Pisces (constellation)

Pisces is a constellation of the zodiac. Its vast bulk – and main asterism viewed in most European cultures per Greco-Roman antiquity as a distant pair of fishes connected by one cord each that join at an apex – are in the Northern celestial hemisphere. Its old astronomical symbol is File:Pisces symbol (fixed width).svg (♓︎). Its name is Latin for "fishes". It is between Aquarius, of similar size, to the southwest and Aries, which is smaller, to the east. The ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect within this constellation and in Virgo. The Sun passes directly overhead of the equator, on average, at approximately this point in the sky, at the March equinox.

The right ascension/declination 00 is located within the boundaries of Pisces.

Features

File:PiscesCC.jpg

The constellation Pisces as it can be seen by naked eye

The March equinox is currently located in Pisces, due south of Psc, and, due to precession, slowly drifting due west, just below the western fish towards Aquarius.

Stars

Template:See also Although Pisces is a large constellation, there are only two stars brighter than magnitude 4 in Pisces. It is also the second dimmest of the zodiac constellations.

• Alrescha ("the cord"), otherwise Alpha Piscium (α Psc), 309.8 lightyears, class A2, magnitude 3.62, variable binary star<ref name=wraight2011>Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Fumalsamakah<ref name="IAU-LSN">Template:Cite web</ref> ("mouth of the fish"), otherwise Beta Piscium (β Psc), 492 lightyears, class B6Ve, magnitude 4.48
• Delta Piscium (δ Psc), 305 lightyears, class K5III, magnitude 4.44. Like other stars near the ecliptic, Delta Piscium is subject to lunar occultations.<ref name=Meyer1995>Template:Citation</ref>
• Epsilon Piscium (ε Psc), 190 lightyears, class K0III, magnitude 4.27. Has a candidate exoplanet.<ref name=Teng2021>Template:Citation</ref>
• Revati<ref name="IAU-LSN"/> ("rich"), otherwise Zeta Piscium (ζ Psc), 148 lightyears, class A7IV, magnitude 5.21. Quintuple star system.<ref name=RevatiEggleton2008>Template:Citation</ref>
• Alpherg ("emptying"),<ref name="IAU-LSN"/> otherwise Eta Piscium (η Psc), 349 lightyears, class G7 IIIa, magnitude 3.62. It is a Gamma Cassiopeiae variable<ref name=Cvetkovic2010>Template:Citation</ref> with a weak magnetic field.<ref name=Auriere2015>Template:Citation</ref>
• Torcular ("thread"),<ref name="IAU-LSN"/> otherwise Omicron Piscium (ο Psc), 258 lightyears, class K0III, magnitude 4.2. It is an evolved red giant star on the horizontal branch.<ref name=Reffert2015>Template:Citation</ref>
• Omega Piscium (ω Psc), 106 lightyears, class F4IV, magnitude 4.03. It is an F-type star that is either a subgiant or on the main sequence.<ref name=abt2009>Template:Citation</ref><ref name=Griffin1960>Template:Citation</ref>
• Gamma Piscium (γ Psc), 138 lightyears, magnitude 3.70. The star hosts an exoplanet which was discovered in 2021.<ref name=Teng2021>Template:Citation</ref> It has a spectral type of G8 III.<ref name="Baines2018">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Van Maanen's Star is the closest-known solitary white dwarf to us, with a dim apparent magnitude. It is located about 2° to the south of the star Delta Piscium,<ref name=burham1978>Template:Citation</ref> with a relatively high proper motion of 2.978″ annually along a position angle of 155.538°.<ref name=aj147_6_129>Template:Citation</ref> It is closer to the Sun than any other solitary white dwarf. It is too faint to be seen with the naked eye.<ref name=burham1978/> Like other white dwarfs, it is a very dense star: its mass has been estimated to be about 67% of the Sun's,<ref name=Limoges2015>Template:Citation</ref> yet it has only 1% of the Sun's radius.<ref name="ApJS199_2_29">Template:Citation Based on log L/Template:Solar luminosity = −3.77.</ref> The outer atmosphere has a temperature of approximately 6,110 K,<ref name=Limoges2015/> which is relatively cool for a white dwarf. As all white dwarfs steadily radiate away their heat over time, this temperature can be used to estimate its age, thought to be around 3 billion years.<ref name=aj138_6_1681>Template:Citation</ref> It was originally thought to be an F-type star before the properties of white dwarfs were known.<ref name=Holberg2009>Template:Citation</ref><ref name="van_maanen">Template:Citation</ref>

Due to the dimness of these stars, the constellation is essentially invisible in or near any major city due to light pollution.

Deep-sky objects

M74 is a loosely wound (type Sc) spiral galaxy in Pisces, found at a distance of 30 million light years (redshift 0.0022). It has many clusters of young stars and the associated nebulae, showing extensive regions of star formation. It was discovered by Pierre Méchain, a French astronomer, in 1780. A type II-P supernova was discovered in the outer regions of M74 by Robert Evans in June 2003; the star that underwent the supernova was later identified as a red supergiant with a mass of 8 solar masses.<ref name="Wilkins Dunn 2006" /> It is the brightest member of the M74 Group.<ref> Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="garcia1993"> Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="giuricinetal2002"> Template:Cite journal</ref>

NGC 488 is an isolated face-on prototypical spiral galaxy.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Two supernovae have been observed in the galaxy.<ref>List of Supernovae IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 29 December 2015.</ref>

NGC 520 is a pair of colliding galaxies located 105 million light-years away.<ref name=NGC520dist>Template:Cite journal</ref>

CL 0024+1654 is a massive galaxy cluster that lenses the galaxy behind it, creating arc-shaped images of the background galaxy. The cluster is primarily made up of yellow elliptical and spiral galaxies, at a distance of 3.6 billion light-years from Earth (redshift 0.4), half as far away as the background galaxy, which is at a distance of 5.7 billion light-years (redshift 1.67).<ref name="Wilkins Dunn 2006" /> <ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

3C 31 is an active galaxy and radio source in Perseus 237 million light-years from Earth (redshift 0.0173). Its jets, caused by the supermassive black hole at its center, extend several million light-years in opposing directions, making them some of the largest objects in the universe.

History and mythology

File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Pisces.jpg

From Urania's Mirror (1824)

Pisces originates from some composition of the Babylonian constellations Šinunutu₄ "the great swallow" in current western Pisces, and Anunitum the "Lady of the Heaven", at the place of the northern fish. In the first-millennium BC texts known as the Astronomical Diaries, part of the constellation was also called DU.NU.NU (Rikis-nu.mi, "the fish cord or ribbon").<ref>Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions by J. H. Rogers 1998, page 19 page 19 (table 3, rows 2-3) and page 27</ref>

Greco-Roman period

Pisces is associated with the Greek legend that Aphrodite and her son Eros either shape-shifted into forms of fishes to escape, or were rescued by two fishes.

In the Greek version according to Hyginus, Aphrodite and Eros while visiting Syria fled from the monster Typhon by leaping into the Euphrates River and transforming into fishes (Poeticon astronomicon 2.30, citing Diognetus Erythraeus).Template:Sfnp The Roman variant of the story has Venus and Cupid (counterparts for Aphrodite and Eros) carried away from this danger on the backs of two fishes (Ovid Fasti 2.457ff).Template:Sfnp<ref name=ovid-fasti-tr-nagle/>

There is also a different origin tale that Hyginus preserved in another work. According to this, an egg rolled into the Euphrates, and some fishes nudged this to shore, after which the doves sat on the egg until Aphrodite (thereafter called the Syrian Goddess) hatched out of it. The fishes were then rewarded by being placed in the skies as a constellation (Fabulae 197).<ref name=rigoglioso/>Template:Sfnp This story is also recorded by the Third Vatican Mythographer.<ref name=van-berg/>

Modern period

File:Pisces - Prodromus astronomiae 1690 (5590556).jpg

Pisces in Hevelius's map (1690). As with all Hevelius's figures this one is shown as seen on a globe, so appears a mirror image by comparison with the sky

In 1690, the astronomer Johannes Hevelius in his Firmamentum Sobiescianum regarded the constellation Pisces as being composed of four subdivisions:<ref name="Hevelius" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

• Piscis Boreus (the North Fish): σ – 68 – 65 – 67 – ψ¹ – ψ² – ψ³ – χ – φ – υ – 91 – τ – 82 – 78 Psc.
• Linum Boreum (the North Cord):<ref name="Hevelius" /> χ – ρ,94 – VX(97) – η – π – ο – α Psc.
• Linum Austrinum (the South Cord):<ref name="Hevelius" /> α – ξ – ν – μ – ζ – ε – δ – 41 – 35 – ω Psc.
• Piscis Austrinus (the South Fish):<ref name="Hevelius" /> ω – ι – θ – 7 – β – 5 – κ,9 – λ – TX(19) Psc.

"Piscis Austrinus" now refers to a separate constellation in its own right, which Hevelius and Bode called Piscis Notius.

In 1754, the botanist and author John Hill proposed to sever a southern zone of Pisces as Testudo (the Turtle).<ref name=allen/> 24 – 27 – YY(30) – 33 – 29 Psc.,<ref name=ciofi>Ciofi, Claudio; Torre, Pietro, Costellazioni Estinte (nate dal 1700 al 1800): Sezione di Ricerca per la Cultura Astronomica</ref> It would host a natural but quite faint asterism in which the star 20 Psc is the head of the turtle. While Admiral Smyth mentioned the proposal,<ref>Smyth, W. H., (1884) The Bedford Catalogue, p. 23</ref> it was largely neglected by other astronomers, and it is now obsolete.<ref name=ciofi/>

Western folklore

The Fishes are in the German lore of Antenteh, who owned just a tub and a crude cabin when he met two magical fish. They offered him a wish, which he refused. However, his wife begged him to return to the fish and ask for a beautifully furnished home. This wish was granted, but her desires were not satisfied. She then asked to be a queen and have a palace, but when she asked to become a goddess, the fish became angry and took the palace and home, leaving the couple with the tub and cabin once again. The tub is sometimes recognized as the Great Square of Pegasus.Template:Sfnp

In non-Western astronomy

The stars of Pisces were incorporated into several constellations in Chinese astronomy. Wai-ping ("Outer Enclosure") was a fence that kept a pig farmer from falling into the marshes and kept the pigs where they belonged. It was represented by Alpha, Delta, Epsilon, Zeta, Mu, Nu, and Xi Piscium. The marshes were represented by the four stars designated Phi Ceti. The northern fish of Pisces was a part of the House of the Sandal, Koui-siou.Template:Sfnp

See also

• List of star names in Pisces
• Pisces (Chinese astronomy)

Sources

• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Template:Cite book
• Richard Hinckley Allen, Star Names, Their Lore and Legend, New York, Dover: various dates.
• Template:Cite book
• Thomas Wm. Hamilton, Useful Star Names, Strategic Books, 2008.

External links

• The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Pisces
• Ian Ridpath's Star Tales – Pisces
• Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (medieval and early modern images of Pisces)