Liquefaction
Template:Short description Template:About
In materials science, liquefaction<ref>Some authors contend that there is a distinction between liquefaction and liquification (which is more commonly considered a misspelling), with the latter term applying only to processes involving heat. Template:Cite book</ref> is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction of air to allow separation of the constituents, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases."<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> Another is the conversion of solid coal into a liquid form usable as a substitute for liquid fuels.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
In geology, soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake.<ref name="definition">Template:Cite web</ref> Soil liquefaction was blamed for building collapses in the city of Palu, Indonesia in October 2018.<ref name="The Guardian">Template:Cite news</ref>
In a related phenomenon, liquefaction of bulk materials in cargo ships may cause a dangerous shift in the load.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="NYT_Indonesia_2018">Template:Cite news</ref>
In physics and chemistry, the phase transitions from solid and [gas to liquid (melting and condensation, respectively) may be referred to as liquefaction. The melting point (sometimes called liquefaction point) is the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid. In commercial and industrial situations, the process of condensing a gas to liquid is sometimes referred to as liquefaction of gases. Coal liquefaction is the production of liquid fuels from coal using a variety of industrial processes.
Liquefaction is also used in commercial and industrial settings to refer to mechanical dissolution of a solid by mixing, grinding or blending with a liquid. In kitchen or laboratory settings, solids may be chopped into smaller parts sometimes in combination with a liquid, for example in food preparation or laboratory use. This may be done with a blender.
In biology, liquefaction often involves organic tissue turning into a more liquid-like state. For example, liquefactive necrosis in pathology,<ref name="RobbinsCotran">Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 8th Ed. 2010. Pg. 15</ref> or liquefaction as a parameter in semen analysis.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>