Malachi

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Malachi or Malachias (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Hebrew Name) is the name used by the author of the Book of Malachi, the last book of the Nevi'im (Prophets) section of the Tanakh. It is possible that Malachi is not a proper name, because it means "messenger"; it has been assumed to be a pseudonym. According to Jewish tradition, the real identity of Malachi is Ezra the scribe.

Some scholars argue that the Book of Malachi is the result of multiple stages of redaction;<ref>Kessler, Rainer. 2011. Maleachi. p. 59-61. Herders theologischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament, Freiburg, Germany: Herder.</ref> most of its text originated in the Persian period, with the oldest stratum from around 500 BCE and redactions into the Hellenistic period.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Identity

The editors of the 1906 Jewish Encyclopedia implied that Malachi, also known as Malachias,Template:Sfn prophesied after Haggai and Zechariah and speculated that he delivered his prophecies about 420 BC, after the second return of Nehemiah from Persia,<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> or possibly before his return. The Talmud and the Aramaic Targum of Yonathan ben Uzziel identify Ezra as the same person as Malachi. This is the traditional view held by most Jews and some Christians, including Jerome.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Introduction to the Aramaic Targum of Yonathan ben Uzziel on the Prophet Malachi (Minor Prophets); Yehoshua b. Ḳarḥa (Megillah 15a) .</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This identification is plausible, because "Malachi" reprimands the people for the same things Ezra did, such as marrying foreign pagan women. Malachi also focuses extensively on corrupt priests who Ezra, a priest himself who exhorted the people to follow the law, despised. According to Josephus, Ezra died and was buried "in a magnificent manner in Jerusalem".<ref>Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, book XI, chapter 5, paragraph 5</ref> If the tradition that Ezra wrote under the name "Malachi" is correct, then Josephus meant that he was buried in the Tomb of the Prophets, the traditional resting place of Malachi. This would also explain why Ezra does not refer to a prophet named Malachi, while he did refer to other prophets such as Haggai and Zechariah.

Other potential identities includes Zerubbabel and Nehemiah; others suggest that Malachi was a separate person altogether, possibly a Levite and a member of the Great Assembly.<ref name=berg>Bergstein, A., Who Was the Prophet Malachi?, Template:Webarchive, Chabad.org</ref>

Name

Because the name Malachi does not occur elsewhere in the Hebrew Bible, some scholars doubt whether it is intended to be the personal name of the prophet. The form mal'akhi (literally "my malakh") signifies "my messenger"; it occurs in Malachi 3:1<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> (compare to Malachi 2:7, but this form would hardly be appropriate as a proper name without some additional syllable such as Yah, whence mal'akhiah, i.e. "messenger of Yah".<ref name="intyu"/> In the Book of Haggai, Haggai is designated the "messenger of the [[Yahweh|Template:Lord]]."<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> The non-canonical superscriptions prefixed to the book, in both the Septuagint and the Vulgate, warrant the supposition that Malachi's full name ended with the syllable -yah.<ref name="intyu"/> The Septuagint translates the last clause of Malachi 1:1, "by the hand of his messenger",<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed and the Targum reads, "by the hand of my angel, whose name is called Ezra the scribe".<ref name="intyu">Template:Cite web</ref> G.G. Cameron suggests that the termination of the word "Malachi" is adjectival, and equivalent to the Latin angelicus, signifying "one charged with a message or mission" (a missionary).<ref>G. G. CAMERON, J. HASTINGS' Dictionary of the Bible, New. York, 1902 </ref>Template:Better source

Date

File:Tissot Malachi.jpg

Imaginative image of Malachi (watercolor c. 1896–1902 by James Tissot)

Opinions vary as to the prophet's exact date, but nearly all scholars agree that Malachi prophesied during the Persian period, and after the reconstruction and dedication of the Second Temple in 516 BC.Template:Citation needed More specifically, Malachi probably lived and labored during the times of Ezra and Nehemiah.Template:Citation needed The abuses which Malachi mentions in his writings correspond so exactly with those which Nehemiah found on his second visit to Jerusalem in 432 BC<ref>Template:Bibleverse</ref> that it seems reasonably certain that he prophesied concurrently with Nehemiah or shortly after. Bergstein suggests that he died in 312 BC.<ref name=berg />