Rovaniemi

Template:About Template:Infobox settlement Rovaniemi (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell,<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Template:IPA; Template:Langx Template:IPA; Template:Langx; Template:Langx) is a city in Finland and the regional capital of Lapland. It is located near the Arctic Circle in the northern interior of the country. The population of Rovaniemi is approximately {{#expr:Template:Data Finland municipality/population countround −3}}, while the sub-region has a population of approximately {{#expr: Template:Data Finland municipality/population count + Template:Data Finland municipality/population countround −3}}. It is the Template:Ordinal most populous municipality in Finland, and the 12th most populous urban area in the country.

Rovaniemi is the administrative capital and commercial centre of Finland's northernmost province, Lapland, and its southern part Peräpohjola. The city centre is situated about Template:Convert south of the Arctic Circle and is between the hills of Ounasvaara and Korkalovaara, at the confluence of the river Kemijoki and its tributary, the Ounasjoki. It is the second-largest city of Northern Finland after Oulu, and, together with the capital city Helsinki, it is one of Finland's most significant tourist cities in terms of foreign tourism.<ref>Lapin Kansa: Rovaniemen ja Helsingin johtajat saivat ministeriltä tehtävän miettiä, miten matkailu nousee korona-ajan mentyä ohi – Rahaa on luvassa EU:n elpymispaketista (in Finnish)</ref><ref name="kuivas-yle">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2024, CNN listed Rovaniemi as "one of the best places in the world to celebrate Christmas."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The city and the surrounding Template:Lang (Rural municipality of Rovaniemi) were consolidated into a single entity on 1 January 2006. Rovaniemi municipality has an approximate population of {{#expr: Template:Data Finland municipality/population count round −3 }}. The urban area of Rovaniemi has a population of 53,361, in an area of about Template:Cvt. Rovaniemi is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality, and unusually for larger Finnish towns, it is also known by its Finnish name and spelling in the Swedish language.

The coat of arms of Rovaniemi was designed by Toivo Vuorela. Its explanation is "in the green field, a silver pall with light-height upper branches; accompanied by a golden flame in the upper corner".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was approved on 15 August 1956 by the Rovaniemi Rural Municipal Council and confirmed on October 26 at the Ministry of the Interior as the coat of arms of the Rovaniemi Rural Council.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Name

The rova part in the name Rovaniemi has often been considered to be of Saami origin, as Template:Lang in Northern Saami denotes a forested ridge or hill or the site of an old forest fire. The niemi part of the name means "cape". The name of the town in the Saami languages spoken in Finland are Template:Langx, Template:Langx and Template:Lang and Template:Langx.

History

Periodic clearance of new land for agriculture and the practice of slash-and-burn cultivation began around 750–530 BC. Artifacts found in the area suggest that an increasing number of travellers from Karelia in the east, Häme in the south and the Arctic Ocean coast in the north must have come there from 500 AD onwards. The Sami are indigenous to Sápmi.

Rovaniemi is first mentioned by name in official documents in 1453, existing as a set of small villages whose inhabitants earned their living mainly in agriculture and animal husbandry—with fishing and hunting the most important offshoots.Template:Citation needed

The exploitation of Lapland's natural resources in the 1800s boosted Rovaniemi's growth. Extensive logging sites and gold fever attracted thousands of people to Lapland. As the mining of natural resources was increased, Rovaniemi became the business centre of the province of Lapland.

The township decree was promulgated on 27 June 1928, as a result of which Rovaniemi seceded from the old rural municipality as its own market town on 1 January 1929.<ref>Tällaista oli elämä Rovaniemen kauppalassa ennen kuin siitä tuli kaupunki – lapsia oli niin paljon, että koulut olivat tupaten täynnä, teiden kunnosta naristiin ja ulkopaikkakuntalaiset rötöstelivät – Lapin Kansa (in Finnish)</ref>

World War II

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File:Rebuilding Rovaniemi in 1949.webm

Rebuilding Rovaniemi in 1949

During World War II, Finland signed the Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944 and was required to expel forces of its former German ally. In the Lapland War retreating German forces utilised scorched earth tactics, and though initially German General Lothar Rendulic ordered only the public buildings in Rovaniemi to be destroyed, on 13 October 1944, the German army received orders to destroy all the buildings in Rovaniemi,<ref name="nytimes"/><ref name="watts-guardian"/> only excluding hospitals and houses where inhabitants were present.<ref name="sk">Suomen Kuvalehti 39/2004</ref>

While the German rearguard was going about the destruction, an ammunition train in Rovaniemi station exploded and set fire to the wooden houses of the town. The German troops suffered many casualties, mainly from glass splinters. During these hostilities, 90% of all the buildings in Rovaniemi were destroyed.<ref name="watts-guardian">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="kallioniemi">Kallioniemi 1989, s. 196–209</ref> There is a German cemetery 19 km from Rovaniemi where soldiers killed fighting in Lapland during the war are buried.

Although there has been continuous human settlement in the Rovaniemi area since at least the Stone Age, few of the buildings date back before 1944, since most of the city was destroyed during World War II. When the city was rebuilt, it was designed with input by the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto,<ref name="nytimes"/><ref name="watts-guardian"/> who planned the city's footprint in the shape of a reindeer's head, with the city roads forming the antlers, and the local sports stadium as the reindeer's eye.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Geography

Climate

Template:Climate chart Due to its location near the Arctic Circle, Rovaniemi has a subarctic climate (Köppen Dfc) with short, pleasant summers, while the winters are long, cold and snowy. The city lies just south of the Template:Convert mean annual isotherm, but freezing in the soil is very limited even during the winter due to typical heavy snow cover. Its extreme northerly location combined with frequent overcast skies leads to very low levels of sunshine in the winter months; December averages just under six minutes of sunshine daily.

Winters are somewhat modified by marine air from the North Atlantic Current that ensures average temperatures are less extreme than expected for an inland area at such a northerly latitude. Nevertheless, Rovaniemi still has colder winters than areas at similar latitudes in Norway or Sweden.

On 26 April 2019, Rovaniemi recorded its warmest April day on record with Template:Convert.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Weather box Template:Weather box

File:Lordin Aukio.jpg

Rovaniemi's Lordi's Square in February 2020

The average annual temperature in Rovaniemi is Template:Convert. Snow stays on the ground 175 days a year on average. The lowest temperature ever recorded at the airport is Template:Convert, recorded on 28 January 1999. However, on the same day temperatures as cold as -47.5 C were recorded at nearby weather stations.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The highest temperature ever recorded is Template:Convert, recorded on 18 July 2018 at the railway station.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Despite the fact that Rovaniemi experiences polar day between 7 June and 6 July (30 days) it does not experience polar night. However, the sun barely gets above the horizon in the winter.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Populated places

Some of the neighborhoods are former rural villages, and the longest distance from said neighborhoods to the city center (a.k.a. "Rovaniemi proper") can be estimated to almost a hundred kilometers apart:

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Demographics

Population

Template:Historical populations The city of Rovaniemi has Template:Data Finland municipality/population count inhabitants, making it the Template:Ordinal most populous municipality in Finland. The Rovaniemi region has a population of {{#expr: Template:Data Finland municipality/population count + Template:Data Finland municipality/population count}}.

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Languages

Template:Pie chart Rovaniemi is a monolingual Finnish-speaking municipality. Template:As of, the majority of the population, Template:Data Finland municipality/native language Finnish persons (Template:Percentage), spoke Finnish as their first language. In addition, the number of Swedish speakers was Template:Data Finland municipality/native language Swedish persons (Template:Percentage) of the population. Foreign languages were spoken by Template:Pct of the population. The number of Sámi speakers, Finland's third official language, was Template:Data Finland municipality/native language Sami persons (Template:Percentage) of the population.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/> As English and Swedish are compulsory school subjects, functional bilingualism or trilingualism acquired through language studies is not uncommon.

At least 40 different languages are spoken in Rovaniemi. The most common foreign languages are Russian (0.7%), Ukrainian (0.6%), English (0.4%), Chinese (0.4%) and Arabic (0.3%).<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>

Immigration

Nationality	Population	%
Population by country of birth (2024)<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>
Template:Flag	61,355	93.4
Template:Flag	805	1.2
Template:Flag	434	0.7
Template:Flag	255	0.4
Template:Flag	215	0.3
Template:Flag	174	0.3
Template:Flag	158	0.2
Template:Flag	136	0.2
Template:Flag	123	0.2
Template:Flag	91	0.1
Template:Flag	87	0.1
Other	1,889	2.9

Template:As of, there were 3,778 persons with a migrant background living in Rovaniemi, or 6% of the population.Template:Refn The number of residents who were born abroad was 4,367, or 7% of the population. The number of persons with foreign citizenship living in Rovaniemi was 2,886. Most foreign-born citizens came from Sweden, the former Soviet Union, Ukraine, China and Russia.<ref name="statistics-finland-population-2024-final"/>

The relative share of immigrants in Rovaniemi's population is below to the national average. However, the city's new residents are increasingly of foreign origin. This will increase the proportion of foreign residents in the coming years.

Religion

In 2023, the Evangelical Lutheran Church was the largest religious group with 69.1% of the population of Rovaniemi. Other religious groups accounted for 1.6% of the population. 29.3% of the population had no religious affiliation.<ref>Key figures on population by region, 1990-2023 Statistics Finland</ref>

Of the revival movements within the church, Conservative Laestadianism is particularly active in the locality, with three peace associations in the locality: the Rovaniemi Peace Association,<ref>Rovaniemen Rauhanyhdistys ry (in Finnish)</ref> the Rautionsaari Peace Association<ref>Rautionsaaren Rauhanyhdistys Template:Webarchive (in Finnish)</ref> and the Viirinkylä Peace Association.<ref>Viirinkylän Rauhanyhdistys (in Finnish)</ref>

Other local communities include the Rovaniemi Pentecostal Church, a member of the Finnish Pentecostal Church,<ref>Seurakunnat – Suomen helluntaikirkko (in Finnish)</ref> and the Rovaniemi Adventist Church, part of the Finnish Adventist Church.<ref>Suomenkieliset seurakunnat – Rovaniemen adventtiseurakunta Template:Webarchive (in Finnish)</ref>

Economy

File:Rovaniemi 06101999 rescanned.jpg

Rovaniemi in 1999

Since Rovaniemi is the capital of the region of Lapland, many government institutions have their offices there. About 10,000 of the inhabitants are students. Rovaniemi is home to not only the University of Lapland but also the Lapland University of Applied Sciences (formerly known as the Rovaniemi Polytechnic), which comprises institutes of information and traditional technology, business, health and social care, culinary studies, forestry, rural studies, and sports. Local newspapers include the Lapin Kansa, Uusi Rovaniemi and Lappilainen. Template:Further

Tourism

File:Rovaniemi in Summer.jpg

Summer in Rovaniemi, which includes the Midnight sun

Because of the unspoiled nature of the area and numerous recreational opportunities, tourism is an important industry in Rovaniemi. The city has a number of hotels and restaurants located both in the centre and on the outskirts of the town, hosting over 481,000 visitors in 2013.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Tourism can be seen and heard in the city's streetscape, at the Arctic Circle and at Rovaniemi Airport, one of Finland's busiest airports in terms of passenger numbers.<ref>Facts about Rovaniemi Airport – Finavia</ref> However, as a mild phenomenon, popularity of the city has also brought overtourism, from which the locals suffer.<ref name="nytimes">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="kuivas-yle"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

File:Jätkänkynttilä bridge 2022.jpg

Jätkänkynttilä - Swedish torch Bridge

Rovaniemi is also considered by Finns to be the official home town of Santa Claus.<ref name="nytimes"/><ref name="kuivas-yle"/><ref name="northpole">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="village">Santa Claus' Village on the Arctic Circle in Rovaniemi in Lapland in Finland Template:Webarchive</ref><ref name="office">Template:Cite web</ref> It is home to the Santa Claus Village at the Arctic Circle and SantaPark Arctic World, which is located Template:Convert north of the centre.

Directly across the river from the town is the Ounasvaara ski centre.<ref>Ounasvaara Outdoor Resort (in English)</ref> There have been recreational activities in the Ounasvaara area since 1927,<ref>Ounasvaara - Luonto Rovaniemi (in Finnish)</ref> when the first winter sports were also organized.<ref>HYVINVOINTI-SUOMEN LIIKUNTAYMPÄRISTÖT TEEMAHANKE 2011-2012: Ounasvaaran liikuntaympäristöt (Urheiluopisto erillinen alue), Rovaniemi (in Finnish)</ref> The top of the Ounasvaara hill bears the site of some of the earliest known human settlements in the area.

A phenomenon also attracting numerous tourists is the Aurora Borealis or Northern Lights.<ref>When to See The Northern Lights in Rovaniemi + Other FAQ’s – Visit Rovaniemi</ref> In Finnish Lapland, the number of auroral displays can be as high as 200 a year, whereas in southern Finland, the number is usually fewer than 20.

Attractions

File:Santa Claus Village.jpg

Santa Claus Village

Rovaniemi's most prominent landmarks include the Jätkänkynttilä bridge with its eternal flame over the Kemijoki river, the Arktikum Science Museum, which rises out of the bank of the Ounasjoki river, the Rovaniemi city hall, the Lappia Hall, which serves as a theatre, concert hall, and congress centre, and the library.

The last three mentioned buildings are designed by Alvar Aalto. The Arktikum Science Museum is a comprehensive museum of Finland's, and the world's, Arctic regions.

Sports

File:Rovaniemen keskuskenttä, uudistettu.jpg

Rovaniemi's Keskuskenttä, home ground of RoPS

The city is home to the football clubs Rovaniemen Palloseura, or RoPS, part of Ykkönen, the Finnish third division, and FC Santa Claus, part of the sixth division; to the ice hockey team Rovaniemen Kiekko, or RoKi, whose home arena is Lappi Areena and which competes in Mestis, the second-highest league in Finland; and to the volleyball team called Team Lakkapää (formerly Rovaniemen Santasport and Perungan Pojat), which plays in the Finland Volleyball League and won the national championship in 2003, 2007, 2008 and 2011. The Rovaniemi Nordmen, an American Football team, was formed in 2013 and has played at various levels throughout the Finnish American Football Association.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Rovaniemi has hosted several international ski competition, including the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1984, several FIS Nordic Combined World Cup and FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup events, the 2005 FIS Nordic Junior World Ski Championships, the 1970 Winter Universiade and the 2008 Winter Transplant Games.

In 2021, Rovaniemi hosted the World Rally Championship for 2021 Arctic Rally Finland, the first WRC event held inside the Arctic Circle.

Transport

File:Rovaniemi's Airport 2022.jpg

Rovaniemi Airport

VR Group, the Finnish state railway system, operates direct daytime and overnight passenger trains from Rovaniemi Station to Oulu, Tampere, Helsinki and Turku. Diesel-powered passenger trains operated northeast of Rovaniemi to Kemijärvi until March 2014, when electrification to Kemijärvi was completed. Rovaniemi Airport is located about Template:Convert north of the Rovaniemi city centre, and it is the second-busiest airport in Finland after Helsinki-Vantaa Airport;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while at the beginning of the millennium, over 300 international flights landed in Rovaniemi annually, in the 2020s, the number is almost five times that.<ref name="kuivas-yle"/> The busiest time for the airport is in the Christmas season, when many people go on Santa Flights.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notable inhabitants

Template:See also

Snowboarder and 2005 Winter X Games gold medalist Antti Autti, Rovaniemi native, in April 2005 received his own piece of land in the city for being named to the 2006 Finnish Olympic team
Antti Iivari (born 1992), ice hockey player
writer Timo K. Mukka died in Rovaniemi in 1974
Nätti-Jussi ("Pretty John"), legendary lumberjack and forester
Harri Olli, ski jumper
Tanja Poutiainen Alpine skier
Tauno Luiro ski jumper, world record holder
Tomi Putaansuu, better known as Mr. Lordi lead singer of the hard rock band and 2006 Eurovision Song Contest winner Lordi
Jari Tervo, author
Miia Tervo, film director
Antti Tuisku, singer
Santa Claus Village in Rovaniemi, said to be the residence of Father Christmas<ref name="northpole"/><ref name="village"/><ref name="office"/>
Progressive rock band Absoluuttinen Nollapiste
The black metal band Beherit came from Rovaniemi

Twin towns – sister cities

Template:See also Rovaniemi is twinned with:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

Ajka, Hungary
Alanya, Turkey
Cadillac, United States
Grindavík, Iceland
Harbin, China
Kassel, Germany
Kiruna, Sweden
Narvik, Norway
Neustrelitz, Germany
Olsztyn, Poland
Sankt Johann in Tirol, Austria
Veszprém, Hungary

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In March 2022, Rovaniemi suspended the agreement with Murmansk, Russia due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In popular culture

File:Lordi Square Rovaniemi.jpg

Hand prints and signatures of Lordi's line-up at the time can be seen at the Lordi's Square

A 1996 Christmas episode of Tots TV called "Lapland Out" took place in Rovaniemi.

The 1998 Spanish romantic film Lovers of the Arctic Circle (Los amantes del Círculo Polar), by director Julio Medem, partly takes place in Rovaniemi.

Rovaniemi appears in the video game Tom Clancy's EndWar as a possible battlefield. In the game, Rovaniemi houses military facilities critical to a missile shield for a European Federation.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Rovaniemi is a central scene in a documentary film Reindeerspotting.

TV-Star Bam Margera and his friends travelled to Rovaniemi in their film Bam Margera Presents: Where the ♯$&% Is Santa? in order to find Santa Claus who is assumed to live in Rovaniemi.

A version of the music video for Lordi's song "Hard Rock Hallelujah" was filmed near Rovaniemi for the opening of the 2007 Eurovision Song Contest.<ref>Template:Cite video Template:Cbignore</ref> After winning the contest, a square called the Lordi's Square (Lordin aukio) in the city center of Rovaniemi has been named after the band.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The video for the Nightwish single "The Islander" was filmed in Rovaniemi by Stobe Harju.

File:Rovaniemi McDonald 01.jpg

McDonald's location at Rovaniemi, formerly the northernmost McDonald's in the world from 1997 to 2013 and from 2022 to 2024.

Rovaniemi used to have the northernmost location of any McDonald's in the world from 1997<ref>Template:Cite press release</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> until the opening of a McDonald's in Murmansk in 2013, 23 years after it first opened in that country.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> However, the title of the northernmost in the world returned to Rovaniemi in 2022, when in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, all Russian McDonald's restaurants were closed, and rebranded to Vkusno i tochka.<ref>'Until we meet again,' McDonald’s tells Russia as it exits the country for good - DailyO</ref> In January 2024, Rovaniemi once again lost the title of having the northernmost McDonald's in the world as a new restaurant opened in Tromsø, Norway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Rovaniemi appears as one location of Gavin Lyall's 1963 book The Most Dangerous Game, a spy-thriller set in Lapland and the northern USSR.

Rovaniemi was featured in the first episode of The Reluctant Traveler.

Hallmark Media's 2024 television film The Finnish Line features scenes shot in Santa Claus Village.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Notes

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References