Medicago

File:Medicago sp.jpg

Anatomical diagram of Medicago flowers.

Medicago is a genus of flowering plants, commonly known as medick or burclover, in the legume family (Fabaceae). It contains at least 87 species and is distributed mainly around the Mediterranean Basin,<ref name = "Steele">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name = "Gholami">Template:Cite journal</ref> and extending across temperate Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa.<ref name = powo/> The best-known member of the genus is alfalfa (M. sativa), an important forage crop,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the genus name is based on the Latin name for that plant, Template:Lang, from Template:Langx Median (grass).<ref>New Oxford American Dictionary (2nd ed., 2005), p. 1054, s.v. medick.</ref> Most members of the genus are low, creeping herbs, resembling clover, but with burs (hence the common name). However, alfalfa grows to a height of 1 meter, and tree medick (M. arborea) is a shrub. Members of the genus are known to produce bioactive compounds such as medicarpin (a flavonoid) and medicagenic acid (a triterpenoid saponin).<ref name = "Gholami" /> Chromosome numbers in Medicago range from 2n = 14 to 48.<ref name = "Rosato">Template:Cite journal</ref>

The species Medicago truncatula is a model legume<ref name = "Medicago">Template:Cite web</ref> due to its relatively small stature, small genome (450–500 Mbp), short generation time (about 3 months), and ability to reproduce both by outcrossing and selfing.

Comprehensive descriptions of the genus are Lesinš and Lesinš 1979<ref name = "Lesinš">Template:Cite book</ref> and Small and Jomphe 1989.<ref name = "S&J">Template:Cite journal</ref> Major collections are SARDI (Australia),<ref name = "SARDI">Template:Cite web</ref> USDA-GRIN (United States),<ref name = "GRIN">Template:Cite web</ref> ICARDA (Syria),<ref name = "ICARDA">Template:Cite web</ref> and INRA (France).<ref name = "INRA">Template:Cite web</ref>

Evolution

Medicago diverged from Glycine (soybean) about 53–55 million years ago (in the early Eocene),<ref name = "Cannon">Template:Cite book</ref> from Lotus (deervetch) 49–51 million years ago (also in the Eocene),<ref name = "Cannon" /> and from Trigonella 10–22 million years ago (in the Miocene).<ref name = "Maureira-Butler">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Ecological interactions with other organisms

Symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing rhizobia

Béna et al. (2005) constructed a molecular phylogeny of 23 Sinorhizobium strains and tested the symbiotic ability of six strains with 35 Medicago species.<ref name = "Béna1">Template:Cite journal</ref> Comparison of these phylogenies indicates many transitions in the compatibility of the association over evolutionary time. Furthermore, they propose that the geographical distribution of strains limits the distribution of particular Medicago species.

Agricultural uses

Agronomic research has been conducted on species of the Medicago genus. Other than alfalfa, several of the prostrate members of the family (such as Medicago lupulina and Medicago truncatula) have been used as forage crops.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Select species in the Medicago genus naturally develop spiney pods during the reproductive phase of growth (such as Medicago intertexta and Medicago polymorpha). Despite having high levels of agronomic performance, these are typically viewed as undesirable in sheep based farming systems due to their ability to become lodged in wool, reducing fleece value.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Breeding efforts in the 1990's have yielded spineless varieties of burr medic, providing valuable production amongst farming systems in low rainfall (<300mm annual), free draining, alkaline soils.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Insect herbivores

Medicago species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the common swift, flame, latticed heath, lime-speck pug, nutmeg, setaceous Hebrew character, and turnip moths and case-bearers of the genus Coleophora, including C. frischella (recorded on M. sativa) and C. fuscociliella (feeds exclusively on Medicago spp.).Template:Citation needed

Species

This list is compiled from:<ref name = "S&J" /><ref name="ILDIS1">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="ILDIS2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="USDA GRIN">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="IPNI">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="AgroAtlas">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:ITIS</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

Section Buceras

Subsection Deflexae

• Medicago retrorsa (Boiss.) E. Small

Subsection Erectae

• Medicago arenicola (Huber-Mor.) E. Small
• Medicago astroites (Fisch. & Mey.) Trautv.
• Medicago carica (Huber-Mor.) E. Small
• Medicago crassipes (Boiss.) E. Small
• Medicago fischeriana (Ser.) Trautv.
• Medicago halophila (Boiss.) E. Small
• Medicago heldreichii (Boiss.) E. Small
• Medicago medicaginoides (Retz.) E. Small
• Medicago monantha (C. A. Meyer) Trautv.
• Medicago orthoceras (Kar. & Kir.) Trautv.
• Medicago pamphylica (Huber-Mor. & Sirjaev) E. Small
• Medicago persica (Boiss.) E. Small
• Medicago phrygia (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small
• Medicago polyceratia (L.) Trautv.
• Medicago rigida (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small

Subsection Isthmocarpae

• Medicago rhytidiocarpa (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small
• Medicago isthmocarpa (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small

Subsection Reflexae

• Medicago monspeliaca (L.) Trautv.

Section Carstiensae

• Medicago carstiensis Wulf.

Section Dendrotelis

• Medicago arborea L.
• Medicago citrina (Font Quer) Greuter<ref group="Note" name="citrina"> Some sources treat Medicago citrina as a synonym of Medicago arborea. </ref>
• Medicago strasseri Greuter, Matthas & Risse

Section Geocarpa

• Medicago hypogaea E. Small

Section Heynianae

• Medicago heyniana Greuter

Section Hymenocarpos

• Medicago radiata L.

Section Lunatae

• Medicago biflora (Griseb.) E. Small
• Medicago brachycarpa M. Bieb.
• Medicago huberi E. Small
• Medicago rostrata (Boiss. & Bal.) E. Small

Section Lupularia

• Medicago lupulina L.
• Medicago secundiflora Durieu

Section MedicagoTemplate:Anchor

• Medicago cancellata M. Bieb.
• Medicago daghestanica Rupr.
• Medicago hybrida (Pourr.) Trautv.
• Medicago marina L.
• Medicago papillosa Boiss.
  • M. p. macrocarpa
  • M. p. papillosa
• Medicago pironae Vis.
• Medicago prostrata Jacq.
  • M. p. prostrata
  • M. p. pseudorupestris
• Medicago rhodopea Velen.
• Medicago rupestris M. Bieb
• Medicago sativa L. (alfalfa)
  • M. s. caerulea
  • M. s. falcata (Medicago falcata)
    • M. s. f. var. falcata
    • M. s. f. var. viscosa
  • M. s. glomerata
  • M. s. sativa
• Medicago saxatilis M. Bieb
• Medicago suffruticosa Ramond ex DC.
  • M. s. leiocarpa
  • M. s. suffruticosa

Section Orbiculares

• Medicago orbicularis (L.) Bart.

Section Platycarpae

• Medicago archiducis-nicolai Sirjaev
• Medicago cretacea M. Bieb.
• Medicago edgeworthii Sirjaev
• Medicago ovalis (Boiss.) Sirjaev
• Medicago playtcarpa (L.) Trautv.
• Medicago plicata (Boiss.) Sirjaev
• Medicago popovii (E. Kor.) Sirjaev
• Medicago ruthenica (L.) Ledebour

Subsection Rotatae

• Medicago blancheana Boiss.
• Medicago noeana Boiss.
• Medicago rugosa Desr.
• Medicago rotata Boiss.
• Medicago scutellata (L.) Miller
• Medicago shepardii Post

Section Spirocarpos

Subsection Intertextae

• Medicago ciliaris (L.) Krocker
• Medicago granadensis Willd.
• Medicago intertexta (L.) Miller
• Medicago muricoleptis Tin.

Subsection Leptospireae

• Medicago arabica (L.) Huds.
• Medicago coronata (L.) Bart.
• Medicago disciformis DC.
• Medicago laciniata (L.) Miller
• Medicago lanigera Winkl. & Fedtsch.
• Medicago laxispira Heyn
• Medicago minima (L.) Bart.
• Medicago polymorpha L.
• Medicago praecox DC.
• Medicago sauvagei Nègre
• Medicago tenoreana Ser.

Subsection Pachyspireae

• Medicago constricta Durieu
• Medicago doliata Carmign.
• Medicago italica (Miller) Fiori
• Medicago lesinsii E. Small
• Medicago littoralis Rohde ex Lois.
• Medicago murex Willd.
• Medicago rigidula (L.) All.
• Medicago rigiduloides E. Small
• Medicago sinskiae Uljanova<ref group="Note" name="sinskiae"> The validity of Medicago sinskiae has been questioned by Small and Jomphe, 1988.<ref name = "S&J" /> </ref>
• Medicago soleirolii Duby
• Medicago sphaerocarpos Bertol.<ref name="Gillespie">Template:Cite journal</ref>
• Medicago syriaca E. Small
• Medicago truncatula Gaertn.
• Medicago turbinata (L.) All.

Species names with uncertain taxonomic status

The status of the following species is unresolved:<ref name = "S&J" />

• Medicago agropyretorum Vassilcz.
• Medicago alatavica Vassilcz.
• Medicago caucasica Vassilcz.
• Medicago cyrenaea Maire & Weiller
• Medicago difalcata Sinskaya
• Medicago grossheimii Vassilcz.
• Medicago gunibica Vassilcz.
• Medicago hemicoerulea Sinskaya
• Medicago karatschaica (A. Heller) A. Heller
• Medicago komarovii Vassilcz.
• Medicago meyeri Gruner
• Medicago polychroa Grossh.
• Medicago schischkinii Sumnev.
• Medicago talyschensis Latsch.
• Medicago transoxana Vassilcz.
• Medicago tunetana (Murb.) A.W. Hill
• Medicago vardanis' Vassilcz.
• Medicago virescens Grossh.

Recent molecular phylogenic analyses of Medicago indicate that the sections and subsections defined by Small & Jomphe, as outlined above, are generally polyphyletic.<ref name = "Steele" /><ref name = "Maureira-Butler" /><ref name = "Béna1" /><ref name = "Béna2">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name = "Downie">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name = "Béna3">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name = "Béna4">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name = "Yoder">Template:Cite journal</ref> However, with minor revisions sections and subsections could be rendered monophyletic.<ref name = "Maureira-Butler" /><ref name = "Béna2" /><ref name = "Downie" /><ref name = "Béna3" /><ref name = "Béna4" /><ref name = "Yoder" />