Labiodental consonant

Template:Short description Template:More citations needed Template:IPA notice In phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth, such as Template:IPA and Template:IPA. In English, labiodentalized /s/, /z/ and /r/ are characteristic of some individuals; these may be written Template:IPA.<ref>John Laver (1994: 323) Principles of Phonetics.</ref>

Labiodental consonants in the IPA

The labiodental consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

IPA	Description	Example
IPA	Description	Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
Template:IPA	voiceless labiodental nasal	Angami<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	Template:Example needed		allophone of Template:IPA before Template:IPA
Template:IPA	voiced labiodental nasal	Kukuya Template:Sfnp (disputed)	Template:IPA		'eyes'
Template:IPA	voiceless labiodental plosive	Greek	σάπφειρος	Template:IPA	'sapphire'
Template:IPA	voiced labiodental plosive	Sika	Template:Example needed
Template:IPA	voiceless labiodental affricate	Tsonga	timpfuvu	Template:IPA	'hippos'
Template:IPA	voiced labiodental affricate	Tsonga	shilebvu	Template:IPA	'chin'
Template:IPA	voiceless labiodental fricative	English	fan	Template:IPA
Template:IPA	voiced labiodental fricative	English	van	Template:IPA
Template:IPA	voiced labiodental approximant	Dutch	wang	Template:IPA	'cheek'
Template:IPA	voiced labiodental flap	Mono	vwa	Template:IPA	'send'
Template:IPA	labiodental ejective affricate	Tsetsaut<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>	apfʼo	Template:IPA	'boil'
Template:IPA	labiodental ejective fricative	Yapese<ref>Template:Cite thesis</ref>	fʼaang	Template:IPA	'type of eel'
Template:IPA	labiodental click release (many different consonants)	Nǁng	ʘoe	Template:IPA	'meat'

The IPA chart shades out labiodental lateral consonants.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> This is sometimes read as indicating that such sounds are not possible. In fact, the fricatives Template:IPA and Template:IPA often have lateral airflow, but no language makes a distinction for centrality, and the allophony is not noticeable.

The IPA symbol Template:IPA refers to a sound occurring in Swedish, officially described as similar to the velar fricative [x], but one dialectal variant is a rounded, velarized labiodental, less ambiguously rendered as Template:IPA. The labiodental click is an allophonic variant of the (bi)labial click.

Occurrence

The only common labiodental sounds to occur phonemically are the fricatives and the approximant. The labiodental flap occurs phonemically in over a dozen languages, but it is restricted geographically to central and southeastern Africa.Template:Sfnp With most other manners of articulation, the norm are bilabial consonants (which together with labiodentals, form the class of labial consonants).

Template:IPA is quite common, but in all or nearly all languages in which it occurs, it occurs only as an allophone of Template:IPA before labiodental consonants such as Template:IPA and Template:IPA. It has been reported to occur phonemically in a dialect of Teke, but similar claims in the past have proven spurious.

The XiNkuna dialect of Tsonga features a pair of affricates as phonemes. In some other languages, such as Xhosa, affricates may occur as allophones of the fricatives. These differ from the German voiceless labiodental affricate Template:Angbr, which commences with a bilabial p. All these affricates are rare sounds.Template:Cn

The stops are not confirmed to exist as separate phonemes in any language. They are sometimes written as ȹ ȸ (qp and db ligatures). They may also be found in children's speech or as speech impediments.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Template:Vanchor consonants

Dentolabial consonants are the articulatory opposite of labiodentals: They are pronounced by contacting lower teeth against the upper lip. The diacritic for dentolabial in the extensions of the IPA for disordered speech is a superscript bridge, Template:Angbr IPA, by analogy with the subscript bridge used for labiodentals: thus Template:Angbr IPA. Complex consonants such as affricates, prenasalized stops and the like are also possible. These are rare cross-linguistically, likely due to the prevalence of dental malocclusions (especially retrognathism) that make them difficult to produce,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> though the voiceless dentolabial fricative Template:IPA is used in some of the southwestern dialects of Greenlandic.Template:Sfnp

Origins

The commonality of labiodentals (especially f and v) has been argued to be linked to the Agricultural Revolution.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

References

Template:Reflist

Labiodental consonant