Rubus
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Rubus is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants in the rose family, Rosaceae, subfamily Rosoideae, most commonly known as brambles.<ref name = "POWO">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:EFloras</ref><ref name="dict">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Fruits of various species are known as raspberries, blackberries, dewberries, and bristleberries. It is a diverse genus, with the estimated number of Rubus species varying from 250 to over 1000, found across all continents except Antarctica.<ref name=":0">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Most of these plants have woody stems with prickles like roses; spines, bristles, and gland-tipped hairs are also common in the genus. The Rubus fruit, sometimes called a bramble fruit, is an aggregate of drupelets. The term cane fruit or cane berry applies to any Rubus species or hybrid which is commonly grown with supports such as wires or canes, including raspberries, blackberries, and hybrids such as loganberry, boysenberry, marionberry and tayberry.<ref name=GYOF>Template:Cite book</ref> The stems of such plants are also referred to as canes.
Description
[edit]Bramble bushes typically grow as shrubs (though a few are herbaceous), with their stems being typically covered in sharp prickles.<ref name="treesandshrubsonline" /> They grow long, arching shoots that readily root upon contact with soil,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and form a soil rootstock from which new shoots grow in the spring.<ref name="woodlands" /> The leaves are either evergreen or deciduous, and simple, lobed, or compound.<ref name="treesandshrubsonline" /> The shoots typically do not flower or set fruit until the second year of growth (i.e. they are biennial).<ref name="woodlands">Template:Cite web</ref> The rootstock is perennial.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Most species are hermaphrodites with male and female parts being present on the same flower.<ref name="treesandshrubsonline">Template:Cite web</ref> Bramble fruits are aggregate fruits formed from smaller units called drupelets.<ref name="woodlands" />
Around 60-70% of species of Rubus are polyploid (having more than two copies of each chromosome), with species ranging in ploidy from diploid (2x, with 14 chromosomes<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>) to tetradecaploid (14x).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Taxonomy
[edit]Modern classification
[edit]Rubus is the only genus in the tribe Rubeae.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Rubus is very complex, particularly within the blackberry/dewberry subgenus (Rubus), with polyploidy, hybridization, and facultative apomixis apparently all frequently occurring, making species classification of the great variation in the subgenus one of the grand challenges of systematic botany. In publications between 1910 and 1914, German botanist Wilhelm Olbers Focke attempted to organize the genus into 12 subgenera, a classification system that since became widely accepted, though modern genetic studies have found that many of these subgenera are not monophyletic.<ref name=":0" />
Some treatments have recognized dozens of species each for what other, comparably qualified botanists have considered single, more variable species. On the other hand, species in the other Rubus subgenera (such as the raspberries) are generally distinct, or else involved in more routine one-or-a-few taxonomic debates, such as whether the European and American red raspberries are better treated as one species or two (in this case, the two-species view is followed here, with R. idaeus and R. strigosus both recognized; if these species are combined, then the older name R. idaeus has priority for the broader species).
The classification presented below recognizes 13 subgenera within Rubus, with the largest subgenus (Rubus) in turn divided into 12 sections. Representative examples are presented, but many more species are not mentioned here. A comprehensive 2019 study found subgenera Orobatus and Anoplobatus to be monophyletic, while all other subgenera to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.<ref name="Carter-2019">Template:Cite journal</ref>
Phylogeny
[edit]The genus has a likely North American origin,<ref name="Carter-2019" /> with fossils known from the Eocene-aged Florissant Formation of Colorado, around 34 million years old.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> Rubus expanded into Eurasia, South America, and Oceania during the Miocene.<ref name="Carter-2019" /> Fossil seeds from the early Miocene of Rubus have been found in the Czech part of the Zittau Basin.<ref>Acta Palaeobotanica – 43(1): 9-49, January 2003 – Early Miocene carpological material from the Czech part of the Zittau Basin – Vasilis Teodoridis</ref> Many fossil fruits of †Rubus laticostatus, †Rubus microspermus and †Rubus semirotundatus have been extracted from bore hole samples of the Middle Miocene fresh water deposits in Nowy Sacz Basin, West Carpathians, Poland.<ref>Łańcucka-Środoniowa M.: Macroscopic plant remains from the freshwater Miocene of the Nowy Sącz Basin (West Carpathians, Poland) [Szczątki makroskopowe roślin z miocenu słodkowodnego Kotliny Sądeckiej (Karpaty Zachodnie, Polska)]. Acta Palaeobotanica 1979 20 (1): 3-117.</ref>
Molecular data have backed up classifications based on geography and chromosome number, but following morphological data, such as the structure of the leaves and stems, do not appear to produce a phylogenetic classification.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Species
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Better-known species of Rubus include: Template:Div col
- Rubus aboriginum – garden dewberry
- Rubus allegheniensis – Allegheny blackberry
- Rubus arcticus – Arctic raspberry
- Rubus argutus
- Rubus armeniacus – Himalayan blackberry
- Rubus caesius – European dewberry
- Rubus canadensis – smooth blackberry
- Rubus chamaemorus – cloudberry
- Rubus cockburnianus – white-stemmed bramble
- Rubus coreanus – bokbunja
- Rubus crataegifolius
- Rubus deliciosus
- Rubus domingensis
- Rubus ellipticus
- Rubus flagellaris – northern dewberry
- Rubus fraxinifolius – mountain raspberry
- Rubus glaucus
- Rubus hawaiensis
- Rubus hispidus – swamp dewberry
- Rubus idaeus – red raspberry
- Rubus illecebrosus
- Rubus laciniatus – cut-leaved blackberry
- Rubus leucodermis – whitebark raspberry
- Rubus moluccanus
- Rubus nepalensis
- Rubus nivalis – snow raspberry
- Rubus niveus
- Rubus occidentalis – black raspberry
- Rubus odoratus – purple-flowered raspberry
- Rubus parviflorus – thimbleberry
- Rubus pedatus
- Rubus pensilvanicus – Pennsylvania blackberry
- Rubus phoenicolasius – wineberry
- Rubus probus
- Rubus pubescens – dwarf raspberry
- Rubus rosifolius
- Rubus saxatilis – stone bramble
- Rubus spectabilis – salmonberry
- Rubus tricolor
- Rubus trivialis – Southern dewberry
- Rubus ulmifolius – elm-leaved blackberry
- Rubus ursinus – trailing blackberry
- Rubus vestitus – European blackberryTemplate:Div col end
A more complete subdivision is as follows:
Hybrid berries
[edit]The term "hybrid berry" is often used collectively for those fruits in the genus Rubus which have been developed mainly in the U.S. and U.K. in the last 130 years. As Rubus species readily interbreed and are apomicts (able to set seed without fertilisation), the parentage of these plants is often highly complex, but is generally agreed to include cultivars of blackberries (R. ursinus, R. fruticosus) and raspberries (R. idaeus). The British National Collection of Rubus stands at over 200 species and, although not within the scope of the National Collection, also hold many cultivars.<ref>National Collection of Rubus Species, Houghton, England, United Kingdom Template:Webarchive www.rubusspecies.com</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The hybrid berries include:-<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
- loganberry (California, U.S., 1883) R. ×loganobaccus, a spontaneous hybrid between R. ursinus 'Aughinbaugh' and R. idaeus 'Red Antwerp'
- boysenberry (U.S., 1920s) a hybrid between R. idaeus and R. × loganobaccus
- nectarberry Suspected variant of boysenberry, a hybrid between R. idaeus and R. × loganobaccus
- olallieberry (U.S., 1930s) a hybrid between the loganberry and youngberry, themselves both hybrid berries
- veitchberry (Europe, 1930s) a hybrid between R. fruticosus and R. idaeus
- skellyberry (Texas, U.S., 2000s), a hybrid between R. invisus and R. phoenicolasius
- marionberry (1956) now thought to be a blackberry cultivar R. 'Marion'
- silvanberry, R. 'Silvan', a hybrid between R. 'Marion' and the boysenberry
- tayberry (Dundee, Scotland, 1979), another blackberry/raspberry hybrid
- tummelberry, R. 'Tummel', from the same Scottish breeding programme as the tayberry
- hildaberry (1980s), a tayberry/boysenberry hybrid discovered by an amateur grower
- youngberry, a complex hybrid of raspberries, blackberries, and dewberries
Etymology
[edit]The generic name means blackberry in Latin and was derived from the word ruber, meaning "red".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
The blackberries, as well as various other Rubus species with mounding or rambling growth habits, are often called brambles.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, this name is not used for those like the raspberry that grow as upright canes, or for trailing or prostrate species, such as most dewberries, or various low-growing boreal, arctic, or alpine species. The scientific study of brambles is known as "batology". "Bramble" comes from Old English bræmbel, a variant of bræmel.<ref name="dict" />
See also
[edit]- Mulberry, an unrelated deciduous tree with similar looking fruit