Names of God in Islam

Template:Short description Template:Redirect Template:Redirect Template:External links Template:Allah

Names of God in Islam (Template:Langx) are 99 names that each contain Attributes of God in Islam,<ref name="Muhammad al-Sharif attributes of God">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala" /><ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Onomastics between Sacred and Profane" /><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> which are implied by the respective names.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

These names usually denote his praise, gratitude, commendation, glorification, magnification, perfect attributes, majestic qualities, and acts of wisdom, mercy, benefit, and justice from Allah, as believed by Muslims. These names are commonly called upon by Muslims during prayers, supplications, and remembrance, as they hold significant spiritual and theological importance, serving as a means for Muslims to connect with God. Each name reflects a specific attribute of Allah and serves as a means for believers to understand and relate to the Divine.

Some names are known from either the Qur’an or the hadith, while others can be found in both sources, although most are found in the Qur’an.<ref name="morg10" /> Additionally, Muslims also believe that there are more names of God besides those found in the Qur'an and hadith and that God has kept knowledge of these names hidden with himself, and no one else knows them completely and fully except him.

List of names

Different sources give different lists of the 99 names. The most commonly known list is based on the one found in the Jamiʿ at-Tirmidhi (9th century) that was narrated by al-Walid ibn Muslim, which is the most commonly known.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> However, al-Tirmidhi comments on his list: "This (version of the) hadith is gharib [unusual]; it has been narrated from various routes on the authority of Abu Hurayrah, but we do not know of the mention of the Names in the numerous narrations, except this one." Other hadiths, such as those of al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, Ibn Majah, al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi or Ibn ʿAsākir, have variant lists. Various early Muslim exegetes, including Jaʿfar al-Sadiq, Sufyan ibn `Uyaynah, Ibn Hazm, al-Qurtubi, and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, have given their own versions of lists of 99 names.

al-Tirmidhi's list

Pronunciation	Classical Arabic (Quranic/ classical written forms)<ref>Please note the written Arabic spelling of the names written in Arabic in the table are in the vowelled Classical/Quranic form (proper = in the Quran and Ahādith) with the square bracketed "[.]" variant of the written Arabic forms given in common or modern texts—usually in media, some long vowels and punctuations are omitted for the easier typing and reading.</ref>	Romanization	Translation	Reference
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	ar-Raḥmān	The Most Merciful (in major affairs)/<ref name="Rahman Rahim difference">Template:Cite book</ref> The Beneficent/ All-Compassionate/ Most Gracious/	Quran: Beginning of every Surah (chapter) except one, and numerous other places. The first Ayah (verse) of Surah ar-Raḥman (Surah 55) consists only of this name.
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	ar-Raḥīm	The Most Merciful/ Ever-Merciful/ Merciful/ Most Clement (in specific or detailed affairs).<ref name="Rahman Rahim difference" />	Quran: Beginning of every Surah except one, and numerous other places.
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Malik	The King/ Lord/ Sovereign/ Dominion/ Master/Possessor of the Throne of God.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> [also means "the God/ Lord, the One and Only", "Possessor of Supreme Power or Authority"]	Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Quddūs	The Holy/ All-Holy/ All-Pure/ Sacred/ All-Sacred	Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	as-Salām	The Giver of Peace/ Peace/ All-Calm/ Ever-Tranquil	Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muʾmin	The Granter of Security/ the Giver/ Faith/ Supreme Believer (of Belief)/ Giver of Belief/ All-Assurer	Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muhaymin	The Controller/ Absolute Authority Over All/ Guardian Over All/ Absolute Master/ Eternal Dominating	Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-ʿAzīz	The Exalted in Might and Power/ Exalted/ Powerful/ Almighty/ Mighty	Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran,Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Jabbār	The Omnipotent/ Supreme Power/ Possessor of Having All Power/ Strong	Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Mutakabbir	The Possessor of Greatness/ Supreme/ Justly Proud	Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Khāliq	The Creator/ Creator of the Universe/ Maker/ True Originator/ Absolute Author	Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Bāriʾ	The Initiator/ Evolver/ Eternal Spirit Worshipped By All, Have Absolute Power Over All Matters, Nature and Events	Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muṣawwir	The Fashioner/ Shaper/ Designer/ Artist	Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ghaffār	The Repeatedly Forgiving/ Absolute Forgiver/ Pardoner/ Condoner [He Who is Ready to Pardon and Forgive]	Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran, Template:Cite Quran
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Qahhār	The Subduer/ Overcomer/ Conqueror/ Absolute Vanquisher [Possessor of Who Subdues Evil and Oppression]	12:39, 13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4, 40:16
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Wahhāb	The Absolute Bestower/ Giver/ Grantor/ Great Donor	38:9, 38:35
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	ar-Razzāq	The Provider/ Sustainer/ Bestower of Sustenance/ All-Provider	51:58
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Fattāḥ	The Opener/ Opener of the Gates of Profits/ Reliever/ The Victory Giver	34:26
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-ʿAlīm	The Knowing/ All-Knower/ Omniscient/ All-Knowledgeable/ Possessor of Knowing Much of Ever Thing/ All-Knowing	2:158, 3:92, 4:35, 24:41, 33:40
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Qābiḍ	The Restrainer/ Withholder/ Straightener/ Absolute Seizer	2:245
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Bāsiṭ	The Extender/ Expander/ Generous Provider	2:245
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Khāfiḍ	The Abaser/ Humiliator/ Downgrader [Possessor of Giving Comfort, Free from Pain Anxiety or Troubles]	56:3; al-Kafʿamī (1992:38)
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	ar-Rāfiʿ	The Exalter/ Upgrader [of Ranks]	58:11, 6:83
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muʿizz	The Giver of Honor/ Bestower of Honor/ Empowerer	3:26
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muḏill	The Giver of Dishonor/ the Giver of Disgrace	3:26
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	as-Samīʿ	The Hearing/ All-Hearing/ Hearer of Invocation	2:127, 2:256, 8:17, 49:1
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Baṣīr	The All-Seeing/ All-Seer/ Ever-Clairvoyant/ Clear-Sighted/ Clear-Seeing	4:58, 17:1, 42:11, 42:27
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ḥakam	The Judge/ Arbitrator/ Arbiter/ All-Decree/ Possessor of Authority of Decisions and Judgment	22:69
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-ʿAdl	The Just/ Authorized and Straightforward Judge of Dealing Justly	6:115
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Laṭīf	The Gentle/ Benignant/ Subtly Kind/ All-Subtle	22:63, 31:16, 33:34
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Khabīr	The All-Aware/ Well-Acquainted/ Ever-Adept	6:18, 17:30, 49:13, 59:18
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ḥalīm	The Forbearing/ Indulgent/ Oft Forbearing/ All-Enduring	2:235, 17:44, 22:59, 35:41
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-ʿAẓīm	The Most Great/ Ever-Magnificent/ Most Supreme/ Exalted/ Absolute Dignified	2:255, 42:4, 56:96
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ghafūr	The Ever-Forgiving/ Oft-Forgiving	2:173, 8:69, 16:110, 41:32
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	ash-Shakūr	The Grateful/ Appreciative/ Multiplier of Rewards	35:30, 35:34, 42:23, 64:17
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-ʿAliyy	The Sublime/ Ever-Exalted/ Supreme/ Most High/ Most Lofty	4:34, 31:30, 42:4, 42:51 34:23
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Kabīr	The Great/ Ever-Great/ Grand/ Most Great/ Greatly Abundant of Extent, Capacity and Importance	13:9, 22:62, 31:30, 34:23
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ḥafīz	The Preserver/ Ever-Preserving/ All-Watching/ Protector/ Guardian/ Oft-Conservator	11:57, 34:21, 42:6
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muqīt	The Nourisher/ Feeder	4:85
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ḥasīb	The Bringer of Judgment/ Ever-Reckoner [the One Who Takes Account of All Matters]	4:6, 4:86, 33:39
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Jalīl	The Majestic/ Exalted/ Oft-Important/ Splendid	55:27, 7:143
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Karīm	The Noble/ Bountiful/ Generous/ Precious/ Honored/ Benefactor	27:40, 82:6
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	ar-Raqīb	The Watchful/ Observer/ Ever-Watchful/ Watcher	4:1, 5:117
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Mujīb	The Responsive/ Answerer/ Supreme Answerer/ Accepter of Invocation	11:61
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Wāsiʿ	The Vast/ All-Embracing/ Omnipresent/ Boundless/ All-Encompassing	2:268, 3:73, 5:54
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ḥakīm	The Wise/ Ever-Wise/ Endowed with Sound Judgment	31:27, 46:2, 57:1, 66:2
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Wadūd	The Affectionate/ Ever-Affectionate/ Loving One/ Loving/ the Lover/ the One Who Tenders and Warm Hearts	11:90, 85:14
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Majīd	The All-Glorious/ Majestic/ Ever-Illustrious [Oft-Brilliant in Dignity, Achievements or Actions]	11:73
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Bāʿiṯ	The Resurrector/ Awakener/ Arouser/ Dispatcher	22:7
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	ash-Shahīd	The Witness/ Testifier/ Ever-Witnessing	4:166, 22:17, 41:53, 48:28
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ḥaqq	The Truth/ Reality/ the Only One Certainly Sound and Genuine in Truth	6:62, 22:6, 23:116, 24:25
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Wakīl	The Trustee, The Dependable, The Advocate	3:173, 4:171, 28:28, 73:9
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Qawiyy	The Strong	22:40, 22:74, 42:19, 57:25
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Matīn	The Firm, The Steadfast	51:58
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Waliyy	The Friend, Helper	4:45, 7:196, 42:28, 45:19
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ḥamīd	The All Praiseworthy	14:8, 31:12, 31:26, 41:42
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muḥsīy	The Accounter, The Numberer of All	72:28, 78:29
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Mubdiʾ	The Originator, The Producer, The Initiator	10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muʿīd	The Restorer, The Reinstater Who Brings Back All	10:34, 27:64, 29:19, 85:13
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muḥyē	The Giver of Life	7:158, 15:23, 30:50, 57:2
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Mumīt	The Bringer of Death	3:156, 7:158, 15:23, 57:2
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ḥayy	The Living	2:255, 3:2, 20:111, 25:58, 40:65
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Qayyūm	The Subsisting, The Independent	2:255, 3:2, 20:111
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Wājid	The Perceiver, The Finder, The Unfailing	38:44
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Mājid	The Illustrious, The Magnificent, The Glorious	85:15, 11:73; al-Kafʿamī (1992:48)
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Wāḥid	The Unique, The Single	13:16, 14:48, 38:65, 39:4
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-ʾAḥad	The One, The Indivisible	112:1
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	aṣ-Ṣamad	The Eternal, The Absolute, The Self-Sufficient	112:2
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Qādir	The All-Powerful, He Who is able to do Everything	6:65, 46:33, 75:40
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muqtadir	The Determiner, The Dominant	18:45, 54:42, 6:65
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muqaddim	The Expediter, He Who Brings Forward	16:61
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muʾakhkhir	The Delayer, He Who Puts Far Away	71:4
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-ʾAwwal	The First, The Beginning-less	57:3
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-ʾÃkhir	The Last, The Endless	57:3
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	aẓ-Ẓāhir	The Manifest, The Evident, The Outer	57:3
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Bāṭin	The Hidden, The Unmanifest, The Inner	57:3
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Wāliy	The Patron, The Protecting Friend, The Friendly Lord	13:11
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Mutʿāliy	The Supremely Exalted, The Most High	13:9
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Barr	The Good, The Beneficent	52:28
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	at-Tawwāb	The Ever-Returning, Ever-Relenting	2:128, 4:64, 49:12, 110:3
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muntaqim	The Avenger	32:22, 43:41, 44:16
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-ʿAfuww	The Pardoner, The Effacer, The Forgiver	4:43, 4:99, 4:149, 22:60, 58:2
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	ar-Raʾūf	The Kind, The Pitying	9:117, 57:9, 59:10
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	Mālik-ul-mulk	The Owner of all Sovereignty	3:26
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	Ḏū l-Jalāli wa l-ʾIkrām	The Owner, Lord of Majesty and Honour	55:27, 55:78
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Muqsiṭ	The Equitable, The Requiter	3:18,5:42,57:25,5:42
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Jāmiʿ	The Gatherer, The Unifier	3:9
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Ghāniyy	The Rich, The Independent	39:7, 47:38, 57:24
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Mughniyy	The Enricher, The Emancipator	9:28
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Māniʿ	The Preventer, The Withholder, The Shielder, The Defender	See al-Kafʿamī (1992:61)
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	aḍ-Ḍār	The Distressor, The Harmer, The Afflictor	6:17 58:10; al-Kafʿamī (1992:58)
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	an-Nāfiʿ	The Propitious, The Benefactor, The Source of Good	30:37
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	an-Nūr	The Light	24:35
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Hādī	The Guide, The Way	22:54
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Badīʿ	The Originator, The Incomparable, The Unattainable, The Beautiful	2:117, 6:101
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Bāqī	The Immutable, The Infinite, The Everlasting	55:27; al-Kafʿamī (1992:64)
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	al-Wāriṯ	The Heir, The Inheritor of All	15:23, 57:10
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	ar-Rashīd	The Guide to the Right Path	11:87 (Used Not referring to Allah)
Template:Audio	Template:Huge	aṣ-Ṣabūr	The Timeless, The Patient	2:153, 3:200, 103:3

Based on al-Tirmidhi's list above, the names for which there is no evidence, as specified by Sheikh Abd al-Muhsin al-Abbad, Sheikh Ibn Uthaymeen, and others, are as follows:Template:Quote

Comparisons of other lists

99 Names of Allah
No.	Arabic	Reference	Romanization	Translation	Narrators
No.	Arabic	Reference	Romanization	Translation	Al-Tirmidhi	Ibn Majah	Al-Hakim	Ibn Mandah	Ibn Hazm	Ibn al-Arabi	Ibn al-Wazir	Ibn Hajar	Al-Bayhaqi	Ibn Uthaymeen	Al-Ridhwani	Al-Ghasn	Ibn Nasir	Ibn Wahf	Al-Abbad
1	الله	Q1:1	Allāh	Allah	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C
2	الرحمن	Q1:1	al-Raḥmān	The Most Gracious	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C
3	الرحيم	Q1:1	al-Raḥīm	The Most Merciful	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C	Template:Yes C

Hidden names

There is no universal agreement among Islamic exegesis scholars about the number of names of God, since it was only Ibn Hazm who argued a limitation of 99 names. Instead, Islamic scholars such as al-Khattabi, al-Qurtubi, Abi Bakr bin Thayyib, Ibn al-'Arabi (not Ibn Arabi),Template:Efn Abu Abdillah ar-Razi, Ibn Taymiyya, Al-Nawawi, Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani,<ref name="Ahmad Hadith Asma infinite" /> Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya<ref name="Hadith of secret names of Allah" /> and Ibn Rajab,<ref name="Hakim Hibban Hadith Asma infinite" /> have stated that Allah has an infinite number of names. While there are rulings that only a few names and their attributes are revealed and known in the Qur'an and Hadiths, the uncountably unrevealed names and their attributes are only known by Allah Himself.<ref name="Dar Ifta Asma infinite">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The basis of these rulings was the Hadith, which contains a supplication as narrated in Hisn al-Muslim:

Template:Translated blockquote

Another Hadith contains a supplication, with multiple chains of transmitters:

Template:Translated blockquote

In the established Islamic creed about the unrevealed names of Allah, the majority of fatwas say it is obligatory for a Muslim to believe in the existence of the unrevealed names and their attributes, but it is forbidden for Muslims to try to search for them without literal evidences from the Qur'an and authentic Hadiths.<ref name="Ahmad Hadith Asma infinite" /><ref name="Hakim Hibban Hadith Asma infinite" /><ref name="Dar Ifta Asma infinite" /><ref name="Hadith of secret names of Allah" /> In the creed of Islamic eschatology, the hidden names are believed to be hidden from anyone but Allah, and will only be revealed personally to Muhammad during Judgement Day.<ref name="Hadith of secret names of Allah" />

In textual sources

According to Muslims, the names of God must be established by evidence and direct reference in the Qur'an and hadiths (the concept of tawqif). Thus, it is impermissible (haram) for Muslims to give Allah names except with what He has named Himself in the Qur'an or in authentic Hadiths.

The Quran

The Quran refers to God's Most Beautiful Names (al-ʾasmāʾ al-ḥusná) in several Surahs. Gerhard Böwering refers to Surah 17 (17:110) as the locus classicus to which explicit lists of 99 names used to be attached in tafsir. Template:Translated blockquote A cluster of more than a dozen Divine epithets which are included in such lists is found in Surah 59. Template:Translated blockquote

Hadith

In a hadith narrated by Sahih al-Bukhari, it is mentioned that Allah has 99 names.Template:BlockquoteIn another hadith, this fact is also mentioned again.Template:Blockquote

Attributes

Islamic tenets has detailed descriptions about to differentiate names with attributes (Template:Langx plural of sˤi.faːt), which has literal abilities of their owns. Examples of the attributes are the name of "ar-Rahman" contains the attributes "mercifulness in general",<ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala" /> or "fundamental mercy".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to Sahih Bukhari and Muslim, God has 100 kinds of rahmah (grace/godsend), whereas only one of them already revealed to this world, while the other 99 still withheld for the afterlife. One of the rahmah which was sent to the world are sufficient to fulfil the needs of all creatures until the Judgement Day; including humans, Jinns, and even non-sentients such as animals, so the parents of animals would not trample their babies under their foots or wasting.<ref>Template:Cite web excerpt from Template:Cite book Reference Hadiths:

Narrated by: Abu Hurairah / Author: Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj/ Source: Sahih Muslim / Page or number: 2752 / Summary of the narrator’s ruling: Sahih
Narrated by: Abu Hurairah / Author: Bukhari and Muslim / Source: Riyad as-Salihin 420 / Page or number: 420 </ref> Another example is name of al-ʿAliyy contains several attributes, such as "heightness" and "above all".<ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala" />

This ruling is because the naming of God are limited by the evidences from Qur'an and Hadith in Sunni Islam.<ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan" /> Thus, postulating the tenet in Islam's creed that essentially, the name-bearing of God are different from attributes of God.<ref name="Onomastics between Sacred and Profane">Template:Cite book</ref> Nevertheless, Salafi scholar al-Uthaymin stated the principal ruling of giving attributes to God is similar with the verdict about giving name to God; that is forbidden to gave attributes without evidence from Qur'an and Sunnah.<ref>Template:Cite web References from:

Al-Minhaj Syarh Sahih Muslim. First printing, 1433 H. Yahya bin Syarf An-Nawawi. Publisher Dar Ibn Hazm.
Syarh Asma' Allah Al-Husna fi Dhaui Al-Kitab wa As-Sunnah. 12th printing, 1431 H. Syaikh Sa'id bin Wahf Al-Qahthani.
Syarh As-Sunnah. Second printing, 1432 H. Imam Al-Muzani. Ta'liq: Dr. Jamal 'Azzun. Maktabah Dar Al-Minhaj Publishers.
Syarh Al-Qawa'id Al-Mutsla. Syaikh Muhammad bin Shalih Al-'Utsaimin. Ta'liq: Abu Ya'qub Nasy-at bin Kamal Al-Mashri. Maktabah Al-Muslim Publishers.</ref> One of the disputed name of God among the Islamic academic is "al-Hannan",<ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan" /> Since it is considered as one of the attribute of "ar-Rahman" name in Maryam Template:Qref, not because al-Hannan is a name itself.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Both Ibn Taymiyya in his work, The Treaty of Tadmur, and Ibn al-Qayyim have published their statements claiming to be refuting Jahmiyya,<ref name="names and attributes difference; al-Hanan" /> and al-Juwayni respectively; as Jahmiyya scholars and al-Juwayni rejected the existence of the attributes of God and consider that the names of God are just semantics without any substances in them.<ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala">Template:Cite web References from:

Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal no. 3712. graded authentic by Shaikh Albani in Silsilah Ash-Sahihah no. 3528
Sahih Bukhari. Bukhari no. 4712.
Sahih Muslim no. 1118
Sharh al-Qawa' Ied al-Muthla p. 134-135, by Muhammad ibn Salih Al-Uthaymin, first print, published by Dar al-Athar in 2001.
Sharh ar-Risala att-Tadmuriyyah li Shaykh al-Islaam Ibn Taimiyyah, by Shaikh Dr. Yusuf Al-Ghafish
Sharh Al-'Aqida As-Safariyaniyya, by Muhammad ibn Salih Al-Uthaymin, published by Madar ul-Watan KSA, second printing in 2010, pp. 202-203.
Dar'u Ta'arudhi Al-'Aqli wan Naqli, 5/ 248 (Maktabah Shamila).
Asas at-Taqdiis, pp. 147-148.
Al-Ibana ‘an Usl ad-Diyanah, page. 443.

</ref> The statements of both Ibn Taymiyya and Ibn al-Qayyim became the ruling which was established by Saudi Council of Senior Scholars, as they stated that each of God's name contains multiple attributes.<ref name="names and attributes difference; Risala" /> Salafi scholars such as Ibn Baz did not consent to the interpretation of the attributes of God.<ref>Template:Harvtxt</ref> Moreover, Walid Muhammad Abdullah Muhammad al-'Ali, an exegesis professor of Islamic University of Madinah, has quoted Ibn al-Qayyim's concern regarding the importance of names and attributes of God as part of the Tawhid (oneness of God) which is the first article of the The Six Articles of Faith.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Sufi and Shia mysticism

There is a tradition in Sufism to the effect the 99 names of God point to a mystical "Most Supreme and Superior Name" (ismu l-ʾAʿẓam (Template:Lang).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This "Greatest Name of God" is said to be "the one which if He is called (prayed to) by it, He will answer."<ref>Template:Cite book The endnote states: "Ibn Májah, Sunan, 34. (Kitáb ad-Du'á), ch. 9, no. 3856, vol. 2, p. 1267. See also: Ad-Dárimí, Sunan, 23 (Fada'il al-Qur'án), ch. 15, no. 3296, vol. 2, pp. 324–325. Similar statements in Shi'i tradition include: Majlisí, Bihar al-Anwar, vol. 26. p. 7.</ref> More than 1000 names of God are listed in the Jawshan Kabir (Template:Lang—literally "the Great Cuirass") invocations.Template:Citation needed Sufi mystic Ibn Arabi surmised that the 99 names are "outward signs of the universe's inner mysteries".<ref name="morg10">Template:Cite book</ref>

Ibn Arabi (26 July 1165 – 16 November 1240) did not interpret the names of God as mere epithets, but as actual attributes paring the universe both in created and possible forms. By these names, the divine traits disclose for humans, whose divine potential is hidden, can learn to become a reflection of such names. However, such reflections are limited; the divine traits do not equal the divine essence of the names.<ref>Bruce Lawrence The Qur'an: A Biography Atlantic Books Ltd, 02.10.2014 Template:ISBN chapter 8</ref> Influenced by the metaphysical teachings of Ibn Arabi, Haydar Amuli assigned angels to the different names of God. Accordingly, the good angels as a whole are a manifestation of God's Names of Beauty. Shaitan (shayatin) on the other hand are a manifestation of God's Names of majesty, such as "The Haughty".<ref>Ayman Shihadeh Sufism and Theology Edinburgh University Press, 21.11.2007 Template:ISBN pp. 54–56</ref>

Theophoric given names

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File:Khalili Collection Hajj and Arts of Pilgrimage Talismanic shirt.jpg

Talismanic shirt inscribed with the 99 names of God as well as Quranic verses and prayers, Turkey, 18th century, Khalili Collection of Hajj and the Arts of Pilgrimage.

The Arabic names of God are used to form theophoric given names commonly used in Muslim cultures throughout the world, mostly in Arabic speaking societies.

Because the names of God themselves are reserved to God and their use as a person's given name is considered religiously inappropriate, theophoric names are formed by prefixing the term ˁabd (عَبْدُ: "slave/servant of") to the name in the case of male names;

This distinction is established out of respect for the sanctity of Divine names, which denote attributes (of love, kindness, mercy, compassion, justice, power, etc.) that are believed to be possessed in a full and absolute sense only by God, while human beings, being limited creatures, are viewed by Muslims as being endowed with the Divine attributes only in a limited and relative capacity. The prefixing of the definite article would indicate that the bearer possesses the corresponding attribute in an exclusive sense, a trait reserved to God.

File:Allah names 1.svg

Names of Allah in Arabic calligraphy.

Quranic verse 3:26 is cited as evidence against the validity of using Divine names for persons, with the example of Mālik ul-Mulk (مَـٰلِكُ ٱلْمُلْكُ: "Lord of Power" or "Owner of all Sovereignty"):

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The two parts of the name starting with ˁabd may be written separately (as in the previous example) or combined as one in the transliterated form; in such a case, the vowel transcribed after ˁabdu is often written as u when the two words are transcribed as one: e.g., Abdur-Rahman, Abdul-Aziz, Abdul-Jabbar, or even Abdullah (عَبْدُ ٱللّٰه: "Servant of God"). (This has to do with Arabic case vowels, the final u vowel showing the normal "quote" nominative case form.)

Examples of Muslim theophoric names include:

Raḥmān, such as Abdul-Raḥman Al-Sudais (عَبْدُ ٱلْرَّحْمَان ٱلْسُّدَيْس): Imam of the Grand Mosque of Makkah, KSA
Salām, such as Salam Fayyaḍ (سَلَام فَيَّاض): Palestinian politician
Jabbār, such as Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (كَرِيم عَبْدُ ٱلْجَبَّار): American basketball player
Ḥakīm, such as Sherman "Abdul Ḥakim" Jackson (عَبْدُ ٱلْحَكِيم—ˁabdu ʼl-Ḥakiym): American Islamic Studies scholar
Ra'ūf, such as Ra'ouf Mus'ad (رَؤُوف مُسَعد): Egyptian-Sudanese novelist
Mālik, such as Mālik bin ʼAnas (مَـٰالِك بِن أَنَس): classical Sunni Muslim scholars after whom the Maliki school of fiqh was named
Abdul Muqtedar as in Muḥammad Abdul Muqtedar Khan (مُحَمَّد عَبْدُ ٱلمُقْتَدِر خَان): Indian-American academic

Use in Baháʼí sources

Baháʼí sources state that the 100th name was revealed as "Baháʼ" (Template:Langx "glory, splendor"), which appears in the words Bahá'u'lláh and Baháʼí. They also believe that it is the greatest name of God.<ref name="lambden"/><ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> The Báb wrote a noted pentagram-shaped tablet with 360 morphological derivation of the word "Baháʼ" used in it.<ref name="lambden" />

According to Baháʼí scholar ‘Abdu’l-Hamíd Ishráq-Khávari, Bahāʾ al-dīn al-ʿĀmilī adopted the Persian poetic pen name "Bahāʾ" after being inspired by the words of the fifth Twelver Imam, Muhammad al-Baqir, and the sixth Imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq, who stated that the greatest name of God was included in either the Duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ, a dawn prayer for Ramadan, or the ʾAʿmal ʿam Dawūd.<ref name="lambden">Template:Cite journal</ref> In the first verse of the duʿāʾu l-Bahāʾ, the name "Bahāʾ" appears four times.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>