Fox Broadcasting Company executive and mutual friend Brian Graden commissioned Parker and Stone to create a second short film as a video Christmas card. Created in 1995, the second The Spirit of Christmas short resembled the style of the later series more closely.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> To differentiate between the two homonymous shorts, the first short is often referred to as Jesus vs. Frosty, and the second short as Jesus vs. Santa. Graden sent copies of the video to several of his friends, and from there it was copied and distributed, including on the internet, where it became one of the first viral videos.<ref name="fortune" /><ref name="time"/>

As Jesus vs. Santa became more popular, Parker and Stone began talks of developing the short into a television series about four children residing in a fictional Colorado town in the real-life South Park basin. Fox eagerly agreed to meet with the duo about the show's premise, having prided itself on edgier products such as Cops, The Simpsons, and The X-Files. However, during the meeting at the Fox office in Century City, disagreements between the two creators and the network began to arise, mainly over the latter's refusal to air a show that included a supporting talking stool character named Mr. Hankey. Some executives at 20th Century Fox Television (which was to produce the series) agreed with its then-sister network's stance on Mr. Hankey and repeatedly requested Parker and Stone to remove the character in order for the show to proceed. Refusing to meet their demands, the duo cut ties with Fox and its sister companies all together and began shopping the series somewhere else.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The two then entered negotiations with both MTV and Comedy Central. Parker preferred the show be produced by Comedy Central, fearing that MTV would turn it into a kids show.<ref name="paulson">Template:Cite interview</ref> When Comedy Central executive Doug Herzog watched the short, he commissioned for it to be developed into a series.<ref name="fortune" /><ref name="nytad">Template:Cite news</ref> Parker and Stone assembled a small staff and spent three months creating the pilot episode "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe".<ref name="apple" /> South Park was in danger of being canceled before it even aired when the show fared poorly with test audiences, particularly with women. However, the shorts were still gaining more popularity over the Internet, and Comedy Central ordered a run of six episodes.<ref name="mcfarland1" /><ref name="paulson" /> South Park debuted with "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe" on August 13, 1997.<ref name="seriously227">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Production

Except for the pilot episode, which was produced using cutout animation, all episodes of South Park are created with the use of software, primarily Autodesk Maya.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As opposed to the pilot, which took three months to complete,<ref name="method">Template:Cite news</ref> and other animated sitcoms, which are traditionally hand-drawn by companies in South Korea in a process that takes roughly eight to nine months,<ref name="fortune" /><ref name="rs1" /> individual episodes of South Park take significantly less time to produce. Using computers as an animation method, the show's production staff were able to generate an episode in about three weeks during the first seasons.<ref name="cheesy" /> Now, with a staff of about 70 people, episodes are typically completed in one week,<ref name="fortune" /><ref name="loudlewd2" /><ref name="rs1" /> with some in as little as three to four days.<ref name="nytimesstudy">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="faq-19mar2004">Template:Cite web</ref><ref> Template:Cite web</ref> Nearly the entire production of an episode is accomplished within one set of offices, which were originally at a complex in Westwood, Los Angeles, California and are now part of South Park Studios in Culver City, California.<ref name="nytad" /><ref name="method" /> Parker and Stone have been the show's executive producers throughout its entire history.<ref name="garefino">Template:Cite web</ref> Debbie Liebling, who was Senior Vice President of original programming and development for Comedy Central, also served as an executive producer during the show's first five seasons, coordinating the show's production efforts between South Park Studios and Comedy Central's headquarters in New York City.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> During its early stages, finished episodes of South Park were hastily recorded to D-2 to be sent to Comedy Central for airing in just a few days' time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Each episode used to cost $250,000.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Writing

Montage: On top, an armored man with a rifle reaches for a scared young boy being held in the arms of an adult male in an open closet. On bottom, a frame from an animated show mimicking the picture above, with an adult female instead holding a young boy.

The Border Patrol raid during the Elián González affair is referenced in "Quintuplets 2000", which aired within the same week the event occurred.

Scripts are not written before a season begins.<ref name="lear">Template:Cite news</ref> Production of an episode begins on a Thursday, with the show's writing consultants brainstorming with Parker and Stone. Former staff writers include Pam Brady, who has since written scripts for the films Hot Rod, Hamlet 2 and Team America: World Police (with Parker and Stone), and Nancy Pimental, who served as co-host of Win Ben Stein's Money and wrote the film The Sweetest Thing after her tenure with the show during its first three seasons.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref> Template:Cite web</ref> Television producer and writer Norman Lear, an idol of both Parker and Stone, served as a guest writing consultant for the season seven (2003) episodes "Cancelled" and "I'm a Little Bit Country".<ref name="lear" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> During the 12th and 13th seasons, Saturday Night Live actor and writer Bill Hader served as a creative consultant and co-producer.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

After exchanging ideas, Parker will write a script, and from there the entire team of animators, editors, technicians, and sound engineers will each typically work 100–120 hours in the ensuing week.<ref name="apple">Template:Cite web</ref> Since the show's fourth season (2000), Parker has assumed most of the show's directorial duties, while Stone relinquished his share of the directing to focus on handling the coordination and business aspects of the production.<ref name="fortune" /><ref> Template:Cite web</ref> On Wednesday, a completed episode is sent to Comedy Central's headquarters via satellite uplink, sometimes just a few hours before its air time of 10 PM Eastern Time.<ref name="fortune" /><ref name="sps40">Template:Cite web</ref>

Parker and Stone state that subjecting themselves to a one-week deadline creates more spontaneity amongst themselves in the creative process, which they feel results in a funnier show.<ref name="fortune" /> The schedule also allows South Park to both stay more topical and respond more quickly to specific current events than other satiric animated shows.<ref name="growsup2" /><ref name="abc3">Template:Cite web</ref> One of the earliest examples of this was in the season four (2000) episode "Quintuplets 2000", which references the United States Border Patrol's raid of a house during the Elián González affair, an event which occurred only four days before the episode originally aired.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The season nine (2005) episode "Best Friends Forever" references the Terri Schiavo case,<ref name="abc4" /><ref name="loudlewd2" /> and originally aired in the midst of the controversy and less than 12 hours before she died.<ref name="rs1" /><ref name="nytimesarts">Template:Cite news</ref> A scene in the season seven (2003) finale "It's Christmas in Canada" references the discovery of dictator Saddam Hussein in a "spider hole" and his subsequent capture, which happened a mere three days prior to the episode airing.<ref name="faq-19dec2003">Template:Cite web</ref> The season 12 (2008) episode "About Last Night..." revolves around Barack Obama's victory in the 2008 presidential election, and aired less than 24 hours after Obama was declared the winner, using segments of dialogue from Obama's real victory speech.<ref name="IGNobama">Template:Cite web</ref>

On October 16, 2013, the show failed to meet their production deadline for the first time ever, after a power outage on October 15 at the production studio prevented the episode, season 17's "Goth Kids 3: Dawn of the Posers", from being finished in time. The episode was rescheduled to air a week later on October 23, 2013.<ref name="Power Outage">Template:Cite web</ref>

Animation

Montage showing the stages of an animation process: On top, a simple black and white sketch of a male child in a rocket kiddie-ride, while another young child stands next to the ride and reluctantly holds the rider's hand. In the middle, stock animation characters reflecting the sketch shown at top, sans background characters. At bottom, a screenshot of a fully animated frame showing the same event, complete with characters and arcade games in the background

The various stages of production (from top to bottom): the storyboard sketch, the CorelDRAW props with stock character models, and a frame from the fully rendered episode, "Super Fun Time"

The show's style of animation is inspired by the paper cut-out cartoons made by Terry Gilliam for Monty Python's Flying Circus, of which Parker and Stone have been lifelong fans.<ref name="paulson" /><ref name="time"/><ref name="faq-18apr2001">Template:Cite web</ref> Construction paper and traditional stop motion cutout animation techniques were used in the original animated shorts and in the pilot episode. Subsequent episodes have been produced by computer animation, providing a similar look to the originals while requiring a fraction of the time to produce. Before computer artists begin animating an episode, a series of animatics drawn in Toon Boom are provided by the show's storyboard artists.<ref name="apple" /><ref> Template:Cite webVideo interview with show storyboard artist Keo Thongkham </ref>

The characters and objects are composed of simple geometrical shapes and primary and secondary colors. Most child characters are the same size and shape, and are distinguished by their clothing, hair and skin colors, and headwear.<ref name="tvamerica" /> Characters are mostly presented two-dimensionally and from only one angle. Their movements are animated in an intentionally jerky fashion, as they are purposely not offered the same free range of motion associated with hand-drawn characters.<ref name="growsup2" /><ref name="method" /><ref name=autogenerated2>Template:Cite news</ref> Occasionally, some non-fictional characters are depicted with photographic cutouts of their actual head and face in lieu of a face reminiscent of the show's traditional style. Canadians on the show are often portrayed in an even more minimalist fashion; they have simple beady eyes, and the top halves of their heads simply flap up and down when the characters speak.<ref name="mcfarland2" />

When the show began using computers, the cardboard cutouts were scanned and re-drawn with CorelDRAW, then imported into PowerAnimator, which was used with SGI workstations to animate the characters.<ref name="apple" /><ref name="method" /> The workstations were linked to a 54-processor render farm that could render 10 to 15 shots an hour.<ref name="apple" /> Beginning with season five, the animators began using Maya instead of PowerAnimator.<ref name="faq-14may2001">Template:Cite web</ref> As of 2012, the studio ran a 120-processor render farm that can produce 30 or more shots an hour.<ref name="apple" />

PowerAnimator and Maya are high-end programs mainly used for 3D computer graphics, while co-producer and former animation director Eric Stough notes that PowerAnimator was initially chosen because its features helped animators retain the show's "homemade" look.<ref name="method" /> PowerAnimator was also used for making some of the show's visual effects,<ref name="method" /> which are now created using Motion,<ref name="apple" /> a newer graphics program created by Apple, Inc. for their Mac OS X operating system. The show's visual quality has improved in recent seasons,<ref name="growsup2" /> though several other techniques are used to intentionally preserve the cheap cutout animation look.<ref name="fortune" /><ref name="cheesy">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="ars3">Template:Cite web</ref>

A few episodes feature sections of live-action footage, while others have incorporated other styles of animation. Portions of the season eight (2004) premiere "Good Times with Weapons" are done in anime style, while the season 10 episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft" is done partly in machinima.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The season 12 episode "Major Boobage", a homage to the 1981 animated film Heavy Metal, implements scenes accomplished with rotoscoping.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Voice cast

Template:Main

Parker and Stone voice most of the male South Park characters.<ref name="nytimesmorals" /><ref name="growsup2" /><ref name="faq-23apr2002">Template:Cite web</ref> Mary Kay Bergman voiced the majority of the female characters until her death in November 1999. Mona Marshall and Eliza Schneider succeeded Bergman, with Schneider leaving the show after its seventh season (2003). She was replaced by April Stewart, who, along with Marshall, continues to voice most of the female characters. Bergman was originally listed in the credits under the alias Shannen Cassidy to protect her reputation as the voice of several Disney and other kid-friendly characters.<ref name="ewbergman">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Stewart was originally credited under the name Gracie Lazar,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while Schneider was sometimes credited under her rock opera performance pseudonym Blue Girl.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Other voice actors and members of South Park's production staff have voiced minor characters for various episodes, while a few staff members voice recurring characters. Supervising producer Jennifer Howell voices student Bebe Stevens;<ref name="faq-23apr2002" /> co-producer and storyboard artist Adrien Beard voices Tolkien Black,<ref group="nb">Formerly Token Black; retconned in "The Big Fix".</ref><ref name="faq-30apr2001">Template:Cite web</ref> who was the school's only African-American student until the introduction of Nichole in "Cartman Finds Love"; writing consultant Vernon Chatman voices an anthropomorphic towel named Towelie;<ref name="faq-23apr2002" /> and production supervisor John Hansen voices Mr. Slave, the former gay lover of Mr. Garrison.<ref name="faq-21nov2003">Template:Cite web</ref> Throughout the show's run, the voices for toddler and kindergarten characters have been provided by various small children of the show's production staff.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

When voicing child characters, the voice actors speak within their normal vocal range while adding a childlike inflection. The recorded audio is then edited with Pro Tools, and the pitch is altered to make the voice sound more like that of a fourth grader.<ref name="sps40" /><ref name="digizine">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Isaac Hayes voiced the character of Chef, an African-American, soul-singing cafeteria worker who was one of the few adults the boys consistently trusted.<ref name="time" /><ref name="faq-28jun2001">Template:Cite web</ref> Hayes agreed to voice the character after being among Parker and Stone's ideal candidates, which also included Lou Rawls and Barry White.<ref name="goindown">Template:Cite video</ref> Hayes, who lived and hosted a radio show in New York during his tenure with South Park, recorded his dialogue on a digital audio tape while a director gave directions over the phone, after which the tape would be shipped to the show's production studio in California.<ref name="method" /> After Hayes left the show in early 2006, the character of Chef was killed off in the season 10 (2006) premiere "The Return of Chef".

Guest stars

Template:Main

Celebrities who are depicted on the show are usually impersonated, though some celebrities do their own voices for the show. Celebrities who have voiced themselves include Michael Buffer,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Brent Musburger,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jay Leno,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Robert Smith,<ref name="nydaily" /> and the bands Radiohead and Korn.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="mtvkorn">Template:Cite web</ref> Comedy team Cheech & Chong voiced characters representing their likenesses for the season four (2000) episode "Cherokee Hair Tampons", which was the duo's first collaborative effort in 20 years.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Malcolm McDowell appears in live-action sequences as the narrator of the season four episode "Pip".<ref name="faq-12nov2008">Template:Cite web</ref>

Jennifer Aniston,<ref name="faq-20apr2001">Template:Cite web</ref> Richard Belzer,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Natasha Henstridge,<ref name="nydaily">Template:Cite news</ref> Norman Lear,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Peter Serafinowicz<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> have guest starred as other speaking characters. During South Park's earliest seasons, several high-profile celebrities inquired about guest-starring on the show. As a joke, Parker and Stone responded by offering low-profile, non-speaking roles, most of which were accepted; George Clooney provided the barks for Stan's dog Sparky in the season one (1997) episode "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride",<ref name="faq-27oct2001">Template:Cite web</ref> Leno provided the meows for Cartman's cat in the season one finale "Cartman's Mom Is a Dirty Slut",<ref name="faq-27oct2001" /> and Henry Winkler voiced the various growls and grunts of a kid-eating monster in the season two (1998) episode "City on the Edge of Forever".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jerry Seinfeld offered to lend his voice for the Thanksgiving episode "Starvin' Marvin", but declined to appear when he was only offered a role as "Turkey #2".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Music

An adult male with sunglasses plays a piano under a spotlight on a darkened stage, 1973

Chef would often sing in a style reminiscent of that of his voice actor, Isaac Hayes.

Parker says that the varying uses of music are of utmost importance to South Park.<ref name="philomusic">Arp and Broman, pp. 236–49</ref> Several characters often play or sing songs in order to change or influence a group's behavior, or to educate, motivate, or indoctrinate others. The show also frequently features scenes in which its characters have disapproving reactions to the performances of certain popular musicians.<ref name="philomusic" />

Adam Berry, the show's original score composer, used sound synthesis to simulate a small orchestra, and frequently alluded to existing famous pieces of music. Berry also used signature acoustic guitar and mandolin cues as leitmotifs for the show's establishing shots.<ref name="philomusic" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After Berry left in 2001, Jamie Dunlap and Scott Nickoley of the Los Angeles-based Mad City Production Studios provided the show's original music for the next seven seasons.<ref name="digizine" /> Since 2008, Dunlap has been credited as the show's sole score composer.<ref name="showcredits">Template:Cite web</ref> Dunlap's contributions to the show are one of the few that are not achieved at the show's own production offices. Dunlap reads a script, creates a score using digital audio software, and then e-mails the audio file to South Park Studios, where it is edited to fit with the completed episode.<ref name="digizine" />

In addition to singing in an effort to explain something to the children, Chef would also sing about things relevant to what had transpired in the plot. These songs were original compositions written by Parker, and they were performed by Hayes in the same sexually suggestive R&B style he had used during his own music career. The band DVDA, which consists of Parker and Stone, along with show staff members Bruce Howell and D.A. Young, performed the music for these compositions and, until the character's death on the show, were listed as "Chef's Band" in the closing credits.<ref name="method" />

Rick James, Elton John, Meat Loaf, Joe Strummer, Ozzy Osbourne, Primus, Rancid, and Ween all guest starred and briefly performed in the season two (1998) episode "Chef Aid". Korn debuted their single "Falling Away from Me" as guest stars on the season three (1999) episode "Korn's Groovy Pirate Ghost Mystery".<ref name="mtvkorn" />

Main theme

The show's theme song was a musical score performed by the band Primus, with the lyrics alternately sung by the band's lead singer, Les Claypool, and the show's four central characters during the opening title sequence. Kenny's muffled lines are altered after every few seasons. His lines are usually sexually explicit in nature, such as his original lines, "I like girls with big fat titties, I like girls with deep vaginas".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The original unaired opening composition was originally slower and had a length of 40 seconds. It was deemed too long for the opening sequence. So Parker and Stone sped it up for the show's opening, having Claypool re-record his vocals. The instrumental version of the original composition is often played during the show's closing credits.<ref name="faq-27mar2002">Template:Cite web</ref>

The opening song played in the first four seasons (and the end credits in all seasons) has a folk rock instrumentation with bass guitar, trumpets and rhythmic drums. Its beat is fast in the opening and leisurely in the closing credits. It is in the minor key and it features a tritone or a diminished fifth, creating a melodic dissonance, which captures the show's surrealistic nature.Template:How In the latter parts of seasons 4 and 5, the opening tune has an electro funk arrangement with pop qualities. Seasons 6–9 have a sprightly bluegrass instrumentation with a usage of banjo and is set in the major key. For the later seasons, the arrangement is electro rock with a breakbeat influence, which feature electric guitars backed up by synthesized, groovy drumbeats.<ref name="digizine" />

The opening theme song has been remixed three times during the course of the series, including a remix performed by Paul Robb.<ref name="robb">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2006, the theme music was remixed with the song "Whamola" by Colonel Les Claypool's Fearless Flying Frog Brigade, from the album Purple Onion.<ref name="whamola">Template:Cite web</ref>

Episodes

Template:Main List of South Park episodes

Distribution

International

South Park is broadcast internationally in several countries and territories, including India, New Zealand, and several countries throughout Europe and Latin America on channels that are subsidiaries of Comedy Central and Paramount Media Networks, both subsidiaries of Paramount.<ref name="fortune" /><ref>South Park in India shuts, runs into trouble in US too Template:Webarchive. Hindustan Times. Serena Menon. June 22, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2022</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In distribution deals with Comedy Central, other independent networks also broadcast the series in other international markets. In Australia, the show is broadcast on The Comedy Channel, Comedy Central and free-to-air channel SBS Viceland (before 2009), while new episodes aired on SBS. The program also airs free-to-air in Australia on 10 Shake, a sister network to Comedy Central through Paramount.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The series is broadcast uncensored in Canada in English on The Comedy Network<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and, later, Much. The series was formerly broadcast on Global. South Park also airs in Irish on TG4 in Ireland,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> STV in Scotland,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Comedy Central and MTV in the UK (previously on Sky One, Channel 4, VIVA and 5Star), B92 in Serbia,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and on Game One and NRJ 12 in France. In September 2020, SBS, which aired South Park in Australia since 1997, removed South Park from its television line-up, though reruns could air on SBS Viceland.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Syndication

Broadcast syndication rights to South Park were acquired by Debmar-Mercury and Tribune Entertainment in 2003 and 2004 respectively.<ref name="debmar">Template:Cite press release</ref><ref name="esyndication">Template:Cite web</ref> Episodes further edited for content began running in syndication on September 19, 2005, and were aired in the United States with the TV-14 rating.<ref name="esyndication" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> 20th Television replaced Tribune as co-distributor in early 2008. By the time its run in syndication ended in 2015,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> it aired in 90 percent of the television markets across the United States and Canada, where it generated an estimated US$25 million a year in advertising revenue.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 2019, CBS Television Distribution (the syndication arm of ViacomCBS, now known as Paramount Global), took over the full distribution rights following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox (parent of 20th Television) by The Walt Disney Company (who had employed Debmar-Mercury founder Mort Marcus as the head of their syndication division), distributing the show in syndication.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2021, South Park Studios struck a deal with ViacomCBS, which allows the show to be renewed all the way up to season 30 and 14 additional films, enough to carry the show to at least 2027.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Home media

Template:Main Complete seasons of South Park have been regularly released in their entirety on DVD since 2002, with season twenty-six being the most recently released. Several other themed DVD compilations have been released by Rhino Entertainment and Comedy Central,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while the three-episode Imaginationland story arc was reissued straight-to-DVD as a full-length feature in 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Blu-ray releases started in 2008 with the release of season twelve.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Subsequent seasons have been released in this format alongside the longer-running DVD releases. The first eleven seasons were released on Blu-ray for the first time in December 2017.<ref name="tvshowsondvd delay">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Streaming

In March 2008, Comedy Central made every episode of South Park available for free full-length on-demand legal streaming on the official South Park Studios website.<ref name="news-25mar2008">Template:Cite web</ref> From March 2008 until December 2013, new episodes were added to the site the day following their debut, and an uncensored version was posted the following day. The episode stayed up for the remainder of the week, then taken down, and added to the site three weeks later.

Within a week, the site served more than a million streams of full episodes,<ref name="news-25mar2008" /> and the number grew to 55 million by October 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Legal issues prevent the U.S. content from being accessible outside the United States,<ref>South Park Studios Germany Template:Webarchive: "Due to copyright and other legal reasons, South Park video content cannot be viewed outside the United States."</ref> so local servers have been set up in other countries.<ref>For instance, southpark.de Template:Webarchive in Germany.</ref> In September 2009, a South Park Studios website with streaming episodes was launched in the United Kingdom and Ireland.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In Canada, episodes were available for streaming from The Comedy Network's website, though due to digital rights restrictions, they are no longer available.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In April 2010, the season five episode "Super Best Friends" and the season fourteen episodes "200" and "201" were removed from the site; additionally, these episodes no longer air in reruns and are only available exclusively on DVD and Blu-ray. These episodes remain unavailable following the 2014 purchase by Hulu.

In July 2014, it was announced that Hulu had signed a three-year deal purchasing exclusive online streaming rights to the South Park for a reported $80 million. Following the announcement every episode remained available for free on the South Park Studios website, using the Hulu player. As of September 2014, following the premiere of the eighteenth season, only 30 select episodes would be featured for free viewing at a time on a rotating basis on the website, with new episodes being available for an entire month starting the day following their original airings. The entire series was available on Hulu by this point.<ref name=Hulu2014>Template:Cite web</ref>

As of July 2015, all episodes of South Park are available for streaming in Canada on the service CraveTV, which first consisted of seasons 1–18. Subsequent seasons were released the following July.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In early October 2019, industry rumors suggested that the streaming rights for South Park were being offered to various services, creating an intense bidding war that was estimated to be as high as Template:USD. HBO and South Park Digital Studios announced that HBO had secured a multi-year deal for the exclusive streaming rights for South Park on their HBO Max service starting June 24, 2020.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While the terms of the deal were not disclosed, Variety reported the deal fell between Template:USD and Template:USD.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Beginning with season 25 in 2022, HBO Max posts new episodes the next day after their Comedy Central airing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Once that deal expires in 2025, Paramount+ will become the exclusive streaming home. In addition, the season 27 episodes would stream first on Paramount+ before hitting HBO Max.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Though season 27 would have originally aired in 2024, the season was delayed due to what Parker and Stone claimed to be uncertainties about the 2024 United States presidential election (mainly the exhaustion of humor set around Donald Trump), along with the proposed merger of Skydance Media and Paramount Global.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In February 2023, Warner Bros. Discovery filed a lawsuit which claimed that Paramount breached its exclusivity contract with HBO Max by airing South Park on its own streaming platform.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Re-rendered episodes

From its debut in 1997 to the season twelve finale in 2008 the series had been originally produced in standard definition, with a 4:3 aspect ratio. In 2009, the series switched to being produced in 16:9 high definition 1080p with the beginning of the thirteenth season.<ref name="HD">Template:Cite web</ref> Since this, all twelve seasons originally produced in standard definition have been remastered by South Park Studios, being fully re-rendered in high definition. The aspect ratio of these episodes were also converted from 4:3 to 16:9 as well.<ref name="HD" /> The re-rendered versions were also released on Blu-ray. Several of the re-rendered episodes from the earlier seasons have their original uncensored audio tracks; they had previously been released in censored form.<ref name="HD" /><ref>The South Park Studios website.</ref><ref name="faq_targetdvd">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The fifth-season episode "Super Best Friends", which was pulled from syndication and online streams following the controversy surrounding episode "201", was not released alongside the rest of the season when it was released in HD on iTunes in 2011. The episode was later re-rendered and made available for the Blu-ray release of the season that was released on December 5, 2017.<ref name="tvshowsondvd delay" /> The episode is presented in its original presentation, without Muhammad's image being obscured as in later episodes of the series.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Reception

Ratings

When South Park debuted, it was a huge ratings success for Comedy Central and is seen as being largely responsible for the success of the channel, with Herzog crediting it for putting the network "on the map".<ref name="fortune" /><ref name="nytad" /><ref name="bc68">Template:Harvnb</ref>

The show's first episode, "Cartman Gets an Anal Probe", earned a Nielsen rating of 1.3 (980,000 viewers), at the time considered high for a cable program.<ref name="bc68" /> The show instantly generated buzz among television viewers, and mass viewing parties began assembling on college campuses.<ref name="nytimescarter" /><ref name="whois" /><ref name="sfrubin" /> By the time the eighth episode, "Starvin' Marvin", aired—three months after the show debuted—ratings and viewership had tripled, and South Park was already the most successful show in Comedy Central's history.<ref name="sfrubin" /> When the tenth episode "Damien" aired the following February, viewership increased another 33 percent. The episode earned a 6.4 rating, which at the time was over 10 times the average rating earned by a cable show aired in prime time.<ref name="nytimescarter" /><ref name="bc68" /> The ratings peaked with the second episode of season two, "Cartman's Mom Is Still a Dirty Slut", which aired on April 22, 1998. The episode earned an 8.2 rating (6.2 million viewers) and, at the time, set a record as the highest-rated non-sports show in basic cable history.<ref name="augusta_trash" /><ref name="wilonsky" /><ref name="bc68" /> During the spring of 1998, eight of the ten highest-rated shows on basic cable were South Park episodes.<ref name="nydailyratings" /> South Park's second season would average a 5.8 rating (12.5 million viewers) which was a lower rating due to Comedy Central's households being much higher.Template:Clarification needed

The success of South Park prompted more cable companies to carry Comedy Central and led it to its becoming one of the fastest-growing cable channels. The number of households that had Comedy Central jumped from 9.1 million in 1997 to 50 million in June 1998.<ref name="bc68" /> When the show debuted, the most Comedy Central had earned for a 30-second commercial was US$7,500.<ref name="nytimescarter" /> Within a year, advertisers were paying an average of US$40,000 for 30 seconds of advertising time during airings of South Park in its second season, while some paid as much as US$80,000.<ref name="salon">Template:Cite news</ref>

By the third season (1999), the series' ratings began to decrease.<ref> Template:Cite news</ref> The third-season premiere episode drew 3.4 million viewers, a dramatic drop from the 5.5 million of the previous season's premiere.<ref name="bc68" /> Stone and Parker attributed this drop in the show's ratings to the media hype that surrounded the show in the previous year, adding that the third season ratings reflected the show's "true" fan base.<ref name="bc68" /> Regardless the viewership stayed consistent with an average rating being between 3.0 (8 million viewers) to a 5.5 (17.5 million viewers). The show's ratings dropped further in its fourth season (2000), with episodes averaging just above 1.5 million viewers (though the season premiere would get 22.1 million viewers due to the hype caused by the movie). The ratings eventually increased, and seasons five through nine consistently averaged about 3 million viewers per episode.<ref name="bc68"/> Season 8's episode "Goobacks" would have South ParkTemplate:'s viewership peak at 30 million viewers. Seasons 10 to 12 would average 5 million viewers. Though its viewership is lower than it was at the height of its popularity in its earliest seasons, South Park remains one of the highest-rated series on Comedy Central.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The season 14 (2010) premiere gained 3.7 million viewers, the show's highest-rated season premiere since 1998.<ref>Tiger Woods Scandal Helps "South Park" Set Ratings Record Template:Webarchive PopCrunch. Retrieved November 21, 2013.</ref> In 2016, a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that "perhaps unsurprisingly, South Park ... is most popular in Colorado".<ref name="katz20161227">Template:Cite news</ref> Subsequent seasons saw substantially lower ratings, with season 25 averaging 0.65 million viewers an episode.Template:Citation needed

Recognitions and awards

In 2004, Channel 4 voted South Park the third-greatest cartoon of all time.<ref name="100GrestCartns">Template:Cite episode</ref> In 2007, Time magazine included the show on its list of the "100 Best TV Shows of All Time", proclaiming it as "America's best source of rapid-fire satire for [the past] decade".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The same year, Rolling Stone declared it to be the funniest show on television since its debut 10 years prior.<ref> Template:Cite web</ref> In 2008, South Park was named the 12th-greatest TV show of the past 25 years by Entertainment Weekly,<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> while AOL declared it as having the "most astute" characters of any show in history when naming it the 16th-best television comedy series of all time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2011, South Park was voted number one in the 25 Greatest Animated TV Series poll by Entertainment Weekly.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The character of Cartman ranked 10th on TV Guide's 2002 list of the "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters",<ref name="TVGuide">Template:Cite news</ref> 198th on VH1's "200 Greatest Pop Culture Icons",<ref name="pop">Template:Harvp</ref> 19th on Bravo's "100 Greatest TV Characters" television special in 2004,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and second on MSNBC's 2005 list of TV's scariest characters behind Mr. Burns from The Simpsons.<ref name="msnbccartman">Template:Cite news</ref> In 2006, Comedy Central received a Peabody Award for South Park's "stringent social commentary" and "undeniably fearless lampooning of all that is self-important and hypocritical in American life".<ref name="fortune" /><ref name="rocky" /><ref name="basile2" /><ref>65th Annual Peabody Awards Template:Webarchive, May 2006.</ref> In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked South Park at number 63 among the "101 Best-Written Shows Ever".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Also in 2013, TV Guide listed the show at number 10 among the "60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time".<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> In 2019, the series was ranked 42nd on The Guardian newspaper's list of the 100 best TV shows of the 21st century.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

South Park won the CableACE Award for Best Animated Series in 1997, the last year the awards were given out.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1998, South Park was nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Primetime or Late Night Television Program. It was also nominated for the 1998 GLAAD Award for Outstanding TV – Individual Episode for "Big Gay Al's Big Gay Boat Ride".<ref name="lowbrow" />

South Park has been nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program eighteen times (1998, 2000, 2002, 2004–2011, 2013–2018 and 2021). The show has won the award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming Less Than One Hour) four times, for the 2005 episode "Best Friends Forever",<ref name="basile2">Template:Cite web</ref> the 2006 episode "Make Love, Not Warcraft",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the 2009 episode "Margaritaville", and the 2012 episode "Raising the Bar".<ref>"Creative Arts Emmys: HBO's 'Behind the Candelabra' wins the night" Template:Webarchive Los Angeles Times. September 16, 2013.</ref> The "Imaginationland" trilogy of episodes won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (For Programming One Hour or More) in 2008.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Criticism

The show's frequent depiction of taboo subject matter, general toilet humor, accessibility to younger viewers, disregard for conservative sensibilities, negative depiction of liberal causes, and portrayal of religion for comic effect have generated controversy and debate over the course of its run.<ref name="mifflin">Template:Cite news</ref>

As the series became popular, students in two schools were barred from wearing South Park-related T-shirts,<ref name="reason" /><ref name="nydailyratings" /><ref name="lowbrow" /> and the headmaster of a UK public school asked parents not to let their children watch the programme after eight- and nine-year-old children voted the South Park character Cartman as their favorite personality in a 1999 poll.<ref name="bbcpoll">Template:Cite news</ref> Parker and Stone assert that the show is not meant to be viewed by young children, and the show is certified with TV ratings that indicate its intention for mature audiences.<ref name="nydailyratings" /> In 1999, they went on record to cancel the release of the Game Boy Color game based on the series, as Parker and Stone determined that a game based on an adult animated series would be inappropriate for a console whose core demographic consisted of children.<ref name="LoChiatto">Template:Cite web</ref>

Parents Television Council founder L. Brent Bozell III and Action for Children's Television founder Peggy Charren have both condemned the show, with the latter claiming it is "dangerous to the democracy".<ref name="reason" /><ref name="salon" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="nytimesconserv2">Template:Cite news</ref> Several other activist groups have protested the show's parodies of Christianity and portrayal of Jesus Christ.<ref name="reason" /><ref name="abc1" /> Stone has stated that parents who disapprove of South Park for its portrayal of how kids behave are upset because they "have an idyllic vision of what kids are like", adding "[kids] don't have any kind of social tact or etiquette, they're just complete little raging bastards".<ref name="lowbrow" /><ref name="bbcpoll" />

Controversies

Template:Main The show further lampooned the controversy surrounding its use of profanity, as well as the media attention surrounding the network show Chicago Hope's singular use of the word shit, with the season five premiere "It Hits the Fan",<ref name="gillespie">Template:Cite web</ref> in which the word shit is said 162 times without being bleeped for censorship purposes, while also appearing uncensored in written form.<ref name="wilonsky" /> In the days following the show's original airing, 5,000 disapproving e-mails were sent to Comedy Central.<ref name="paulson" /> Despite its 43 uncensored uses of the racial slur nigger, the season 11 episode "With Apologies to Jesse Jackson" generated relatively little controversy, as most in the black community and the NAACP praised the episode for its context and its comedic way of conveying other races' perceptions of how black people feel when hearing the word.<ref name="boston">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Transcript of "Paula Zahn Now" from March 8, 2007 Template:Webarchive. CNN. Retrieved April 14, 2007.</ref>

Specific controversies regarding the show have included an April Fools' Day prank played on its viewers in 1998,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> its depiction of the Virgin Mary in the season nine (2005) finale "Bloody Mary" that angered several Catholics,<ref name="rs1" /> its depiction of Steve Irwin with a stingray barb stuck in his chest in the episode "Hell on Earth 2006", which originally aired less than two months after Irwin was killed in the same fashion,<ref name="odoherty">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Comedy Central's censorship of the depiction of Muhammad in the season 10 episode "Cartoon Wars Part II" in the wake of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy<ref name="abc1" /> and consistent mockery of the concept of climate change by using climate change denialist talking points.<ref name=salon2>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=vox>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=guardian>Template:Cite web</ref>

The season nine (2005) episode "Trapped in the Closet" denounces Scientology as nothing more than "a big fat global scam",<ref name="abc1">Template:Cite web</ref> while freely divulging church information that Scientology normally only reveals to members who make significant monetary contributions to the church.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The episode also ambiguously parodies the rumors involving the sexual orientation of Scientologist Tom Cruise, who allegedly demanded any further reruns of the episode be canceled.<ref name="odoherty" /><ref name="Hilden">Template:Cite news</ref> Isaac Hayes, a Scientologist, later quit South Park because of his objection to the episode.<ref name="foxnews3">Template:Cite news</ref>

The season fourteen episodes "200" and "201" were mired in controversy for satirizing issues surrounding the depiction of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. The website for the organization Revolution Muslim, a New York-based radical Muslim organization, posted an entry that included a warning to creators Parker and Stone that they risk violent retribution for their depictions of Muhammad. It said that they "will probably wind up like Theo van Gogh for airing this show". The posting provided the addresses to Comedy Central in New York and the production company in Los Angeles.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> The author of the post, Zachary Adam Chesser (whose alias is Abu Talhah al-Amrikee),<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> said it was meant to serve as a warning to Parker and Stone, not a threat, and that providing the addresses was meant to give people the opportunity to protest.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Rhett">Template:Cite news</ref>

Despite Chesser's claims that the website entry was a warning, several media outlets and observers interpreted it as a threat.<ref name="AC360">Template:Cite episode</ref><ref name="OReilly">Template:Cite AV media</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Comedy Central censored the episode's broadcast in response, by bleeping out several speeches and covering Mohammed's appearances with a giant "censored" label.<ref name=":0" /> Support for the episode has come in the form of Everybody Draw Mohammed Day, a movement started on Facebook that encourages people to draw Muhammad on May 20.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The "200" episode, which also depicted the Buddha snorting cocaine, prompted the government of Sri Lanka to ban the series outright.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Due to many taboo topics in China—such as Dalai Lama, Winnie the Pooh,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> labor camps, freedom of speech and cannabis culture—being involved in the season 23 (2019) episode "Band in China", South Park was entirely banned in China after the episode's broadcast. The series' Baidu Baike article, Baidu Tieba forum, Douban page, Zhihu page and Bilibili videos have been deleted or inaccessible to the public, all related keywords and topics have been prohibited from being searched and discussed on China-based search engines and social media sites including Baidu, QQ, Weibo and on WeChat public platforms.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="RFI0">Template:Cite news</ref> Parker and Stone issued a sarcastic apology in response.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Legacy

Cultural

Commentary made in episodes has been interpreted as statements Parker and Stone are attempting to make to the viewing public,<ref name="seriously">Template:Harvnb</ref> and these opinions have been subject to much critical analysis in the media and literary world within the framework of popular philosophical, theological, social, and political concepts.<ref name="blame" /><ref name="seriously" /><ref name="blmp">Template:Cite book</ref> Since South Park debuted, college students have written term papers and doctoral theses analyzing the show,<ref name="nytimesstudy" /> while Brooklyn College offers a course called "South Park and Political Correctness".<ref name="nypostbklyn">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="npr2">Template:Cite web</ref>

Soon after one of Kenny's trademark deaths on the show, other characters would typically shout "Oh my God, they killed Kenny!", followed by another yelling out "You bastard(s)!"—these lines were usually said by the characters Stan and Kyle, respectively. The exclamation quickly became a popular catchphrase,<ref name="time" /> while the running gag of Kenny's recurring deaths is one of the more recognized hallmarks among viewers of modern television.<ref name="nypostkenny">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Cartman's exclamations of "Respect my authori-tah!" and "Screw you guys ...I'm going home!" became catchphrases as well, and during the show's earlier seasons, were highly popular in the lexicon of viewers.<ref name="perth">Template:Cite news</ref> Cartman's eccentric intonation of "Hey!" was included in the 2002 edition of The Oxford Dictionary of Catchphrases.<ref name="oxford">Template:Cite news</ref>

In the season two episode "Chef Aid", attorney Johnnie Cochran uses what's called in the show the Chewbacca defense, which is a legal strategy that involves addressing plot holes related to Chewbacca in the film Return of the Jedi rather than discussing the trial at hand during a closing argument in a deliberate attempt to confuse jurors into thinking there is reasonable doubt. The term "Chewbacca defense" has been documented as being used by criminologists, forensic scientists, and political commentators in their various discussions of similar methods used in legal cases and public forums.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Another season two episode, "Gnomes", revolves around a group of "underpants gnomes" who, as their name suggests, run a corporation stealing people's underpants. When asked about their business model, various gnomes reply that theirs is a three-step process: Phase 1 is "collect underpants". Phase 3 is "profit". However, the gnomes are unable to explain what is to occur between the first and final steps, and "Phase 2" is accompanied by a large question mark on their corporate flow chart. Using "????" and "PROFIT!" as the last two steps in a process (usually jokingly) became a widely popular Internet meme because of this.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Especially in the context of politics and economics, "underpants gnomes" has been used by some commentators to characterize a conspicuous gap of logic or planning.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

When Sophie Rutschmann of the University of Strasbourg discovered a mutated gene that causes an adult fruit fly to die within two days after it is infected with certain bacteria, she named the gene kep1 in honor of Kenny.<ref name="fruitfly">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="PNAS">Template:Cite journal</ref> Similarly, when a mutated ortholog of KIAA1109 was also found for said species that inhibited their ability to stand upright, walk, and caused seizures, indicative of severe neurological defects, a different set of researchers named it Tweek in honor of Tweek.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Political

Template:Main While some conservatives have condemned South Park for its vulgarity, a growing population of people who hold center-right political beliefs, including teenagers and young adults, have embraced the show for its tendency to mock liberal viewpoints and lampoon liberal celebrities and icons.<ref name="theadvocates">Template:Cite web</ref> Political commentator Andrew Sullivan dubbed the group South Park Republicans, or South Park conservatives.<ref name="cityjournal" /><ref name=autogenerated1>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="refugees">Template:Cite news</ref> Sullivan averred that members of the group are "extremely skeptical of political correctness but also are socially liberal on many issues", though he says the phrase applied to them is meant to be more of a casual indication of beliefs than a strong partisan label.<ref name="cornell" /><ref name="cityjournal" /> Brian C. Anderson describes the group as "generally characterized by holding strong libertarian beliefs and rejecting more conservative social policy", and notes that although the show makes "wicked fun of conservatives", it is "at the forefront of a conservative revolt against liberal media" and Hollywood's "liberal hegemony".<ref name="theadvocates" /><ref name=ReasonMagazine/>

Parker and Stone reject the idea that the show has any underlying political position, and deny having a political agenda when creating an episode.<ref name="mcfarland1" /><ref name="refugees" /><ref name="HP2010">Matt Stone & Trey Parker Are Not Your Political Allies (No Matter What You Believe) Template:Webarchive by Alex Leo, HuffPost, February 25, 2010. Retrieved February 21, 2022</ref> The two claim the show's higher proportion of instances lampooning liberal rather than conservative orthodoxies stems simply from their preference for making fun of liberals.<ref name="cornell" /><ref name="abc3" /> While Stone has been quoted saying, "I hate conservatives, but I really fucking hate liberals", Stone and Parker have explained that their drive to lampoon a given target comes first from the target's insistence on telling other people how to behave.<ref name="gillespie" /> The duo explain that they regard liberals as having both delusions of entitlement to remain free from satire, and a propensity to enforce political correctness while patronizing the citizens of Middle America.<ref name="nytimesconserv" /><ref name="cityjournal" /> Parker and Stone are uncomfortable with the idea of themselves or South Park being assigned any kind of partisan classification.<ref name="mcfarland1" /><ref name="refugees" /> Parker said he rejects the "South Park Republican" and "South Park conservative" labels, feeling that either tag implies that one only adheres to strictly conservative or liberal viewpoints.<ref name="rs1" /><ref name="theadvocates" /> The duo has in the past reluctantly labeled themselves libertarians and fans of government gridlock. In 2006, they said that they were "rooting for Hillary Clinton in 2008 simply because it would be weird to have her as president".<ref name=ReasonMagazine>Template:Cite web</ref>

Franchise

Template:About

Notes

Template:Reflist

References