Jane Seymour

Template:Short description Template:About Template:Pp Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox royalty Jane Seymour (Template:IPAc-en; Template:Circa Template:Spaced ndash24 October 1537) was Queen of England as the third wife of King Henry VIII from their marriage on 30 May 1536 until her death the next year. She became queen following the execution of Henry's second wife, Anne Boleyn, who was accused by Henry of adultery after failing to produce a male heir. Jane, however, died of postnatal complications less than two weeks after the birth of her only child, the future King Edward VI. She was the only wife of Henry VIII to receive a queen's funeral; and Henry was later buried alongside her remains in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

Early life

Jane, the daughter of Sir John Seymour and Margery Wentworth, was most likely born at Wulfhall, Wiltshire,Template:Sfn although West Bower Manor in Somerset has also been suggested.<ref>Template:NHLE</ref> Her birth date is not recorded; various accounts use anywhere from 1504 to 1509,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but it is generally estimated at between 1508 and 1509.Template:Sfn Through her maternal grandfather, she was a descendant of King Edward III's son Lionel of Antwerp, 1st Duke of Clarence.Template:Sfn Because of this, she and King Henry VIII were fifth cousins. She also shared a great-grandmother, Elizabeth Cheney, Lady Say, with his second and fifth wives, Anne Boleyn and Catherine Howard.Template:Sfn

Jane was not as highly educated as Henry's first and second wives, Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn. She could read and write a little but was much better at needlework and household management, which were considered much more necessary for women.Template:Sfn Her needlework was reportedly beautiful and elaborate; some of it survived as late as 1652, when it is recorded to have been given to the Seymour family. After her death, it was noted that Henry was an "enthusiastic embroiderer".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Jane became a maid-of-honour in 1532 to Queen Catherine, but may have served her as early as 1527, and went on to serve Queen Anne with her sister Elizabeth.Template:Citation needed The first report of Henry's interest in Jane was in February 1536, about three months before Anne's execution.Template:Sfn

Jane was highly praised for her gentle, peaceful nature, being called as "gentle a lady as ever I knew" by John Russell and "the Pacific" by the Imperial Ambassador Eustace Chapuys (who referred to her as Jane Semel in his letters<ref>"She is the sister of one Edward Semel [...] The said Semel is not a woman of great wit, but she may have good understanding (un bel enigm, qu. engin?)" – Eustace Chapuys to Antoine Perrenot, 18th May 1536, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 10, January – June 1536, (1887)</ref>), for her peacemaking efforts at court.<ref>David Starkey, Six Wives: The Queens of Henry VIII, p.585-586</ref> According to Chapuys, she was of middling stature and very pale; he also said that she was not of much beauty, but Russell said she was "the fairest of all the King's wives".Template:Sfn Polydore Vergil commented that she was "a woman of the utmost charm in both character and appearance".Template:Sfn She was regarded as meek, gentle, simple, and chaste, with her large family making her thought to be suitable to have many children.

Marriage and birth of heir

Template:Wives of Henry VIII Henry VIII was betrothed to Jane on 20 May 1536, the day after Anne Boleyn's execution. They were married at the Palace of Whitehall, Whitehall, London, in the Queen's closet by Bishop Stephen Gardiner Template:Sfn on 30 May 1536. As a wedding gift he granted her 104 manors in four counties as well as a number of forests and hunting chases for her jointure, the income to support her during their marriage.Template:Sfn She was publicly proclaimed queen on 4 June 1536. Her well-publicised sympathy for the late Queen Catherine and her daughter Mary showed her to be compassionate and made her a popular figure with the common people and most of the courtiers.Template:Sfn She was never crowned because of plague in London, where the coronation was to take place. Henry may have been reluctant to have her crowned before she had fulfilled her duty as a queen consort by bearing him a male heir.Template:Sfn

As queen, Jane was said to be strict and formal.Template:By whom The lavish entertainments, gaiety, and extravagance of the queen's household, which had reached their peak during Anne Boleyn's time, were replaced by strict decorum. She banned the French fashions Anne had introduced.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Politically, Jane appears to have been conservative.<ref name="JANE SEYMOUR:THIRD WIFE OF HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed Her only reported involvement in national affairs, in 1536, was when she asked for pardons for participants in the Pilgrimage of Grace. Henry is said to have rejected this, reminding her of the fate her predecessor met with when she "meddled in his affairs".<ref name="PBShandbook">Template:Cite web</ref>Template:Better source needed Her motto as a queen was Bound to obey and serve.

File:Horenbout Jane Seymour.jpg

Lucas Horenbout miniature of Jane Seymour

Jane formed a close relationship with her stepdaughter Mary, making efforts to have Mary restored to court and to the royal succession, behind any children she might have with Henry. She brought up the issue of Mary's restoration both before and after she became queen. While she was unable to restore Mary to the line of succession, she was able to reconcile her with Henry.Template:Sfn Chapuys wrote to Emperor Charles V of her compassion and efforts on behalf of Mary's return to favour. A letter from Mary to her shows Mary's gratitude.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> While it was she who first pushed for the restoration, Mary and Elizabeth were not reinstated to the succession until Henry's sixth wife, Catherine Parr, convinced him to do so.Template:Sfn

File:Family of Henry VIII c 1545.jpg

Henry VIII's family portrait

One non-contemporary source conjectures that she may have been pregnant and had a miscarriage by Christmas 1536.<ref>The Manuscripts of His Grace the Duke of Rutland: Letters and papers, 1440–1797 (v.3 mainly correspondence of the fourth Duke of Rutland). v.4. Charters, cartularies, &c. Letters and papers, supplementary. Extracts from household accounts. H.M. Stationery Office, 1888, p 310</ref> In January 1537, Jane conceived again. During her pregnancy, she developed a craving for quail, which Henry ordered for her from Calais and Flanders.Template:Citation needed During the summer, she took no public engagements and led a relatively quiet life, attended by the royal physicians and the best midwives in the kingdom.Template:Sfn She went into confinement in September 1537 and gave birth to the coveted male heir, the future King Edward VI, at two o'clock in the morningTemplate:Sfn on 12 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace.Template:Sfn Edward was christened on 15 October 1537, without his mother in attendance, as was the custom.Template:Clarify He was the only legitimate son of Henry VIII to survive infancy. Both of his daughters, Mary and Elizabeth, were present and carried Edward's train during the ceremony.Template:Sfn Template:Family tree of the Wives of Henry VIII

Death and funeral

File:Jane Seymour - Cast Shadow Workshop.jpg

Portrait of Jane believed to have been painted during her short queenship and attributed to the "Cast Shadow Workshop"

Jane's labour had been difficult, lasting two days and three nights, probably because the baby was not well positioned.Template:Sfn After the christening, it became clear that she was seriously ill.Template:Sfn She died on 24 October 1537 at Hampton Court Palace. Within a few weeks, there were conflicting accounts of the cause of her death. According to King Edward's biographer Jennifer Loach, her death may have been due to an infection from a retained placenta. According to Alison Weir, she may have succumbed to puerperal fever following a bacterial infection contracted during the birth.<ref name="JANE SEYMOUR:THIRD WIFE OF HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND" /> Weir has also speculated, after medical consultation, that the cause of her death was a pulmonary embolism.Template:Cn

Jane was buried on 12 November 1537 in St. George's Chapel, Windsor Castle after the funeral in which her stepdaughter Mary acted as chief mourner. A procession of 29 mourners followed Mary, one for every year of Jane's life.Template:Sfn She was the only one of Henry's wives to receive a queen's funeral.<ref name="JANE SEYMOUR:THIRD WIFE OF HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND" />

After her death, Henry wore black for the next three months. He married Anne of Cleves two years later, although marriage negotiations were tentatively begun soon after Jane's death. He put on weight during his widowerhood, becoming obese and swollen and developing diabetes and gout. HistoriansTemplate:Who have speculated she was his favourite wife because she gave birth to a male heir. When he died in 1547, he was buried beside her, on his request, in the grave he had made for her.<ref name="JANE SEYMOUR:THIRD WIFE OF HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND" />

Legacy

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Jane gave the King the son he so desperately desired, helped to restore Mary to the succession and her father's affections, and used her influence to bring about the advancement of her family.Template:Sfn Two of her brothers, Thomas and Edward, used her memory to improve their own fortunes.<ref name="JANE SEYMOUR:THIRD WIFE OF HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND"/> Thomas was rumoured to have been pursuing the future Elizabeth I, but he married the queen dowager Catherine Parr instead. In the reign of the young King Edward VI, Edward Seymour set himself up as Lord Protector and de facto ruler of the kingdom. Both brothers eventually fell from power and were executed.<ref name="JANE SEYMOUR:THIRD WIFE OF HENRY VIII OF ENGLAND" />

Costume

Lady Margery Lyster was in charge of the jewels of Jane Seymour. An inventory was made of the queen's beads, jewels, pomanders, tablets, girdles, borders, brooches, bracelets, buttons, aglets, and chains. Many of the pieces were gold decorated with enamel and some were set with gems.<ref>Maria Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VIII (Maney, 2007), p. 188: James Gairdner, Letters and Papers Henry VIII, 12:2 (London, 1891), p. 340 no. 973.</ref>

An inventory of Henry VIII includes costume belonging to Jane Seymour, which was stored in 1542 in the Old Jewel House of Whitehall Palace.<ref>Maria Hayward, The 1542 Inventory of Whitehall Palace, 1 (Illuminata Publishers, 2004), pp. 101, 116.</ref> The list includes: gowns of damask, velvet, and satin; kirtles of velvet, cloth of silver, taffeta, and purple cloth of gold; cloaks of satin; sleeves of silver and gold tissue embroidered with Venice gold and tied with gold aglets; placards for gowns; stomachers; frontlets; French hoods and billiments of black velvet and white satin; partlets; and crimson velvet hats.<ref>Maria Hayward, The 1542 Inventory of Whitehall Palace, 2 (Illuminata Publishers, 2004), pp. 151–58.</ref> The same clothes were listed again in 1547.<ref>David Starkey, Inventory of Henry VIII (London: Harvey Miller, 1998), pp. 249–252.</ref>

Jane Seymour was said to have embroidered a bed and a chair,<ref>Elizabeth Norton, Jane Seymour: Henry VIII's True Love (Amberley, 2009), p. 13.</ref> later given by Charles I to her relation William Seymour.<ref>Susan E. James, The Feminine Dynamic in English Art (Ashgate, 2009), p. 91.</ref><ref>John E. Jackson, "Wulfhall and the Seymours", Wiltshire Archaeological and Natural History Magazine, 15:44 (June 1875), pp. 163, 205.</ref> Included in the 1542 inventory are some items of embroidery, possibly her own work such as a cushion featuring an antelope. A piece with a branch of roses and a crowned white falcon seems to be an emblem associated with Anne Boleyn.<ref>Maria Hayward, The 1542 Inventory of Whitehall Palace, 2 (Illuminata Publishers, 2004), p. 157 nos. 2252, 2255.</ref> Jane Seymour owned great and little "babies", dolls dressed in gowns of cloth of silver, satin, and velvet tied with gold "aglettes", like her own sleeves. These may have been fashion dolls.<ref>Maria Hayward, Dress at the Court of Henry VIII (Maney, 2007), p. 159: Maria Hayward, The 1542 Inventory of Whitehall Palace, 2 (Illuminata Publishers, 2004), p. 157 nos. 2247, 2248: David Starkey, Inventory of Henry VIII (London: Harvey Miller, 1998), p. 252 nos. 11381, 11382.</ref>

In media

In film and on stage

In 1933, Wendy Barrie played Seymour opposite Charles Laughton's Henry VIII in Alexander Korda's highly acclaimed film The Private Life of Henry VIII.<ref>Template:Tcmdb title</ref>
In 1969, Lesley Paterson portrayed Jane briefly in Anne of the Thousand Days.<ref name="Monaco1992">Template:Cite book</ref>
As part of the 1970 BBC series The Six Wives of Henry VIII, Henry was played by Keith Michell, and Seymour by Anne Stallybrass.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1972, this interpretation was repeated in the film Henry VIII and His Six Wives, adapted from the BBC series, in which Keith Michell reprised his role as Henry; on this occasion Seymour was played by Jane Asher.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Seymour was played by Charlotte Roach in David Starkey's documentary series The Six Wives of Henry VIII in 2001.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Seymour is a supporting character in the 2003 BBC television drama The Other Boleyn Girl, played by Naomi Benson opposite Jared Harris as Henry VIII and Jodhi May as Anne Boleyn.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In October 2003, in the two-part ITV drama Henry VIII, Ray Winstone starred as the King. Jane Seymour was played by Emilia Fox.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In The Simpsons 2004 episode "Margical History Tour", Seymour is portrayed by the shrill Miss Springfield during Marge's retelling of Henry's reign. Henry (portrayed by Homer) quickly orders Seymour's beheading after hearing her annoying voice.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Corinne Galloway depicts Seymour in The Other Boleyn Girl (2008).
Anita Briem portrayed Seymour as lady-in-waiting to Anne Boleyn in the second (2008) season of the television series The Tudors, produced for Showtime. In the third season of the same series, when Jane Seymour becomes queen and later dies, the part is played by Annabelle Wallis.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Kate Phillips, in her first professional role, plays Jane Seymour in the BBC Two adaptation of Wolf Hall.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Phillips reprises the role in Wolf Hall: The Mirror and the Light.
Jane Seymour is portrayed in the stage adaptation of Hilary Mantel's Wolf Hall parts I and II, adapted by Mike Poulton. It was presented by the Royal Shakespeare Company in London's West End (2014) and on Broadway (2015).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Lucy Telleck played Seymour opposite Charlie Clements as Henry VIII in Suzannah Lipscomb and Dan Jones Henry VIII and his Six Wives on Channel 5.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In the musical Six, she was played by Holly Musgrave in the original Edinburgh cast, Natalie Paris in the studio and West End casts and Abby Mueller in the Chicago cast.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In books

Is the main character in Janet Wertman's Jane the Quene novel, the first installment in her Seymour Saga.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Is the main character in Carolly Erickson's highly fictionalized novel The Favoured Queen, which follows her from her appointment as lady-in-waiting to Catherine of Aragon right up until her death.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Is the subject of the novel Plain Jane: A Novel of Jane Seymour (Tudor Women Series) by Laurien Gardner (Sarah Hoyt).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Appears as a lady serving both Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn in Wolf Hall by Hilary Mantel, which ends with hints of her coming prominence. The second novel in Mantel's series, Bring Up the Bodies focuses on the machinations that led to the execution of Anne Boleyn, Henry VIII's growing determination to replace her with Jane Seymour and the Seymour family's strategems to gain from the King's attraction to Jane. The third volume, The Mirror & the Light, includes Jane Seymour's story.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The book I, Jane, by Diane Haeger, tells of her growing up and, before catching the eye of King Henry, meeting a young man whose parents are well placed in court and look down on Jane and her family. Despite this, Jane and the son become close, and over the years she never forgets him.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Is the title character of Jane Seymour: Henry VIII's True Love by Elizabeth Norton.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Seymour is the title character in Alison Weir's book Jane Seymour: The Haunted Queen, the third in the Six Tudor Queens series.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In music

As Giovanna Seymour, she appears in Gaetano Donizetti's opera Anna Bolena.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Rick Wakeman recorded the piece "Jane Seymour" for his 1973 album The Six Wives of Henry VIII.<ref>Template:AllMusic</ref>
The English ballad "The Death of Queen Jane" (Child No. 170) is about the death of Jane Seymour following the birth of Prince Edward. The story as related in the ballad is historically inaccurate, but apparently reflects the popular view at the time of the events surrounding her death. The historical fact is that Prince Edward was born naturally, and that his mother succumbed to infection and died 12 days later. Most versions of the song end with the contrast between the joy of the birth of the Prince and the grief of the death of the Queen.<ref name="Vannan">Template:Cite journal</ref>
- A setting of the ballad to a tune by Irish musician Dáithí Sproule was included on the Bothy Band's 1979 album After Hours (Live in Paris),<ref>Template:AllMusic</ref> on the 1995 album Trian II<ref>Template:AllMusic</ref> by Trian (Sproule, Liz Carroll, and Billy McComiskey), and the Bothy Band's 2008 album Best of the Bothy Band.<ref>Template:AllMusic</ref> The song also appears on Loreena McKennitt's 2010 album The Wind That Shakes the Barley,<ref>Template:AllMusic</ref> and on Dáithí Sproule's 2011 album Lost River: Vol. 1;<ref>Template:AllMusic</ref> and it was performed by Oscar Isaac in the Coen brothers' 2013 film Inside Llewyn Davis.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>