Lars von Trier
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Lars von Trier (né Trier; born 30 April 1956)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is a Danish film director and screenwriter.
Beginning in the late-1960s as a child actor working on Danish television series Secret Summer, von Trier's career has spanned more than five decades.<ref name="kinema.uwaterloo.ca2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Considered a major figure of the European film industry, he and his works have been variously described as ambitious and provocative, as well as technically innovative.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His films offer confrontational examinations of existential, social,<ref name="LB">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="NR">Template:Cite web</ref> psychosexual, and political<ref name="kinema.uwaterloo.ca2" /><ref name="scancan.net2">Template:Cite web</ref> issues, and deal in subjects<ref name="scancan.net2" /> including mercy,<ref name="BT">Template:Cite thesis</ref> sacrifice, and mental health.<ref name="LV">Template:Cite book</ref> He frequently collaborates with the actors Jens Albinus, Jean-Marc Barr, Udo Kier and Stellan Skarsgård.
Von Trier co-created the avant-garde filmmaking movement Dogme 95 alongside fellow director Thomas Vinterberg and co-founded the Danish film production company Zentropa,<ref name="Winfrey2">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="HISTORIEN – Historien om Zentropa">Template:Cite web</ref> the films from which have sold more than 350Template:Nbspmillion tickets and garnered eight Academy Award nominations.
Von Trier has been the subject of criticisms and controversies. Cannes Film Festival, in addition to awarding his films on numerous occasions, once listed him as Template:Lang for making a Nazism joke during an interview. Animal harm on ManderlayTemplate:'s set, and graphic violence and unsimulated sex in some of his films have drawn criticism, and he has also been accused of mistreatment and negligence towards actresses during the filming process, including Björk.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Early life and education
[edit]Born Lars Trier in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark, north of Copenhagen, his parents are Inger Høst and Ulf Trier. He later learned from Inger's deathbed that his biological father was Template:Ill, Inger's former boss at Denmark's Ministry of Social Affairs and a World War II resistance fighter.<ref name="english.carlthdreyer.dk">Template:Cite web</ref>
He studied film theory at the University of Copenhagen and film direction at the National Film School of Denmark.<ref name="tomb">Template:Cite web</ref> At 25, he won two Best School Film awards at the Munich International Festival of Film Schools<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> for Nocturne and Last Detail.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The same year, he added the nobiliary particle "von" to his name, possibly as a satirical homage to the equally self-invented titles of directors Erich von Stroheim and Josef von Sternberg,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and saw his graduation film Images of Liberation released as a theatrical feature.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Career
[edit]1984–1994: Career beginnings and Europa trilogy
[edit]In 1984, The Element of Crime, von Trier's breakthrough film, received twelve awards at seven international festivals<ref name="Element of Crime">Template:Citation</ref> including the Technical Grand Prize at Cannes, and a nomination for the Palme d'Or.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The film's slow, non-linear pace,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> innovative and multi-leveled plot design, and dark dreamlike visual effects<ref name="Element of Crime" />Template:Failed verification combine to create an allegory for traumatic European historical events.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Von Trier's next film, Epidemic (1987), was also shown at Cannes in the Un Certain Regard section, and featured two story lines that ultimately collide: the chronicle of two filmmakers (played by vonTemplate:NbspTrier and screenwriter Niels Vørse) in the midst of developing a new project, and a dark science fiction tale of a futuristic plagueTemplate:Sndthe very film von Trier and Vørsel are depicted making.Template:Citation needed He next directed Medea (1988) for television, based on a screenplay by Carl Th. Dreyer and starring Udo Kier, which won the Jean d'Arcy prize in France.Template:Citation needed
Von Trier has referred to his films as falling into thematic and stylistic trilogies. This pattern began with The Element of Crime (1984), the first of the Europa trilogy, which illuminated traumatic periods in Europe both in the past and the future. It also includes Epidemic. He completed the trilogy in 1991 with Europa (released as Zentropa in the US), which won the [[Jury Prize (Cannes Festival)|Prix duTemplate:NbspJury]] at the 1991 Cannes Film Festival,<ref name="cannes-1991.com">Template:Cite web</ref> and picked up awards at other major festivals. In 1990 he also directed the music video for the song "Bakerman" by Laid Back.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> This video was re-used in 2006 by the English DJ and artist Shaun Baker in his remake of the song.Template:Citation needed
Seeking financial independence and creative control over their projects, in 1992 vonTemplate:NbspTrier and producer Peter Aalbæk Jensen founded the film production company Zentropa Entertainment, which has sold more than 350 million tickets and was nominated for multiple Academy Awards as of 2016.<ref name="Winfrey2"/><ref name="HISTORIEN – Historien om Zentropa"/> Named after a fictional railway company in Europa,<ref name="tomb" /> their most recent film at the time, Zentropa has produced many movies other than Trier's own, as well as several television series.Template:Citation needed It has also produced hardcore sex films: Constance (1998), Pink Prison (1999), HotMen CoolBoyz (2000), and All About Anna (2005).Template:Citation needed To make money for his newly founded company, vonTemplate:NbspTrier made The Kingdom (Danish title Riget, 1994) and [[The Kingdom (miniseries)|The KingdomTemplate:NbspII]] (RigetTemplate:NbspII, 1997), a pair of miniseries recorded in the Danish national hospital, the name "Riget" being a colloquial name for the hospital known as Rigshospitalet (lit. The Kingdom's Hospital) in Danish.Template:Citation needed A projected third season of the series was derailed by the death in 1998 of Ernst-Hugo Järegård, who played Dr. Helmer, and that of Kirsten Rolffes, who played Mrs. Drusse, in 2000, two of the major characters, which led to the series' cancellation.Template:Citation needed
1995–2000: Dogme 95 manifesto, and Golden Heart trilogy
[edit]
In 1995, von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg presented their manifesto for a new cinematic movement, which they called Dogme 95. The DogmeTemplate:Nbsp95 concept, which led to international interest in Danish film, inspired filmmakers all over the world. It required filmmakers to shirk several common techniques in modern filmmaking, such as studio lighting, sets, costumes, and non-diegetic music.<ref name="Chaudhuri2005">Template:Cite book</ref> In 2008, together with their fellow Dogme directors Kristian Levring and Søren Kragh-Jacobsen, vonTemplate:NbspTrier and Thomas Vinterberg received the European film award for European Achievement in World Cinema.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1996 von Trier conducted an unusual theatrical experiment in Copenhagen involving 53 actors, which he titled PsychomobileTemplate:Nbsp1: The World Clock.Template:Citation needed A documentary chronicling the project was directed by Jesper Jargil, and was released in 2000 with the title De Udstillede (The Exhibited).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Von Trier achieved international success with his Golden Heart trilogy. Each film in the trilogy is about naive heroines who maintain their "golden hearts" despite the tragedies they experience. This trilogy consists of Breaking the Waves (1996), The Idiots (1998), and Dancer in the Dark (2000).<ref>Unconventional Trilogies Template:Webarchive, dated June 2013, at andsoitbeginsfilms.com</ref> While all three films are sometimes associated with the Dogme 95 movement, The Idiots was the only one to meet all the necessary criteria to be "certified" as such.Template:According to whom
Breaking the Waves won the Grand Prix at the Cannes Film Festival and featured Emily Watson, who was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Its grainy images, and hand-held photography, pointed towards DogmeTemplate:Nbsp95 but violated several of the manifesto's rules.Template:According to whom The second film in the trilogy, The Idiots, was nominated for a Palme d'Or, with which he was presented in person at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival, despite his dislike of traveling.Template:Citation needed In 2000, von Trier premiered Dancer in the Dark, a musical featuring Icelandic musician Björk, which won the Palme d'Or at Cannes.<ref name="cannes-2000.com">Template:Cite web</ref> The song "I've Seen It All" (co-written by vonTemplate:NbspTrier) received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song.{<ref>https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/story?id=109459&page=1</ref>}
2003–2008: Land of Opportunities trilogy and other works
[edit]
The Five Obstructions (2003), made by vonTemplate:NbspTrier and Jørgen Leth, is a documentary that incorporates lengthy sections of experimental films. The premise is that vonTemplate:NbspTrier challenges Leth, his friend and mentor, to remake his 1967 experimental short The Perfect Human five times, each time with a different obstacle.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
His next proposed trilogy, Land of Opportunities, consists of Dogville (2003), Manderlay (2005), and the unmade Template:Not a typo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The first two installments were shot with the same distinctive, extremely stylized approach, with the actors performing on a bare sound stage with no decoration, buildings' walls marked by chalk lines on the floor, a style inspired by 1970s televised theatre. Dogville starred Nicole Kidman as Grace Margaret Mulligan, a role taken by Bryce Dallas Howard for Manderlay.Template:Citation needed Both films feature an ensemble cast including Harriet Andersson, Lauren Bacall, James Caan, Danny Glover, and Willem Dafoe. The films question various issues relating to American society, such as intolerance and slavery.Template:Citation needed
In 2006, von Trier released the Danish-language comedy film, The Boss of It All, which was shot using an experimental process he named Automavision, involving the director choosing the best possible fixed camera position, then allowing a computer to randomly choose when to tilt, pan, or zoom.Template:Citation needed He followed this with an autobiographical film, The Early Years: Erik Nietzsche Part 1 in 2007, which von Trier wrote and Jacob Thuesen directed, a film that tells the story of vonTemplate:NbspTrier's years as a student at the National Film School of Denmark.Template:Citation needed It stars Jonatan Spang as vonTemplate:NbspTrier's alter ego, called "Erik Nietzsche", and is narrated by vonTemplate:NbspTrier himself, with all main characters being based on real people from the Danish film industry.Template:Citation needed The thinly veiled portrayals include Jens Albinus as director Nils Malmros, Dejan Čukić as screenwriter Mogens Rukov, and Søren Pilmark.Template:Citation needed
2009–2014: Depression trilogy
[edit]The Depression trilogy consists of Antichrist, Melancholia, and Nymphomaniac. The three films star Charlotte Gainsbourg, and deal with characters who suffer depression or grief in different ways. This trilogy is said to represent the depression that Trier himself experiences.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Antichrist follows "a grieving couple who retreat to their cabin in the woods, hoping a return to Eden will repair their broken hearts and troubled marriage; but nature takes its course and things go from bad to worse".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The film stars Willem Dafoe and Gainsbourg. It premiered in competition at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival, where the festival's jury honoured the movie by giving the Best Actress award to Gainsbourg.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Melancholia, released in 2011, is an apocalyptic drama about two depressive sisters played by Kirsten Dunst and Gainsbourg, the former of whom marries just before a rogue planet is about to collide with Earth.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> The film was in competition at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Best Actress award for Dunst.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Following Melancholia, von Trier began the production of Nymphomaniac, a film about the sexual awakening of a woman played by Gainsbourg.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In early December 2013, a four-hour version was shown to the press in a private preview session. The cast also included Stellan Skarsgård (in his sixth film for von Trier), Shia LaBeouf, Willem Dafoe, Jamie Bell, Christian Slater, and Uma Thurman. In response to claims that he had merely created a "porn film", Skarsgård stated "... if you look at this film, it's actually a really bad porn movie, even if you fast forward. And after a while you find you don't even react to the explicit scenes. They become as natural as seeing someone eating a bowl of cereal."Template:Quote without source For its public release in the United Kingdom, the film was divided into two volumes.Template:Citation needed The film premiered in the UK on 22Template:NbspFebruary 2014.Template:Citation needed
In interviews prior to the film's release, Gainsbourg and co-star Stacy Martin revealed that prosthetic vaginas, body doubles, and special effects were used for the production of the film. Martin also stated that the film's characters were a reflection of the director himself, and referred to the experience as an "honour" that she enjoyed.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film was also released in two "volumes" for the Australian release on 20 March 2014, with an interval separating the back-to-back sections. In February 2014, an uncensored version of Volume I was shown at the Berlin Film Festival, with no announcement of when or if the complete five-and-a-half-hour Nymphomaniac would be made available to the public.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The complete version premiered at the 2014 Venice Film Festival and was shortly afterward released in a limited theatrical run worldwide that fall.Template:Citation needed
2015–2018: The House That Jack Built and return to Cannes
[edit]In 2015, von Trier began work on a new feature film, The House That Jack Built, which was originally planned as an eight-part television series. The story is about a serial killer, seen from the murderer's point of view. It starred Matt Dillon in the title role, alongside Bruno Ganz, Riley Keough and Sofie Gråbøl.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Shooting started in March 2017 in Sweden, before moving to Copenhagen in May.<ref name="trump" />
In February 2017, von Trier explained that the film "celebrates the idea that life is evil and soulless, which is sadly proven by the recent rise of the Homo trumpus – the rat king".<ref name="trump">Template:Cite news</ref> The film premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2018.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Despite more than a hundred walkouts by audience members, the film still received a 10-minute standing ovation.<ref name="JB">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
2019–present: The Kingdom trilogy
[edit]After the release of The House That Jack Built, von Trier planned to produce Études, an anthology film consisting of ten black and white segments, each ten minutes long, inspired by the musical form; though it never came to fruition<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In December 2020, it was announced he would produce a belated third and final season of The Kingdom, titled The Kingdom Exodus, with Søren Pilmark returning as Jørgen 'Hook' Krogshøj, Ghita Nørby as Rigmor Mortensen, alongside a new cast including Mikael Persbrandt as Dr. Helmer, Jr. It was shot in 2021, consisting of five episodes released in November 2022.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The miniseries premiered out of competition at the Venice Film Festival as a five-hour feature-length film. It received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2024, von Trier announced he was working on a new film titled After which will benefit from funding from the Danish Film Institute. Stellan Skarsgård was cast as the film's lead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Filming is expected to begin in summer 2025, with von Trier's health conditions reflected in the plot of the film.<ref>https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/lars-von-trier-david-lynch-gaspar-noe-b2706607.html</ref>
Aesthetics, themes, and style of working
[edit]Themes
[edit]Von Trier's films deal with themes of religious imagery and his treatment of subjects<ref name="scancan.net2" /> such as mercy,<ref name="BT" /> sacrifice, and mental health,<ref name="LV" /> confrontational examination of existential, social,<ref name="LB" /><ref name="NR" /> and political<ref name="kinema.uwaterloo.ca2" /><ref name="scancan.net2" /> issues. Most of the films depicted in various forms of politics and religions, such as Nazism in Europa, Christianity in Breaking the Waves and The House that Jack Built, Atheism in Dogville, and Anti-bourgeois in The Idiots.
Influences
[edit]Von Trier is heavily influenced by the work of Carl Theodor Dreyer<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and the film The Night Porter.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He was so inspired by the short film The Perfect Human, directed by Jørgen Leth, that he challenged Leth to redo the short five times in the feature film The Five Obstructions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Writing
[edit]Von Trier's writing style has been heavily influenced by his work with actors on set, as well as the Dogme 95 manifesto that he co-authored.<ref name="CSinterview">Template:Cite web</ref> In an interview with Creative Screenwriting, he described his process as "writing a sketch and keep[ing] the story simple...then part of the script work is with the actors."<ref name="CSinterview" /> He again cites Dreyer as an influence, pointing to his method of overwriting his scripts, then significantly cutting the length down.<ref name="CSinterview" /> Reflecting on the storytelling across his body of work, von Trier said, "all the stories are about a realist who comes into conflict with life. I'm not crazy about real life, and real life is not crazy about me."<ref name="CSinterview" />
Filming techniques
[edit]Von Trier has said that "a film should be like a stone in your shoe".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> To create original art he feels that filmmakers must distinguish themselves stylistically from other films, often by placing restrictions on the film making process. The most famous such restriction is the cinematic "vow of chastity" of the Dogme 95 movement. In Dancer in the Dark, he used jump shots<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and dramatically different color palettes and camera techniques for the "real world" and musical portions of the film,.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Von Trier often shoots digitally and operates the camera himself, preferring to continuously shoot the actors in-character without stopping between takes. In Dogville, because there were no walls between the "buildings" on the set, actors needed to stay in character for hours, even when not part of the scene being filmed.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> These techniques often put great strain on the actors, most famously with Björk during the filming of Dancer in the Dark.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Von Trier would later return to explicit images in Antichrist (2009), exploring darker themes, but he ran into problems when he tried once more with Nymphomaniac, which had 90 minutes cut out (reducing it from five-and-one-half to four hours) for its international release in 2013 in order to be commercially viable,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> taking nearly a year to be shown complete anywhere in an uncensored director's cut.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
While Lars von Trier commissioned new musical compositions for his early films, his more recent work has made use of existing music.<ref name="Rudolph 1">Template:Cite book</ref> With Nymphomaniac, the principle of musical eclecticism is also applied within the film.<ref name="Rudolph 1" /> He often heavily edits compositions to manipulate and provoke the audience.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Approach to actors
[edit]In an interview for IndieWire, von Trier compared his approach to actors with "how a chef would work with a potato or a piece of meat", clarifying that working with actors has differed on each film based on the production conditions.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He has occasionally courted controversy by his treatment of his lead actresses.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He and Björk famously fell out during the shooting of Dancer in the Dark, to the point where she would abscond from filming for days at a time.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> She stated of von Trier, who shattered a monitor while it was next to her, that "you can take quite sexist film directors like Woody Allen or Stanley Kubrick and still they are the one that provide the soul to their movies. In Lars von Trier's case it is not so and he knows it. He needs a female to provide his work soul. And he envies them and hates them for it. So he has to destroy them during the filming. And hide the evidence."<ref name="LT" />
Nicole Kidman, who starred in von Trier's Dogville, said in an interview with ABC Radio National that she tried to quit the film several times in response to comments von Trier made on set, often while inebriated, "but I say this laughing...I didn't do the sequel but I'm still very good friends with him, strangely enough, because I admire his honesty and I see him as an artist, and I say, my gosh, it's such a hard world now to have a unique voice, and he certainly has that."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
However, other actresses he has worked with, such as Kirsten Dunst and Charlotte Gainsbourg have spoken out in defence of his approach.<ref name="LT">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Nymphomaniac star Stacy Martin has stated that he never forced her to do anything that was outside her comfort zone. She said "I don't think he's a misogynist. The fact that he sometimes depicts women as troubled or dangerous or dark or even evil; that doesn't automatically make him anti-feminist. It's a very dated argument. I think that Lars loves women."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Personal life
[edit]Family
[edit]
In 1989, von Trier's mother confessed to him on her deathbed that his biological father was not the man who raised him, but her former employer, Template:Ill (1909–2000),<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> who was descended from a long line of Danish classical musicians. Hartmann's grandfather was Emil Hartmann, and his great-grandfather J. P. E. Hartmann. His uncles included Niels Gade and Johan Ernst Hartmann, and Niels Viggo Bentzon was his cousin. She stated that she did this to give her son "artistic genes".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Von Trier has jokingly said, by reference to the distant German origin of the Hartmann family, that while he believed he had a Jewish background, he is "really more of a Nazi."<ref name="Nicodemus">Template:Cite news</ref>
During the German occupation of Denmark, Hartmann in fact joined a resistance group, actively counteracting any pro-German and pro-Nazi colleagues in his civil service department.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Another member of this resistance group was Hartmann's colleague Viggo Kampmann, who would later become prime minister of Denmark.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> After vonTemplate:NbspTrier had four awkward meetings with his biological father, Hartmann refused further contact.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
From 1987 to 1995, von Trier was married to producer and actress Template:Ill, with whom he has two daughters, Agnes and Selma (both producers like their parents), and from 1997 to 2015 to Bente Frøge, with whom he has two sons.
Family background and political and religious views
[edit]Von Trier's mother considered herself a communist, while Ulf Trier was a social democrat. Both were committed nudists, and vonTemplate:NbspTrier went on several childhood holidays to nudist camps. They regarded the disciplining of children as reactionary. Von Trier has noted that he was brought up in an atheist family, and that although Ulf Trier was Jewish, he was not religious. His parents did not allow much room in their household for "feelings, religion, or enjoyment", and also refused to make any rules for their children.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In a 2005 interview with Die Zeit, vonTemplate:NbspTrier said, "I don't know if I'm all that Catholic really. I'm probably not. Denmark is a very Protestant country. Perhaps I only turned Catholic to piss off a few of my countrymen."<ref name="Nicodemus" /> In 2009, he said, "I'm a very bad Catholic. In fact I'm becoming more and more of an atheist."<ref>Fielder, Miles (4 August 2009). Template:Cite web. The Big Issue Scotland. Retrieved 11 September 2011.</ref>
Health
[edit]Mental health
[edit]Von Trier suffers from various fears and phobias, including an intense fear of flying. This fear frequently places severe constraints on him and his crew, necessitating that virtually all of his films be shot in either Denmark or Sweden.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On numerous occasions, he has stated that he suffers from occasional depression which renders him incapable of doing his work and unable to fulfill social obligations.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Parkinson's disease
[edit]On 8 August 2022, it was announced that von Trier had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to Variety, von Trier plans to take a break from filmmaking to adjust to his new life with the disease, saying: "I will take a little break and find out what to do, but I certainly hope that my condition will be better. It's a disease you can't take away; you can work with the symptoms, though."<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> On 12 February 2025, Zentropa producer Louise Vesth announced via Instagram that von Trier had been admitted to a care facility for the condition.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Controversies
[edit]Remarks during Cannes interview
[edit]In May 2011, known to be provocative in interviews,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> vonTemplate:NbspTrier's remarks during the press conference before the premiere of Melancholia in Cannes<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref> caused significant controversy in the media, leading the festival to declare him persona non grata.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He was therefore banned from Cannes for one year,<ref name="Nymphomaniac Cannes">Template:Cite web</ref> although Melancholia still competed in that year's competition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Minutes before the end of the press conference, von Trier was asked about his German roots and the Nazi aesthetic, in response to his description of the film's genre as "German romance".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="hitler">Template:Cite webTemplate:Cbignore</ref> He joked that since he was "no longer Jewish," having been told the truth about his biological father, he now "understands" and "sympathizes" with Hitler, that he is not against the Jews except for Israel which is "a pain in the ass" and that he is a Nazi.<ref name="hitler" /> Von Trier was branded an antisemite for his remarks.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He released a formal apology immediately after the press conference<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and kept apologizing for his joke during all of the interviews he gave in the weeks following the incident,<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref> admitting that he was not sober,<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref> and saying that he did not need to explain that he is not a Nazi.<ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref> However, in 2019, von Trier stated that he made this remark at the "only press conference I ever had when I was sober."<ref>"A filmmaker's flamelike glow," New York Times, 15 February 2019</ref>
The actors of Melancholia who were present during the incident – Dunst, Gainsbourg, Skarsgård – defended the director, pointing to his provocative sense of humor<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="skarsgard" /> and his depression.<ref name="Dunst" /> He refused to attend a private press screening of his subsequent feature Nymphomaniac. In the director's defense, Skarsgård stated at the screening, "Everyone knows he's not a Nazi, and it was disgraceful the way the press had these headlines saying he was."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The director of the Cannes festival later called the controversy "unfair" and as "stupid" as vonTemplate:NbspTrier's bad joke, concluding that his films are welcome at the festival and that vonTemplate:NbspTrier is considered a "friend".<ref name="Nymphomaniac Cannes" />
Sex and violence in films
[edit]Several of his films – The Idiots (1998), Antichrist (2009), Nymphomaniac (2013) and The House That Jack Built (2018) – contain explicit content that has generated controversy;<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the first faced widespread backlash upon its release as one film critic was ejected from its premiere screening at Cannes for heckling, and the film was heavily censored for subsequent releases.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> At the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, approximately 100 audience members walked out of the premiere of The House That Jack Built.<ref name="JB" />
Sexual harassment allegations with Björk
[edit]In October 2017, Björk, in the wake of dozens of sexual abuse cases brought against film producer Harvey Weinstein, posted on her Facebook page that she had been sexually harassed by a Danish film director.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> She commented: Template:Blockquote
The Los Angeles Times found evidence identifying him as Lars von Trier.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Von Trier has rejected Björk's allegation that he sexually harassed her during the making of the film Dancer in the Dark, and said "That was not the case. But that we were definitely not friends, that's a fact", to Danish daily Jyllands-Posten in its online edition.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="DH" /> Peter Aalbæk Jensen, the producer of Dancer in the Dark, told Jyllands-Posten that "as far as I remember we [Lars von Trier and I] were the victims. That woman was stronger than both Lars von Trier and me and our company put together. She dictated everything and was about to close a movie of 100m kroner [$16m]".<ref name="DH">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> After von Trier's statement, Björk explained the details about this incident:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In the spirit of #metoo I would like to lend women around the world a hand with a more detailed description of my experience with a Danish director. It feels extremely difficult to come out with something of this nature into the public, especially when immediately ridiculed by offenders. I fully sympathise with everyone who hesitates, even for years. But I feel it is the right time especially now when it could make a change. Here comes a list of the encounters that I think count as sexual harassment:
- After each take the director ran up to me and wrapped his arms around me for a long time in front of all crew or alone and stroked me sometimes for minutes against my wishes.
- When after 2 months of this i said he had to stop the touching, he exploded and broke a chair in front of everyone on set. Like someone who has always been allowed to fondle his actresses. Then we all got sent home.
- During the whole filming process there were constant awkward paralysing unwanted whispered sexual offers from him with graphic descriptions, sometimes with his wife standing next to us.
- While filming in Sweden, he threatened to climb from his room's balcony over to mine in the middle of the night with a clear sexual intention, while his wife was in the room next door. I escaped to my friends room. This was what finally woke me up to the severity of all this and made me stand my ground.
- Fabricated stories in the press about me being difficult by his producer. This matches beautifully the Weinstein methods and bullying. I have never eaten a shirt. Not sure that is even possible.
- I didn't comply or agree on being sexually harassed. That was then portrayed as me being difficult. If being difficult is standing up to being treated like that, i'll own it.
Hope
Let's break this curse.
Warmth
Björk
Björk's manager, Derek Birkett, has spoken in support of her representation of von Trier's actions:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The Guardian later found that Jensen's studio, Zentropa, with which von Trier frequently collaborated, had an endemic culture of sexual harassment. Jensen stepped down from CEO position of Zentropa as further harassment allegations came to light in 2017.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Animal cruelty during filming
[edit]A donkey was slaughtered for dramatic purposes during production of Manderlay, an act that caused actors including John C. Reilly to quit the film in protest of its cruelty to animals.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The scene was cut from the film before it was released.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Although The House that Jack Built was praised by animal rights organization PETA for its use of realistic effects, a scene involving the main character mutilating a duckling was the subject of criticism from some audiences.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Position on the Russian war against Ukraine
[edit]In August 2023, Lars von Trier published on Instagram a critical entry against the delivery of F-16 fighters to Ukraine, ending his post by saying "Russian lives matter also!"<ref name="guardian-cain">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The entry immediately became publicized in official Russian media and by the Russian propaganda officer Margarita Simonyan.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Oleksiy Danilov, head of Ukraine's National Security and Defense Council, responded on Twitter, criticising von Trier's comments, saying, "The choice between the executioner and the victim becomes a tragedy when the artist chooses the side of the executioner."<ref name="guardian-cain" /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Two days later, Von Trier then made another post on Instagram, saying, "I support Ukraine with every beat of my heart! I was just stating the obvious: that all lives in this world matter!"<ref name="guardian-cain" />
Filmography
[edit]Feature Films
[edit]| Year | Title | Also known as | Trilogies | Release date | RT | MC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1984 | The Element of Crime | (Forbrydelsens element) | Europa | 14 May | 83% (18 reviews) | 66% (6 reviews) |
| 1987 | Epidemic | 11 September | 25% (8 reviews) | 66% (4 reviews) | ||
| 1991 | Europa | (Zentropa) | 12 May | 81% (16 reviews) | 69% (15 reviews) | |
| 1996 | Breaking the Waves | Golden Heart | 18 May | 85% (65 reviews) | 82% (29 reviews) | |
| 1998 | The Idiots | (Idioterne) | 20 May | 72% (31 reviews) | 48% (17 reviews) | |
| 2000 | Dancer in the Dark | 17 May | 70% (122 reviews) | 63% (31 reviews) | ||
| 2003 | Dogville | USA - Land of Opportunities | 19 May | 70% (168 reviews) | 61% (30 reviews) | |
| 2003 | The Five Obstructions | (De fem benspænd) | 11 September | 89% (62 reviews) | 79% (22 reviews) | |
| 2005 | Manderlay | 16 May | 50% (103 reviews) | 46% (29 reviews) | ||
| 2006 | The Boss of It All | (Direktøren for det hele) | 21 September | 75% (67 reviews) | 71% (17 reviews) | |
| 2009 | Antichrist | Depression | 20 May | 54% (179 reviews) | 49% (34 reviews) | |
| 2011 | Melancholia | 18 May | 80% (207 reviews) | 81% (40 reviews) | ||
| 2013 | Nymphomaniac | 25 December | 76% (I; 204 reviews) and 59% (II; 128 reviews) | 64% (I; 41 reviews) and 61% (II; 34 reviews) | ||
| 2018 | The House That Jack Built | 14 May | 60% (138 reviews) | 42% (29 reviews) |
Television
[edit]| Year | Title | Also known as | Trilogies | Release date | RT | MC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | The Kingdom I | (Riget) | The Kingdom | 24 November – 15 December | 84% (19 reviews) | 77% (9 reviews) |
| 1997 | The Kingdom II | (Riget II) | The Kingdom | 10 October – 31 October | 84% (19 reviews) | 77% (9 reviews) |
| 2022 | The Kingdom: Exodus | (Riget: Exodus) | The Kingdom | 9 October – 30 October | 84% (19 reviews) | 77% (9 reviews) |
Frequent collaborators
[edit]Von Trier often works more than once with actors and production members. Manon Rasmussen was the only crew member as a costume designer to collaborate with von Trier in all of his works (except Medea and The Idiots) since The Element of Crime (1984). His first, but initial acting collaborator for The Element of Crime was Leif Magnusson, who appeared in his role as a hotel guest, yet continued to appear again in the last two films as different minor roles for his first trilogy until his acting retirement in the early 1990s. His main crew members and producer team has remained intact since Europa.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Many of his recurring actors have expressed their devotion<ref name="skarsgard">Template:Cite web</ref> to von Trier.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref><ref name="Dunst">Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref> European actors Jean-Marc Barr, Udo Kier, and Stellan Skarsgård have all appeared across several von Trier films. With the exception of Medea, The Kingdom, his incompleted "USA Trilogy", and The House that Jack Built; British-French actress Charlotte Gainsbourg and Swedish actor Leif Magnusson are the only two acting collaborators (excluding himself) to have appeared in all installments of two of his trilogies, taking the lead roles in Depression for the former and minor roles in Europa for the latter.
Note: This list shows only the actors (in alphabetical order only) who have collaborated with von Trier in three or more productions.
Awards and honors
[edit]Template:MainAmong his more than 100 awards and 200 nominations<ref name="Lars von Trier">Template:Cite web</ref> at film festivals worldwide, von Trier has received: the Palme d'Or (for Dancer in the Dark), the Grand Prix (for Breaking the Waves), the Prix du Jury (for Europa), and the Technical Grand Prize (for The Element of Crime and Europa) at the Cannes Film Festival. Von Trier has also received both Golden Globe Award and Academy Award nomination for the former.
| Year | Film | Cannes Film Festival | Bodil Awards | Robert Awards | European Film Awards | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Template:Abbr | Wins | Template:Abbr | Wins | Template:Abbr | Wins | Template:Abbr | Wins | ||
| 1984 | The Element of Crime | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 7 | ||
| 1991 | Europa | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 7 | 7 | 2 | |
| 1994-2022 | Riget | 7 | 7 | 11 | 6 | 1 | |||
| 1996 | Breaking the Waves | 2 | 1 | 3 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 3 | 3 |
| 1998 | The Idiots | 1 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 2000 | Dancer in the Dark | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 5 | 4 | 4 |
| 2003 | Dogville | 1 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 2 | 4 | 1 | |
| 2003 | The Five Obstructions | 1 | |||||||
| 2005 | Manderlay | 1 | 1 | 9 | 3 | ||||
| 2009 | Antichrist | 2 | 1 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 7 | 3 | 1 |
| 2011 | Melancholia | 2 | 1 | 7 | 2 | 13 | 10 | 8 | 3 |
| 2013 | Nymphomaniac | 6 | 1 | 16 | 8 | 4 | |||
| 2018 | The House that Jack Built | 2 | 1 | 11 | 2 | ||||
| Total | 17 | 9 | 42 | 26 | 110 | 64 | 34 | 12 | |
- In von Trier's second trilogy, Golden Heart, is the first franchise or trilogy to have won both Bodil and Robert for Best Actress in a Leading Role, respectively Emily Watson, Bodil Jorgensen, and Björk, while Watson and Björk also have won the European for Best Actress.Template:Fact
- Also in Golden Heart, three of them have nominated the Palme d'Or, with the latter won.Template:Fact
- In von Trier's fourth trilogy, Depression, is the first franchise or trilogy to have sweep the Robert for Best Danish Film, Best Director, Best Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Sound, and Best Visual Effects.Template:Fact
Notes
[edit]- 1Template:Anchor^ Dimension was originally intended a feature-length gangster film with each 33 years of development as for 2024 per theatrical release, but he was lost interest in the project after the death of Cartlidge, Constantine, and Hugo Järegård, in which he completes one of the footages into a short film instead.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
References
[edit]Further reading
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- Rudolph, Pascal (2020). "Björk on the Gallows: Performance, Persona, and Authenticity in Lars von Trier’s Dancer in the Dark", in IASPM Journal 10/1, 22–42. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5429/2079-3871(2020)v10i1.3en.
- Rudolph, Pascal (2022). Präexistente Musik im Film: Klangwelten im Kino des Lars von Trier (in German). edition text + kritik. DOI https://doi.org/10.5771/9783967077582.
- Rudolph, Pascal (2023). "The Musical Idea Work Group: Production and Reception of Pre-existing Music in Film", in Twentieth-Century Music 20/2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1478572222000214.
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External links
[edit]Template:Commons Template:Wikiquote
- Zentropa official website – von Trier's production company
- Template:IMDb name
- Template:Danish National Filmography name
- Senses of Cinema: Great Directors Critical Database
- The Burden From Donald Duck. An interview with Lars von Trier Video by Louisiana Channel
- Pages with broken file links
- Lars von Trier
- 1956 births
- Living people
- Converts to Roman Catholicism
- Danish experimental filmmakers
- Danish people of German descent
- Danish people of Belgian descent
- Danish Roman Catholics
- Danish male screenwriters
- Danish documentary film directors
- Directors of Palme d'Or winners
- English-language film directors
- European Film Award for Best Director winners
- Film directors from Copenhagen
- Hartmann family
- German-language film directors
- Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog
- People from Kongens Lyngby
- Spanish-language film directors
- Sun in a Net Awards winners
- Postmodernist filmmakers
- People with Parkinson's disease
- Film controversies
- Obscenity controversies in film
- Animal cruelty incidents in film
- Political controversies in film