John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester

John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester (1 April 1647 (O.S.) – 26 July 1680 (O.S.))<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> was an English poet and courtier of King Charles II's Restoration court, who reacted against the "spiritual authoritarianism" of the Puritan era.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> Rochester embodied this new era, and he became as well known for his rakish lifestyle as for his poetry, although the two were often interlinked.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> He died as a result of a sexually transmitted infection at the age of 33.

Rochester was described by his contemporary Andrew Marvell as "the best English satirist", and he is generally considered to be the most considerable poet and the most learned among the Restoration wits.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His poetry was widely censored during the Victorian era, but enjoyed a revival from the 1920s onwards, with reappraisals from noted literary figures such as Graham Greene and Ezra Pound.<ref name=autogenerated2>Template:Cite news</ref> The critic Vivian de Sola Pinto linked Rochester's libertinism to Hobbesian materialism.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

During his lifetime Rochester was best known for A Satyr Against Reason and Mankind and it remains among his best-known works today.

Life

Upbringing and teens

John Wilmot was born at Ditchley House in Oxfordshire on 1 April 1647. His father, Henry, Viscount Wilmot, was created Earl of Rochester in 1652 for his military service to Charles II during the King's exile under the Commonwealth. Paul Davis describes Henry as "a Cavalier legend, a dashing bon vivant and war-hero who single-handedly engineered the future Charles II's escape to the Continent (including the famous concealment in an oak tree) after the disastrous battle of Worcester in 1651".<ref name=autogenerated11 /> His mother, Anne St. John, was a strong-willed Puritan from a noble Wiltshire family.<ref name=autogenerated2 />

From the age of seven, Rochester was privately tutored, two years later attending the grammar school in nearby Burford.<ref name=autogenerated5>Template:Cite book</ref> His father died in 1658, and John Wilmot inherited the title of the Earl of Rochester in April of that year.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> In January 1660, Rochester was admitted as a Fellow commoner to Wadham College, Oxford, a new and comparatively poor college.<ref name=autogenerated4>Template:Cite book</ref> Whilst there, it is said, the 13-year-old "grew debauched". In September 1661 he was awarded an honorary M.A. by the newly elected chancellor of the university, Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, a family friend.<ref name=autogenerated1>Frank H. Ellis, "Wilmot, John, second earl of Rochester (1647–1680)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 12 July 2012</ref>

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Elizabeth Wilmot (Malet) by Peter Lely

As an act of gratitude towards the son of Henry Wilmot, Charles II conferred on Rochester an annual pension of £500. In November 1661 Charles sent Rochester on a three-year Grand Tour of France and Italy, and appointed the physician Andrew Balfour as his governor.<ref name="Johnson56">Template:Cite book</ref> This exposed him to an unusual degree to European (especially French) writing and thought.<ref>Treglown, Jeremy. "Rochester and the second bottle." Times Literary Supplement [London, England] 10 Sept. 1993: 5. Times Literary Supplement Historical Archive. Web. 11 Dec. 2012.</ref> In 1664 Rochester returned to London, and made his formal début at the Restoration court on Christmas Day.<ref name=autogenerated11 /><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

It has been suggested by a number of scholars that the King took a paternal role in Rochester's life. Charles II suggested a marriage between Rochester and the wealthy heiress Elizabeth Malet. Her relatives opposed marriage to the impoverished Rochester, who conspired with his mother to abduct Elizabeth. Samuel Pepys described the attempted abduction in his diary on 28 May 1665:

Thence to my Lady Sandwich's, where, to my shame, I had not been a great while before. Here, [I told] her a story of my Lord Rochester's running away on Friday night last with Mrs. Mallett, the great beauty and fortune of the North, who had supped at White Hall with Mrs. Stewart, and was going home to her lodgings with her grandfather, my Lord Haly, by coach; and was at Charing Cross seized on by both horse and foot men, and forcibly taken from him, and put into a coach with six horses, and two women provided to receive her, and carried away. Upon immediate pursuit, my Lord of Rochester (for whom the King had spoke to the lady often, but with no successe Template:Sic) was taken at Uxbridge; but the lady is not yet heard of, and the King mighty angry, and the Lord sent to the Tower.<ref>Template:Gutenberg Samuel Pepys, entry for 26 May 1665, Diary of Samuel Pepys May 28, 1665. Accessed May 5, 2007</ref>

18-year-old Rochester spent three weeks in the Tower, and was released only after he wrote a penitent apology to the King.<ref name=autogenerated11 />

Rochester attempted to redeem himself by volunteering for the navy in the Second Dutch War in the winter of 1665, serving under the Earl of Sandwich.<ref name="BurnetJohnson1782">Template:Cite book</ref> His courage at the Battle of Vågen, serving on board the ship of Thomas Teddeman, made him a war hero.<ref name="BurnetJohnson1782" /> Pleased with his conduct, Charles appointed Rochester a Gentleman of the Bedchamber in March 1666, which granted him prime lodgings in Whitehall and a pension of £1,000 a year.<ref>Frank H. Ellis, "Wilmot, John, second earl of Rochester (1647–1680)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2008 accessed 4 April 2013</ref> The role encompassed, one week in every four, Rochester helping the King to dress and undress, serve his meals when dining in private, and sleeping at the foot of the King's bed.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> In the summer of 1666, Rochester returned to sea, serving aboard Template:HMS under Edward Spragge.<ref name="BurnetJohnson1782" /> He again showed extraordinary courage in battle, including rowing between vessels under heavy cannon fire, to deliver Spragge's messages around the fleet.<ref name="Johnson85">Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Upon returning from sea, Rochester resumed his courtship of Elizabeth Malet.<ref name="Johnson88">Template:Cite book</ref> Defying her family's wishes, Malet eloped with Rochester again in January 1667, and they were married at the Knightsbridge chapel.<ref name=autogenerated8>Notes and Queries (2011) 58 (3): 381–386. doi: 10.1093/notesj/gjr109</ref> They had four children: Lady Anne Wilmot (1669–1703), Charles Wilmot (1671–1681), Lady Elizabeth Wilmot (1674–1757) and Lady Malet Wilmot (1676–1708/1709).

In October 1667, the monarch granted Rochester special licence to enter the House of Lords early, despite his being seven months underage.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> The act was an attempt by the King to bolster his number of supporters among the Lords.<ref name="Johnson98">Template:Cite book</ref>

Teenage actress Nell Gwyn "almost certainly" took him as her lover; she was later to become the mistress of Charles II.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> Gwyn remained a lifelong friend and political associate, and her relationship with the King gave Rochester influence and status within the Court.<ref name=autogenerated11 />

Twenties and last years

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The Earl of Rochester in armour by Godfrey Kneller

Rochester's life was divided between domesticity in the country and a riotous existence at court, where he was renowned for drunkenness, vivacious conversation, and "extravagant frolics" as part of the Merry Gang (as Andrew Marvell described them).<ref>Google books Charles Beauclerk, Nell Gwyn: Mistress to a King (New York: Grove, 2005), 272.</ref> The Merry Gang flourished for about 15 years after 1665 and included Henry Jermyn; Charles Sackville, Earl of Dorset; John Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave; Henry Killigrew; Sir Charles Sedley; the playwrights William Wycherley and George Etherege; and George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham. Gilbert Burnet wrote of him that, "For five years together he was continually Drunk ... [and] not ... perfectly Master of himself ... [which] led him to ... do many wild and unaccountable things."<ref name= autogenerated1 /> Pepys's Diary records one such occasion on 16 February 1669 when Rochester was invited to dine with the King and the Dutch ambassador:

His actions were considered an offence against the King, or a Template:Lang, and he was banned from the court, although the King soon called for his return.<ref name=autogenerated11 />

In 1673, Rochester began to train Elizabeth Barry as an actress.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> She went on to become the most famous actress of her age.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> He took her as his mistress in 1675.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> The relationship lasted for around five years, and produced a daughter, before descending into acrimony after Rochester began to resent her success.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> Rochester wrote afterwards, "With what face can I incline/To damn you to be only mine? ... Live up to thy mighty mind/And be the mistress of mankind".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:Jacob Huysmans - Portrait of John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester 1.jpg

Portrait of the poet by Jacob Huysmans

When the King's advisor and friend of Rochester, George Villiers, lost power in 1673, Rochester's standing fell as well.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> At the Christmas festivities at Whitehall of that year, Rochester delivered a satire to Charles II, "In the Isle of Britain" – which criticized the King for being obsessed with sex at the expense of his kingdom.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> Charles's reaction to this satirical portrayal resulted in Rochester's exile from the court until February.<ref name=autogenerated11 /> During this time Rochester dwelt at his estate in Adderbury.<ref name= autogenerated11 /> Despite this, in February 1674, after much petitioning by Rochester, the King appointed him Ranger of Woodstock Park.<ref name=autogenerated11 />

In June 1675 "Lord Rochester in a frolick after a rant did ... beat downe the dyill (i.e. sundial) which stood in the middle of the Privie Garding, which was esteemed the rarest in Europ".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> John Aubrey learned what Rochester said on this occasion when he came in from his "revells" with Charles Sackville, Lord Buckhurst, and Fleetwood Sheppard to see the object: Template:"'What ... doest thou stand here to fuck time?' Dash they fell to worke".<ref name= autogenerated1 /> It has been speculated that the comment refers not to the dial itself, which was not phallic in appearance, but a painting of the King next to the dial that featured his phallic sceptre.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Rochester fled the court again.<ref name= autogenerated11 />

Rochester fell into disfavour again in 1676. During a late-night scuffle with the night watch, one of Rochester's companions, Roger Downes, was killed by a pike-thrust. Rochester was reported to have fled the scene of the incident, and his standing with the monarch reached an all-time low.<ref>Johnson, Profane Wit, 250–253</ref> Following this incident, Rochester briefly fled to Tower Hill, where he impersonated a mountebank "Doctor Bendo". Under this persona, he claimed skill in treating "barrenness" (infertility), and other gynaecological disorders. Gilbert Burnet wryly noted that Rochester's practice was "not without success", implying his intercession of himself as a surreptitious sperm donor.<ref>Timbs, John. Doctors and patients, or, Anecdotes of the Medical World and Curiosities of Medicine. London: Richard Bentley and Son (1876), p. 151.</ref> On occasion, Rochester also assumed the role of the grave and matronly Mrs. Bendo, presumably so that he could inspect young women privately without arousing their husbands' suspicions.<ref>Alcock, Thomas. "Epistle Dedicatory" to Lord Rochester, The Famous Pathologist or The Noble Mountebank. Ed. and introd. Vivian de Sola Pinto. Nottingham: Sisson and Parker (1961), pp. 35–38</ref>

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The coffin of John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, in its vault in Spelsbury church, Oxfordshire

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The coffin plate removed from Rochester's coffin

Death

By the age of 33, Rochester was dying from what is usually described as the effects of tertiary syphilis, gonorrohea, or other venereal diseases, combined with the effects of alcoholism. Carol Richards has disputed this, arguing that it is more likely that he died of renal failure due to chronic nephritis (Bright's disease).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> His mother arranged for him to be attended in his final weeks by her religious associates, particularly Gilbert Burnet, later Bishop of Salisbury.

After hearing of Burnet's departure from his side, Rochester muttered his last words: "Has my friend left me? Then I shall die shortly". In the early morning of 26 July 1680, Rochester died "without a shudder or a sound".<ref>Johnson, Profane Wit, 327–343</ref> He was buried at Spelsbury church in Oxfordshire.

A deathbed renunciation of libertinism and conversion to Anglican Christianity, Some Passages of the Life and Death of the Honourable John Wilmot Earl of Rochester, was published by Reverend Burnet.<ref>Norton, D. A History of the English Bible as Literature Cambridge 2000 pp. 172–73 Template:ISBN</ref> Because this account appears in Burnet's own writings, its accuracy has been disputed by some scholars, who accuse Burnet with having shaped the account of Rochester's denunciation of libertinism to enhance his own reputation. On the other hand, Graham Greene, in his biography of Wilmot, calls Burnet's book "convincing".<ref>Greene, Graham (1974). Lord Rochester's Monkey, being the Life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester. New York: The Bodley Head. p. 208</ref>

Works

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Rochester's manor house in Adderbury, Oxfordshire

Rochester's poetic work varies widely in form, genre, and content. He was part of a "mob of gentlemen who wrote with ease",<ref>Alexander Pope, "First Epistle of the Second Book of Horace", line 108.</ref> who continued to produce their poetry in manuscripts, rather than in publication. As a consequence, some of Rochester's work deals with topical concerns, such as satires of courtly affairs in libels, to parodies of the styles of his contemporaries, such as Sir Carr Scrope. He is also notable for his impromptus,<ref>Rochester composed at least 10 versions of Impromptus on Charles II luminarium.org</ref> one of which is a teasing epigram on King Charles II:

To which Charles supposedly replied, "That's true, for my words are my own, but my actions are those of my ministers".<ref>A thorough discourse concerning this epigram and the king's response can be found from the 19th to 21st paragraph of the foreword of "The Tryal of William Penn and William Mead" [1]</ref>

Rochester's poetry displays a range of learning and influences. These included imitations of Malherbe, Ronsard, and Boileau. He also translated or adapted from classical authors such as Petronius, Lucretius, Ovid, Anacreon, Horace, and Seneca.

Rochester's writings were at once admired and infamous. A Satyr Against Mankind (1675), one of the few poems he published (in a broadside in 1679), is a scathing denunciation of rationalism and optimism that contrasts human perfidy with animal wisdom.

The majority of his poetry was not published under his name until after his death. Because most of his poems circulated only in manuscript form during his lifetime, it is likely that much of his writing does not survive. Burnet claimed that Rochester's conversion experience led him to ask that "all his profane and lewd writings" be burned;<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> it is unclear how much, if any, of Rochester's writing was destroyed.

Rochester was also interested in the theatre. In addition to an interest in actresses, he wrote an adaptation of Fletcher's Valentinian (1685), a scene for Sir Robert Howard's The Conquest of China, a prologue to Elkanah Settle's The Empress of Morocco (1673), and epilogues to Sir Francis Fane's Love in the Dark (1675), Charles Davenant's Circe, a Tragedy (1677). The best-known dramatic work attributed to Rochester, Sodom, or the Quintessence of Debauchery, has never been successfully proven to be written by him. Posthumous printings of Sodom, however, gave rise to prosecutions for obscenity, and were destroyed. On 16 December 2004 one of the few surviving copies of Sodom was sold by Sotheby's for £45,600.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

"[Rochester's] letters to his wife and to his friend Henry Savile ... show an admirable mastery of easy, colloquial prose."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

File:John Wilmot (1647–1680), 2nd Earl of Rochester, by Peter Lely.jpg

Portrait of John Wilmot by Sir Peter Lely, Dillington House

Scholarship has identified approximately 75 authentic Rochester poems.<ref name= "Black2006">Template:Cite book</ref> Three major critical editions of Rochester in the twentieth century have taken very different approaches to authenticating and organising his canon. David Vieth's 1968 edition adopts a heavily biographical organisation, modernising spellings and heading the sections of his book "Prentice Work", "Early Maturity", "Tragic Maturity", and "Disillusionment and Death". Keith Walker's 1984 edition takes a genre-based approach, returning to the older spellings and accidentals in an effort to present documents closer to those a seventeenth-century audience would have received. Harold Love's Oxford University Press edition of 1999, now the scholarly standard, notes the variorum history conscientiously, but arranges works in genre sections ordered from the private to the public.

Reception and influence

Rochester was the model for a number of rake heroes in plays of the period, such as Don John in Thomas Shadwell's The Libertine (1675) and Dorimant in George Etherege's The Man of Mode (1676).<ref name=autogenerated11>Template:Cite book</ref> Meanwhile he was eulogised by his contemporaries such as Aphra Behn and Andrew Marvell, who described him as "the only man in England that had the true vein of satire".<ref>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Andrew Marvell, by Augustine Birrell</ref> Daniel Defoe quoted him in Moll Flanders, and discussed him in other works.<ref>Template:Gutenberg Daniel Defoe, The Life And Misfortunes of Moll Flanders</ref> Voltaire, who spoke of Rochester as "the man of genius, the great poet", admired his satire for its "energy and fire" and translated some lines into French to "display the shining imagination his lordship only could boast".<ref>Great Books Online, François Marie Arouet de Voltaire (1694–1778). "Letter XXI—On the Earl of Rochester and Mr. Waller" Letters on the English. The Harvard Classics. 1909–14, Bartleby.com, Accessed 15 May 2007</ref>

By the 1750s, Rochester's reputation suffered as the liberality of the Restoration era subsided; Samuel Johnson characterised him as a worthless and dissolute rake.<ref name=autogenerated6>Template:Cite book</ref> Horace Walpole described him as "a man whom the muses were fond to inspire but ashamed to avow".<ref>Horace Walpole, A Catalogue of the Royal and Noble Authors of England, 1758.</ref> Despite this general disdain for Rochester, William Hazlitt commented that his "verses cut and sparkle like diamonds"<ref>William Hazlitt, Select British Poets (1824)</ref> while his "epigrams were the bitterest, the least laboured, and the truest, that ever were written".<ref name="hazlitt-l">William Hazlitt, Template:Gutenberg</ref> Referring to Rochester's perspective, Hazlitt wrote that "his contempt for everything that others respect almost amounts to sublimity".<ref name="hazlitt-l" /> Meanwhile, Goethe quoted A Satyr against Reason and Mankind in English in his Autobiography.<ref>Template:Gutenberg Goethe quotes Rochester without attribution.</ref> Despite this, Rochester's work was largely ignored throughout the Victorian era.

Rochester's reputation would not begin to revive until the 1920s. Ezra Pound, in his ABC of Reading, compared Rochester's poetry favourably to better-known figures such as Alexander Pope and John Milton.<ref>Pound, Ezra. ABC of Reading (1934) New Directions (reprint). Template:ISBN</ref> Graham Greene characterised Rochester as a "spoiled Puritan".<ref>Lord Rochester's Monkey: Being the Life of John Wilmot, Second Earl of Rochester by Graham Greene Review by: G. S. Avery The Modern Language Review, Vol. 70, No. 4 (October 1975), pp. 857-858</ref> Although F. R. Leavis argued that "Rochester is not a great poet of any kind", William Empson admired him. More recently, Germaine Greer has questioned the validity of the appraisal of Rochester as a drunken rake, and hailed the sensitivity of some of his lyrics.<ref>Germaine Greer reviews ‘The Works of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester’ edited by Harold Love · LRB 16 September 1999</ref>

Rochester was listed #6 in Time OutTemplate:'s "Top 30 chart of London's most erotic writers". Tom Morris, the associate director, of the National Theatre said, "Rochester reminds me of an unhinged poacher, moving noiselessly through the night and shooting every convention that moves. Bishop Burnett, who coached him to an implausible death-bed repentance, said that he was unable to express any feeling without oaths and obscenities. He seemed like a punk in a frock coat. But once the straw dolls have been slain, Rochester celebrates in a sexual landscape all of his own."<ref name=to>Template:Cite news</ref>

In popular culture

A play, The Libertine (1994), was written by Stephen Jeffreys, and staged by the Royal Court Theatre. The 2004 film The Libertine, based on Jeffreys' play, starred Johnny Depp as Rochester, Samantha Morton as Elizabeth Barry, John Malkovich as King Charles II and Rosamund Pike as Elizabeth Malet. Michael Nyman set to music an excerpt of Rochester's poem "Signor Dildo" for the film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Clear

The play The Ministry of Pleasure by Craig Baxter also dramatises Wilmot's life and was produced at the Latchmere Theatre, London in 2004.

Rochester is the central character in Anna Lieff Saxby's 1996 erotic novella, No Paradise but Pleasure.

The story of Lord Rochester's life in Susan Cooper-Bridgewater's historical fiction Of Ink, Wit and Intrigue – Lord Rochester in Chains of Quicksilver, 2014. Template:ISBN

Nick Cave's 2004 song "There She Goes, My Beautiful World", from the album Abattoir Blues / The Lyre of Orpheus, includes the lines "John Wilmot penned his poetry / Riddled with the pox".

Germaine Greer published a piece called "Doomed to Sincerity"<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> about the life of the Earl.

Further reading

• Some Account of the Life and Death of John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester by Gilbert Burnet (Munroe and Francis, 1812)
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External links

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• Ynys-Mon, Mark, ed. Poems and a short Biography at druidic.org. (The biography was the original source of this article.)
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