Michael IV the Paphlagonian
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Good article Template:EngvarB Template:Infobox royalty Michael IV the Paphlagonian (Template:Langx, Mikhaēl ho Paphlagōn; c. 1010 – 10 December 1041) was Byzantine Emperor from 11 April 1034 to his death on 10 December 1041.
The son of a peasant, Michael worked as a money changer until he was found a job at court by his brother John the Orphanotrophos. He caught the eye of the empress Zoë Porphyrogenita and they began a tempestuous and flagrant affair. It is believed that they conspired to murder her husband, Emperor Romanos III Argyros, who died in 1034. Michael and Zoë were married the same day and Michael was crowned emperor the day after.
Michael, handsome and energetic, had poor health and entrusted most of the business of government to his brother. He distrusted Zoë and went to lengths to ensure that he did not suffer the same fate as his predecessor. The fortunes of the Empire under Michael's reign were mixed. His most triumphant moment came in 1041 when he led the imperial army against Bulgarian rebels. He returned from this victory, but died a few months later.
Early life and career
[edit]Michael came from a family of Greek peasants from Paphlagonia. He worked in Constantinople as a money changer, and was rumored to have a secret second occupation as a counterfeiter of coins. One of Michael's brothers, John the Orphanotrophos, also known as John the Eunuch, was the parakoimomenos, a senior courtier who presided over the women's quarters at the imperial palace. John obtained jobs for several of his younger brothers in the court.<ref name="Norwich, pg. 283">Norwich, pg. 283</ref><ref>Finlay, pg. 477</ref><ref name="Kazhdan, pg. 1365">Kazhdan, pg. 1365</ref>
Romanos Argyros became emperor of the Byzantine Empire as Romanos III in 1028.<ref>Treadgold, pg. 584</ref> "As a ruler he had no ability whatsoever",<ref>Ostrogorski, pg. 285</ref> and his private life was troubled by his failure to conceive a child with his wife Empress Zoë.<ref name="Garland, Zoë Porphyrogenita">Garland, Zoë Porphyrogenita</ref> The couple became alienated, with Romanos taking a mistress and Zoë engaging in a number of affairs. She was enamoured of the handsome young Michael to the extent of flaunting him openly and speaking of making him emperor. Romanos confronted Michael, who denied the accusations, swearing his innocence on holy relics. His suspicions assuaged, Romanos allowed Michael to become his personal servant in 1033.<ref>Norwich, pg. 275–76</ref><ref name="Kazhdan, pg. 2228">Kazhdan, pg. 2228</ref>
Romanos became ill in early 1034, and it was widely believed that Zoë and Michael had poisoned him. On 11 April Romanos was found dying in his bath.<ref name="Kazhdan, pg. 2228"/> According to court official and later chronicler Michael Psellus, some of his retinue had "held his head for a long time beneath the water, attempting at the same time to strangle him".<ref name="Norwich, pg. 278">Norwich, pg. 278</ref> John Scylitzes writes as a simple fact that Romanos was drowned on Michael's orders.<ref name="Norwich, pg. 278"/> Matthew of Edessa's account has Zoë poisoning Romanos.<ref name="Norwich, pg. 278"/> Zoë and Michael were married on the day that Romanos III died.<ref name="Garland, Zoë Porphyrogenita"/> The next day the couple summoned the Patriarch Alexios I to officiate at the coronation of the new emperor.<ref>Norwich, pg. 279</ref> Alexios refused to co-operate until the payment of 50 pounds of gold helped change his mind.<ref name="Garland, Zoë Porphyrogenita"/> He crowned Michael as the new Emperor of the Romans as Michael IV.<ref name="Treadgold, pg. 586">Treadgold, pg. 586</ref><ref>Finlay, pg. 478</ref>
Reign
[edit]Domestic policies
[edit]
Michael IV was handsome, clever and generous, but epilepsy and a lack of education prevented him from assuming many of his imperial duties. He was initially reliant on others to direct the government in his name, and afforded significant responsibilities to his brother John, who had already become an influential minister under Constantine VIII and Romanos III.<ref>Finlay, pg. 480</ref><ref name="Norwich, pg. 287">Norwich, pg. 287</ref> Zoë was disappointed in her hopes that Michael would prove a more devoted husband than Romanos. Fearing that the empress might turn on him as she had turned on his predecessor, Michael excluded her from politics and confined her to the palace gynaeceum (women's quarters). There a watch was kept on Zoë’s activities, and Michael seldom visited her.
John's reforms of the army and financial system revived the strength of the Empire against its foreign enemies but increased taxes, which caused discontent among the nobility and the commons. John's monopoly of the government and the introduction of such taxes as the Aerikon led to several conspiracies against him and Michael.<ref name="Kazhdan, pg. 1365">Kazhdan, pg. 1365</ref> Poor harvests and famine caused by bad weather and by a locust plague in 1035 exacerbated discontent. When Michael tried to exercise a measure of control over Aleppo, the local citizens drove off the imperial governor.<ref name="Treadgold, pg. 586">Treadgold, pg. 586</ref><ref name="Treadgold, pg. 587">Treadgold, pg. 587</ref> There were revolts at Antioch, Nicopolis and in Bulgaria.<ref>Finlay, pg. 481–82, 485</ref>
In 1034 Michael ordered the arrest of Constantine Dalassenos on suspicion of treason, accused of fomenting insurrection at Antioch. In 1037 Zoë conspired to have John the Eunuch poisoned.<ref name="Garland, Zoë Porphyrogenita" /> In 1038 Michael's brother, Constantine, suppressed an uprising of the armies in Anatolia. In 1040 a conspiracy involved the priest Michael Keroularios, who became a monk to save his life and was elected Patriarch of Constantinople under Michael's successor. During the Bulgarian uprising of 1040, John the Eunuch arrested suspected plotters in Anatolia and Constantinople who were hoping to take advantage of the turmoil but was unable to capture the Strategos (military governor) of Theodosiopolis, who joined the rebellion and attempted to capture Thessalonica.<ref name="Treadgold, pg. 588">Treadgold, pg. 588</ref><ref name="Finlay, pg. 485">Finlay, pg. 485</ref>
Foreign and military affairs
[edit]
In terms of military affairs, Michael's reign began poorly. The Arabs sacked Myra, the Serbs threw off Byzantine authority and the Pechenegs raided almost at will up to the gates of Thessalonica. The situation was soon stabilised: on the eastern frontier, Arab pirates were either captured or killed; the Byzantines captured the Muslim fortress of Perkri, on the eastern shore of Lake Van; Edessa was relieved after a long siege and eventually ceded to the empire in 1037.<ref name="Treadgold, pg. 586–7">Treadgold, pg. 586–87</ref><ref>Finlay, pg. 486</ref>
On the western front, Michael and John ordered the general George Maniakes to conquer the Emirate of Sicily. In 1038 Maniakes landed in southern Italy and soon captured Messina. He then defeated the scattered Arab forces and captured towns in the west and south of the island. By 1040 he had stormed and taken Syracuse. He almost succeeded in driving the Arabs from the island, but Maniakes then fell out with his Lombard allies, while his Norman mercenaries, unhappy with their pay, abandoned the Byzantine general and raised a revolt on the Italian mainland, resulting in the temporary loss of Bari. Maniakes was about to strike against them when he was recalled by John the Eunuch on suspicion of conspiracy.<ref name="Treadgold, pg. 588">Treadgold, pg. 588</ref> After Maniakes's recall, most of the Sicilian conquests were lost and an expedition against the Normans suffered several defeats, although Bari was eventually recaptured.<ref name="Treadgold, pg. 587–89">Treadgold, pg. 587–89</ref><ref>Norwich, pg. 285–86</ref>
In the north, Pecheneg pressure had initially forced the Serbs to seek the protection of the Byzantine Empire and acknowledge Byzantine authority. In 1040 the Serbs again revolted, as did the Bulgarians. This uprising was partly caused by the heavy taxation in coin (and not, as before, in kind) imposed on Bulgaria by John's policies. It also aimed at the restoration of the Bulgarian state under the leadership of Peter Delyan. The rebels seized Belgrade, proclaimed Delyan Emperor of Bulgaria and then quickly took Scupi. Michael IV made things worse by removing from command the doux of Dyrrhachium, who had been marching against Peter Delyan, accusing him of a conspiracy. His troops, largely Bulgarian, joined the revolt and Delyan laid siege to Thessalonica. Dyrrhachium had been lost and Delyan defeated the Strategos of Hellas. Most of the theme of Nicopolis had risen up against Michael, disgusted with the greed of John the Eunuch.<ref name="Treadgold, pg. 587–89">Treadgold, pg. 587–89</ref><ref>Finlay, pg. 490–91</ref><ref name="Norwich, pg. 287" />
At this point, Michael's epilepsy left him half paralysed and he developed a severe case of dropsy, which caused his legs to become gangrenous. When he announced that he intended to lead the imperial army against the Bulgarians, his advisors were aghast. In 1041 Michael set off towards Macedonia with an army of 40,000 men, assisted by Norse mercenaries, including the future King Harald III of Norway. Gathering his forces at Mosynopolis the Emperor waited for the Bulgarian army. The military position of the Byzantines was aided by internal dissension among the Bulgarians. Michael advanced, relieving Thessalonica then bringing the Bulgarians to battle, defeating them and capturing Delyan. Michael pushed his army aggressively into Bulgaria. The largest remaining Bulgarian contingent was at Prilapon in a fortified camp commanded by Manuel Ivats. The Byzantines stormed the camp, scattered the Bulgarians and captured Ivats. The rigours of the campaign brought Michael close to death, but he was able to return to Constantinople in triumph.<ref name="Norwich, pg. 286, 289">Norwich, pg. 286, 289</ref><ref name="Treadgold, pg. 587">Treadgold, pg. 587</ref>
Final illness and death
[edit]
Despite his triumphant campaign, it was now clear to all that Michael was dying. He sought heavenly aid by visiting the shrine of Saint Demetrius at Thessalonica and by building or rebuilding churches. In 1039 he gave monetary gifts to every monk and priest in the empire and also to any parents who made him a godfather to their children. John the Eunuch, eager to ensure that power remained in his hands, forced Zoë to adopt Michael's and his nephew, their sister's son, also named Michael. After taking Holy Orders, on 10 December 1041 Michael IV died, refusing to the last to see his wife, who begged that she be allowed to visit him one more time. His nephew was crowned emperor as Michael V.<ref>Norwich, pg. 289, 292</ref><ref>Kazhdan, pg. 1365, 2228</ref><ref name="Treadgold, pg. 587–89"/>
See also
[edit]References
[edit]Sources
[edit]Primary Template:Refbegin
- Michael Psellus, Chronographia.
- Template:Cite book
Secondary
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite web
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
- Template:Cite book
Template:S-start Template:S-hou Template:S-reg Template:S-bef Template:S-ttl Template:S-aft Template:S-end Template:Roman emperors Template:Authority control