Shu (Egyptian god)

Template:Short description Template:Infobox deity Shu (Egyptian šw, "emptiness" or "he who rises up") was one of the primordial Egyptian gods, spouse and brother to the goddess Tefnut, and one of the nine deities of the Ennead of the Heliopolis cosmogony.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was the god of light, peace, lions, air, and wind.Template:Citation needed

Family

In Heliopolitan theology, Atum created the first couple of the Ennead, Shu and Tefnut by masturbating or by spitting. Shu was the father of Nut and Geb and grandfather of Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys. His great-grandsons are Horus and Anubis.

Myths

This is a sculpture of the kneeling god Shu holding a curved platform above his head, which can be interpreted as the sky. It also functions as a headrest, as the user would place their head atop the sky. There are also two lions, one at either side of Shu.

Headrest that depicts the god Shu holding up the sky

File:Shu.svg

drawing of shu with a more elaborate feathered headdress similar to Onuris.

As the air, Shu was considered to be a cooling, and thus calming, influence, and pacifier. Due to the association with dry air, calm, and thus Ma'at<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> (truth, justice, order, and balance), Shu was depicted as the dry air/atmosphere between the Earth and sky, separating the two realms after the event of the First Occasion.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Shu was also portrayed in art as wearing an ostrich feather. Shu was seen with between one and four feathers. The ostrich feather was symbolic of lightness and emptiness. Fog and clouds were also Shu's elements and they were often called his bones. Because of his position between the sky and Earth, he was also known as the wind.<ref name="Egyptian Symbols">Template:Cite book</ref>

In a much later myth, representing a terrible weather disaster at the end of the Old Kingdom, it's said that Tefnut and Shu once argued, and Tefnut left Egypt for Nubia (which was always more temperate). It was said that Shu quickly decided that he missed her, but she changed into a cat that destroyed any man or god that approached. Thoth, disguised, eventually succeeded in convincing her to return.

The Greeks associated Shu with Atlas, the primordial Titan who held up the celestial spheres, as they are both depicted holding up the sky.<ref name="A-Z">Template:Cite book</ref>

According to the Heliopolitan cosmology, Shu and Tefnut, the first pair of cosmic elements, created the sky goddess, Nut, and the Earth god, Geb. Shu separated Nut from Geb as they were in the act of love, creating duality in the manifest world: above and below, light and dark, good and evil. Prior to their separation, however, Nut had given birth to the gods Isis, Osiris, Nephthys (Horus) and Set.<ref name="Egyptian Symbols" /> The Egyptians believed that if Shu did not hold Nut (sky) and Geb (Earth) apart there would be no way for physically-manifest life to exist.

Shu is mostly represented as a man. Only in his function as a fighter and defender as the sun god and he sometimes receives a lion's head. He carries an ankh, the symbol of life.

Art

This is a menat counterweight made of bronze. It depicts the heads of Shu (rightmost head) alongside his sister Tefnut, goddess of moisture (leftmost head). Tefnut is rendered as a lioness with a mane wearing a uraeus, wig, and sun disk. Shu is shown dressed in a false beard, shorter wig, and a crown that includes a modius, tall feathers, and a uraeus. Two serpents flank the counterweight near the bottom where an oxyrhynchus fish can also be seen.

Used as a counterweight for an ancient Egyptian menat

Menat counterweights ensured that these intricate beaded necklaces stayed in place as the wearer moved around. This counterweight (left image) is a bronze adornment from 722-332 BCE. It depicts the heads of Shu (rightmost head) alongside his sister Tefnut, goddess of moisture (leftmost head). Tefnut is rendered as a lioness with a mane wearing a uraeus, wig, and sun disk. Shu is shown dressed in a false beard, shorter wig, and a crown that includes a modius, tall feathers, and a uraeus. Together, it was believed that these two deities would protect the wearer from worldly dangers. Two serpents flank the counterweight near the bottom where an oxyrhynchus fish can also be seen. <ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

See also

• Anhur-Shu
• Sopdu

Further reading

• Hans Bonnet: Lexikon der ägyptischen Religionsgeschichte, Berlin 2000, Template:ISBN, S. 685-689 → Shu
• Adolf Erman: Die Aegyptische Religion, Verlag Georg Reimer, Berlin 1909
• Wolfgang Helck: Kleines Lexikon der Ägyptologie, 1999 Template:ISBN, S. 269f. → Shu
• Francoise Dunand and Christiane Zivie-Coche: "Gods and Men in Egypt 3000 BCE to 395 CE", Cornell University Press 2005, Template:ISBN
• Jacobus Van Dijk, Myth and Mythmaking in Ancient Egypt, ed. J.M. Sasson, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1995.