Katoomba
Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use Australian English Template:Infobox Australian place Katoomba is the main town and council seat of the City of Blue Mountains in New South Wales, Australia, and is the administrative centre of Blue Mountains City Council.
Situated on the Great Western Highway and the Great Western Railway, Katoomba is home to the Three Sisters, Template:Convert by road west of Sydney Central Business District and Template:Convert south-east of Lithgow. Katoomba railway station serves the town.<ref>Gregory's State Road Map of New South Wales, Map 220, 11th Edition</ref> Katoomba is located on the lands of the Dharug and Gundungurra Aboriginal peoples.
Katoomba is a base for bush and nature walks in the surrounding Blue Mountains. At the 2021 census, Katoomba had a population of 8,268 people.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
Etymology
[edit]Kedumba or Katta-toon-bah is an Aboriginal term for "shining falling water" or "water tumbling over hill"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and takes its name from a waterfall that drops into the Jamison Valley below the Harrys Amphitheatre escarpment. Previously, the site was known as William's Chimney and Collett's Swamp. In 1874 the locality was named The Crushers after the name of the railway station that served a nearby quarry. The name Katoomba was adopted in 1877 and the town achieved municipality status in 1889.<ref>"Origin of Blue Mountains Town Names" Blue Mountains City Council Template:Webarchive</ref>
History
[edit]For thousands of years, the Blue Mountains were home to Aboriginal peoples, specifically, the Gundungurra and Darug tribes. They knew the area as kedumba, meaning shiny, falling waters. Many of them were forced to move from their ancestral lands to Aboriginal settlements such as the Gully, a tract of land in south Katoomba, as part of discriminatory policies established at the beginning of the 20th century.<ref name="abo">Template:Cite web</ref> The Gully was used as a summer encampment by the Darug and Gundungurra peoples long before the arrival of white settlers. Settlements on the Blue Mountains before 1950 led to the relocation of many Aboriginal families to the Gully.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>
Between 1955 and 1957, dozens of the inhabitants of the Gully were forcibly evicted in order to clear the land for a racetrack being developed by a group of local businessmen. By 1958, at least 27 children from the area had also been taken from their families.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Today, there are still many traditional Aboriginal peoples living in the Blue Mountains, where there are now a number of cultural sites that walk visitors through the region's rich past and share the customs and heritage of the local tribes.Template:Citation needed
Katoomba and nearby Medlow Bath were first developed as tourist destinations towards the end of the 19th century when a series of hotels were built and then repeatedly extended.Template:Citation needed
Katoomba Coffee Palace was a coffee palace created around 1900 by "Mr Tamm" in a building previously known as The Priory,<ref name=cp1900/> which was the boarding house of a school before being converted into a guesthouse. Tamm renamed it Royal Coffee Palace. Council headquarters were built on the site in 1961.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It included a large dining room seating up to 75 people, as well as 35 bedrooms.<ref name=cp1900>Template:Cite news </ref> An undated photograph shows intricate Victorian filigree architecture,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> while a photo dated 1906 shows a very different facade, with the balcony removed.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Coal and oil shale mining was also carried out in the Jamison Valley for many years,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> but when the seams were completely exhausted by the early 20th century, Katoomba was an established resort town. By the 1960s, Katoomba had somewhat declined, and several of its guest houses were converted for other purposes, including convalescent hospitals.Template:Citation needed
In the 1980s, the guest houses and hotels again became fashionable and many were restored.
In 2012, under the National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974, the Hon. Bob Debus, local Member of Parliament, officially declared The Gully an “aboriginal place”, a place of special significance to Aboriginal culture.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="abo" />
Climate
[edit]
Katoomba has an oceanic climate (Cfb) with mild summers and cool to cold winters. At Katoomba (1040 metres above sea level) summer daytime temperatures are usually in the low 20s – with a few rare days extending into the 30s (Celsius) – and night-time temperatures usually in the low teens.
In winter, the maximum temperature is typically about Template:Convert while the minimum generally around Template:Convert or so on clear nights and Template:Convert on cloudy nights. There are usually two or three settled snowfalls per year. Temperatures are on average Template:Convert lower than Sydney with many misty days. Katoomba has 79.8 days of clear skies, annually.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Snowfall
[edit]The Blue Mountains has a reputation for snow in winter. However, despite the cool temperatures, there are only around five snowy days per year in the upper mountains area. It is extremely rare to see snow below Lawson. It is not unusual to see white blankets of frost covering the ground in the early morning hours. In the evening, thick coverings of ice can form on car windscreens.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Moreover, winters are not as snowy and rainy as those of Orange and Oberon, to the west; this is due to the fact Katoomba mostly lies on the leeward (eastern) side of the ranges, thereby experiencing a moderate foehn effect.<ref>Rain Shadows by Don White. Australian Weather News. Willy Weather. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</ref><ref>Sharples, J.J., McRae, R.H.D., Weber, R.O., Mills, G.A. (2009) Foehn-like winds and fire danger anomalies in southeastern Australia. Proceedings of the 18th IMACS World Congress and MODSIM09. 13–17 July, Cairns.</ref><ref>Weather Glossary - F Farmonline Weather</ref>
Several significant snowfalls have been recorded. On 5 July 1900, snowdrifts were over Template:Convert deep in parts of the Blue Mountains. The snow and ice caused significant problems throughout central New South Wales, with rail and road closures, damage to buildings, and disruption to telegraph services. A winter storm on 17 July 1965 also produced very heavy snow and ice in the area, with damage to buildings and major difficulties with road and rail transport. More recently, a cold snap brought heavy snow, up to Template:Convert, to Katoomba and other towns in the upper Blue Mountains on 17 July 2015 which was the heaviest snowfall in many years.
People and culture
[edit]
The area's scenery and art deco-style shops and houses attract an alternative subculture. Many poets, artists and environmentalists reside in Katoomba and the Blue Mountains generally, and the town hosts the Winter Solstice festival, Winter Magic, that features local talent, art and handicraft. The festival was established in 1994 to provide a local focus for the Blue Mountains-wide Yulefest. Yulefest is a long-running tourism initiative that promotes Northern Hemisphere-style Christmas celebrations during the Australian winter months June to August.
Novelist and historian Eleanor Dark (1901–1985) lived in Katoomba with her husband Eric Dark from 1923 until her death. The couple's home "Varuna" is now Varuna, The Writers' House.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1921, production house duo Raymond Longford and Lottie Lyell filmed The Blue Mountains Mystery in part around the town centre. Ursula Dubosarsky's 1991 time-travel novel Zizzy Zing is set in Katoomba in 1938, at the time of the Sesquicentenary.<ref>Australian Bookseller and Publisher 1 August 1991</ref> Poet and author, Steven Herrick wrote a novel, 'The Bogan Mondrian' located in modern-day Katoomba. His verse-novel, 'love, ghosts and nose-hair' is also set in the town.
Blues musician Claude Hay is also a resident of Katoomba, having built his home and recording studio on the outskirts of town. Both of Hay's albums, 2007's Kiss the Sky and 2010s Deep Fried Satisfied were recorded in Katoomba, with the latter earning Hay critical acclaim and a No. 1 on the Roots Music Report Australian chart and No. 21 for airplay worldwide in October 2010.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In addition to its alternative sub-culture, the area is home to a large number of culturally diverse families and has a significant Aboriginal population. Catalina Park, commonly known as the Gully, was declared an Aboriginal Place in May 2002. It is an ecologically and culturally sensitive area with a long history of occupation by the Gundungarra and Darug tribes.
The Gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation, which is based in Katoomba, is a not-for-profit organization representing the Gundungurra traditional owners, promoting heritage and culture and providing a support for Gundungurra people connecting back to Country. Gundungurra Tribal Council Aboriginal Corporation has had a registered Native Title Claim since 1995 over their traditional lands which include the Blue Mountains and surrounding areas.
Katoomba is the home of local community radio station 89.1 Radio Blue Mountains. The local cinema is called The Edge, located on the Great Western Highway.
Since 2014, Katoomba has hosted the biennial Vertical Film Festival. There is also a live entertainment scene in Katoomba, with a wide range of music on offer at various venues, and theatre.
Demographics
[edit]At the 2021 census, the suburb of Katoomba recorded a population of 8,268. Of these:<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
- Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 3.3% of the population.
- The most common ancestries were English 42%, Australian 31.1%, Irish 17.6%, Scottish 13.9% and German 6%.
- 73.3% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth was England 5.6% and New Zealand 2.0%.
- 86% of people spoke only English at home.
- The most common responses for religion were No Religion 55.4%, Catholic 12.4% and Anglican 9.5%.
- The median age was 48 years, compared to the national median of 38 years. Children aged under 15 years made up 13.8% of the population (national average is 18.2%) and people aged 65 years and over made up 23.6% of the population (national average is 17.2%).
- The median household weekly income was $1,171, compared to the national median of $1,746.
- 55.4% of households were family households, 39.5% were single-person households and 5.1% were group households. The average household size was 2.1 people.
Tourism
[edit]
Katoomba's main industry is tourism based on its mountain scenery.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The rock formation known as the Three Sisters, viewable from Echo Point about Template:Convert south of the main town, attracts thousands of visitors each year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other features of the Jamison Valley visible from Echo Point include Mount Solitary and the rock formation known as the Ruined Castle. A short walk from Echo Point leads to the Giant Stairway which provides access to a number of nature walks through the Valley. Several of the Jamison Valley tracks, including the Stairway itself, were closed in recent years due to maintenance, but most have since been re-opened.<ref>Sydney and Blue Mountains Bushwalks, Neil Paton (Kangaroo Press) 2004, pp.215-228</ref> The local geography includes extensive areas of dense warm temperate rainforest, hanging swamps and a series of waterfalls.
Other attractions include Scenic World, a tourist complex in the southwest of the town. This site is home to the steepest funicular railway in the world, the Katoomba Scenic Railway, which was originally built to facilitate coal and oil shale mining in the Jamison Valley.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Scenic World also offers the Scenic Skyway cable car, which travels over an arm of the Jamison Valley and offers views of Katoomba Falls and Orphan Rock. In 2004 the original Skyway car was replaced by a new car with a liquid crystal panel floor, which becomes transparent while the car travels. In 1983 construction began at the site on a roller coaster called the Orphan Rocker; the track was completed, but this attraction has never been opened to the public.Template:Citation needed
Katoomba is served by hotels and guest-houses, the oldest of which is the Carrington Hotel, established in 1882 and occupying the highest point in town. The town centre, centred on Katoomba Street, features dozens of cafes and restaurants, including the Paragon which dates to the early 20th century, as well as a number of second-hand book and antique stores.
Transport
[edit]Katoomba was connected to the Main Western railway line in 1874, when the station was called "The Crushers".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Katoomba railway station is now served by the Blue Mountains Line. The weekly Outback Xplorer from Sydney to Broken Hill also stops at Katoomba.
The Great Western Highway is the main road access route.
Katoomba Airfield is also located about Template:Convert by road from the Katoomba Central Business District. The airfield is currently closed to airplanes and helicopters, but is available for use by emergency services.
Heritage listings
[edit]_Carrington_Hotel_1.JPG){kind=link}
Katoomba has a number of heritage-listed sites, including the following listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register:
- Blue Mountains National Park: Blue Mountains walking tracks<ref name=nswshr-980>Template:Cite NSW SHR</ref>
- 10-14 Civic Place: Mount St Marys College and Convent<ref name=nswshr-1681>Template:Cite NSW SHR</ref>
- Katoomba Street: Carrington Hotel<ref name=nswshr-280>Template:Cite NSW SHR</ref><ref>Template:Cite NSW HD</ref>
- 59-61 Katoomba Street: Katoomba Post Office<ref name=nswshr-1453>Template:Cite NSW SHR</ref>
- 63-69 Katoomba Street: Paragon Cafe, Katoomba;<ref name=nswshr-1959>Template:Cite NSW SHR</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite NSW HD</ref> also listed on the (now defunct) Register of the National Estate.<ref name=heritage/>
- Main Western railway: Katoomba railway station<ref name=nswshr-1174>Template:Cite NSW SHR</ref>
- 10-16 Panorama Drive: Lilianfels, Katoomba<ref name=nswshr-431>Template:Cite NSW SHR</ref>
The following are listed on other heritage registers:
- Uniting Church: situated in Katoomba Street, the Uniting Church—formerly the Methodist Church—has survived as an example of Gothic styles that have stretched from the Victorian era to the inter-war period. It was designed by Henry Simonson and the main building was constructed in 1888. The parsonage was built in 1906 and the church hall in 1933.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Swiss Cottage (formerly known as Lurline Cottage): this Federation Queen Anne cottage was built in 1898 on the east side of Lurline Street. Incorporating parts of the original St Hilda's Church hall, it belonged to H.A. Bundy, who called it Rubyston. It had a number of owners over the years and later served as a guest house, but deteriorated somewhat until the late 1980s, when a new owner opened it as the Lurline Cottage Tea Room. It became the Swiss Cottage Restaurant in the 1990s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Since 2012 it has been Pins on Lurline.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Kapsalie: this Federation Bungalow-style home was built in Lurline Street in 1915. The owner was Mrs. Fanny Allibone, who called the house Cheltenham. It changed hands in 1919, and the Varipatis family eventually acquired it in around 1940. This family ran a seafood restaurant in Katoomba, and they named the house Kapsalie after their home town in Greece.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
- Katoomba Court House: by the 1890s, Katoomba had grown enough to need its own court house, which was designed by the Government Architect, Walter Liberty Vernon, and built in 1897. It was constructed of sandstone obtained from local quarries. By 1925, the work of the court had increased to the point where the old building was too small, so extensions were designed by Richard Wells. Further changes and extensions took place in the late 1940s and 1989.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The court house is listed on the Register of the National Estate.<ref name=heritage>Template:Cite book p.2/13</ref>
- Varuna: this house in Cascade Street was built in 1939. It was the home of Eleanor Dark and Dr Eric Dark, who moved to Cascade Street in 1923. Their new home, built in 1939, was designed by Eleanor Dark. The Darks were extremely active in the writers' community of the Blue Mountains, which flourished as a result of many writers and artists moving to the area. Varuna became central to this community in the 1940s. It became a writers' centre in 1989, under the name Varuna, The Writers' House. The house, studio and garden are all listed as being of heritage significance.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
References
[edit]External links
[edit]- Blue Mountains City Council
- Template:Cite web [CC-By-SA]
- Template:Cite web [CC-By-SA]
- Blue Mountains Tourism – VisitNSW
- Template:Cite web
- Template:Wikivoyage-inline
- Entertainment Blue Mountains
Template:Suburbs of City of Blue Mountains Template:Blue Mountains topics