Jadwiga of Poland

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Jadwiga (Template:IPA; 1373 or 1374Template:Spnd17 July 1399), also known as Hedwig (from German) and in Template:Langx, was the first woman to be crowned as monarch of the Kingdom of Poland. She reigned from 16 October 1384 until her death. Born in Buda, she was the youngest daughter of Louis I of Hungary and Poland, and his wife, Elizabeth of Bosnia.

Jadwiga was a member of the Capetian House of Anjou, but she had more close forebears among the Polish Piasts than among the mostly French Angevins.

In 1375, it was planned that when becoming old enough, Jadwiga would marry William of Austria and she lived in Vienna from 1378 to 1380. Louis I is often thought to have regarded her and William as his favoured successors in Hungary after the 1378 death of her eldest sister, Catherine, since the following year the Polish nobility had pledged their homage to Louis' second daughter, Mary, and Mary's fiancé, Sigismund of Luxembourg. However, Louis died, and in 1382, at her mother's insistence, Mary was crowned "King of Hungary". Sigismund of Luxembourg tried to take control of Poland, but the Polish nobility countered that they would be obedient to a daughter of Louis only if she settled in Poland. Queen Elizabeth then chose Jadwiga to reign in Poland but did not send her to Kraków to be crowned. During the interregnum, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, became a candidate for the Polish throne. The nobility of Greater Poland favoured him and proposed that he marry Jadwiga. However, Lesser Poland's nobility opposed him, and they persuaded Elizabeth to send Jadwiga to Poland.

Jadwiga was crowned "king" in Poland's capital, Kraków, on 16 October 1384. Her coronation either reflected the Polish nobility's opposition to her intended husband, William, becoming king without further negotiation or simply emphasized her status as queen regnant. With her mother's consent, Jadwiga's advisors opened negotiations with Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, who was still a pagan, concerning his potential marriage to Jadwiga. Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo, pledging to convert to Catholicism and to promote the conversion of his pagan subjects. Meanwhile, William hastened to Kraków, hoping to marry Jadwiga, but in late August 1385, the Polish nobles expelled him.

Jogaila, who took the Catholic baptismal name Władysław, married Jadwiga on 15 February 1386. Legend says that she had agreed to marry him only after a lengthy prayer, seeking divine inspiration. Jogaila, now styled in Polish as Władysław Jagiełło was crowned King of Poland on 4 March 1386 as Jadwiga's co-ruler. Jogaila worked closely with his wife in that role. In any case, her real political power was limited. She remained passive when the rebellious nobles of the Kingdom of Hungary-Croatia murdered her mother in early 1387. After that, Jadwiga marched into the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which had been under Hungarian rule, and persuaded most of the inhabitants to become subjects of the Polish Crown. She mediated between her husband's quarrelling kin and between Poland and the Teutonic Order. After her sister Mary died in 1395, Jadwiga and Jogaila laid claim to Hungary against the widowed Sigismund of Luxembourg, but the Hungarian lords did not support their claim and Sigismund easily retained his Hungarian throne. Jadwiga died four years later due to postpartum complications. In 1997, she was canonized by the Catholic Church.

Childhood (1373 or 1374 – 1382)

A lady and three girls pray on their knees before a bearded man

Jadwiga with her mother and sisters, as depicted on Saint Simeon's casket in Zadar

Jadwiga was born in Buda, the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary.Template:Sfn She was the third and youngest daughter of Louis I, King of Hungary and Poland, and his second wife, Elizabeth of Bosnia.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Both her grandmothers were Polish princesses, connecting her to the native Piast dynasty of Poland.Template:Sfn<ref name="Duczmal305">Template:Cite book</ref> Polish historian Oscar Halecki concluded in his posthumously published work (1991) that Jadwiga's "genealogical tree clearly shows that [she] had more Polish blood than any other".Template:Sfn She was probably born between 3 October 1373 and 18 February 1374.Template:Sfn Template:Refn She was named after her distant ancestor, Saint Hedwig of Silesia, who was especially venerated in the Hungarian royal court at the time of her birth.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

King Louis, who had not fathered any sons, wanted to ensure the right of his daughters to inherit his realms.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Therefore, European royals regarded his three daughters as especially attractive brides.Template:Sfn Leopold III, Duke of Austria, proposed his eldest son, William, to Jadwiga already on 18 August 1374.Template:Sfn The envoys of the Polish nobles acknowledged that one of Louis's daughters would succeed him in Poland after he confirmed and extended their liberties in the Privilege of Koszyce on 17 September 1374.<ref name="Duczmal305"/>Template:Sfn Template:Sfn They took an oath of loyalty to Catherine on Louis's demand.Template:Sfn

Louis agreed to give Jadwiga in marriage to William of Austria on 4 March 1375.Template:Sfn The children's sponsalia de futuro, or "provisional marriage", was celebrated at Hainburg on 15 June 1378.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The ceremony established the legal framework for the consummation of the marriage without any further ecclesiastical act as soon as they both reached the age of maturity.Template:Sfn Duke Leopold agreed that Jadwiga would only receive Treviso, a town that was to be conquered from the Republic of Venice, as dowry from her father.Template:Sfn After the ceremony, Jadwiga stayed in Austria for almost two years; she mainly lived in Vienna.Template:Sfn

Catherine died in late 1378.Template:Sfn Louis persuaded the most influential Polish lords to swear an oath of loyalty to her younger sister, Mary, in September 1379.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn She was betrothed to Sigismund of Luxemburg,Template:Sfn a great-grandson of Casimir the Great, who had been Louis's predecessor on the Polish throne.Template:Sfn The "promised marriage" of Jadwiga and William was confirmed at their fathers' meeting in Zólyom (now Zvolen in Slovakia) on 12 February 1380.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Hungarian lords also approved the document, implying that Jadwiga and William were regarded as her father's successors in Hungary.Template:Sfn

A delegation of the Polish lords and clergy paid formal homage to Sigismund of Luxemburg as their future king on 25 July 1382.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The Poles believed that Louis planned also to persuade the Hungarian lords and prelates to accept Jadwiga and William of Austria as his heirs in Hungary.Template:Sfn However, he died on 10 September 1382.Template:Sfn Jadwiga was present at her father's death bed.Template:Sfn

Accession negotiations (1382–84)

File:Louis's kingdoms and his vassal territories (crop).png

Lands ruled or claimed around 1370 by Jadwiga's father, Louis the Great (or the Hungarian): Hungary and Poland are colored red, the vassal states and the Kingdom of Naples are coloured light red

Jadwiga's sister, Mary, was crowned king of Hungary five days after their father's death.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn With the ceremony, their ambitious mother secured the right to govern Hungary on her twelve-year-old daughter's behalf instead of Mary's fiancé, Sigismund.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Sigismund could not be present at Mary's coronation, because Louis had sent him to Poland to crush a rebellion.Template:Sfn After he learnt of Louis's death, he adopted the title "Lord of the Kingdom of Poland", demanding oaths of loyalty from the towns in Lesser Poland.Template:Sfn On 25 November, the nobles of Greater Poland assembled at Radomsko and decided to obey nobody but the daughter of the late king as she would settle in Poland.Template:Sfn On their initiative, the noblemen of Lesser Poland passed a similar agreement in Wiślica on 12 December.Template:Sfn Queen Elizabeth sent her envoys to the assembled lords and forbade them to swear an oath of loyalty to anyone other than one of her daughters, thus invalidating the oath of loyalty that the Polish noblemen had sworn to Sigismund on the late King Louis's demand.Template:Sfn

Both Elizabeth's daughters had been engaged to foreign princes (Sigismund and William, respectively) unpopular in Poland.Template:Sfn Polish lords who were opposed to a foreign monarch regarded the members of the Piast dynasty as possible candidates to the Polish throne.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Queen Elizabeth's uncle Władysław the White had already attempted to seize Poland during Louis's reign.Template:Sfn However, he had taken monastic vows and settled in a Benedictine abbey in Dijon in Burgundy.Template:Sfn Antipope Clement VII, whom King Louis had refused to recognize against Pope Urban VI,Template:Sfn released Władysław from his vows, but he did not leave his monastery.Template:Sfn Meanwhile, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia, appeared as a more ambitious candidate.Template:Sfn He was especially popular among the nobility and townspeople of Greater Poland.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Queen Elizabeth's representatives released the Poles from their oath of fidelity that their representatives had sworn to Mary at an assembly in Sieradz in February 1383.Template:Sfn The envoys also announced that she was willing to send Jadwiga to be crowned instead, on condition that she return to Buda after her coronation to live there until her twelfth birthday.Template:Sfn The Polish lords accepted the proposal, but they soon realized that thereby the interregnum would be extended by a further three years.Template:Sfn At a new meeting in Sieradz, most noblemen were ready to elect Siemowit of Masovia king on 28 March.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn They proposed that Siemowit should marry Jadwiga.Template:Sfn A member of the influential Tęczyński family, Jan, convinced them to postpone Siemowit's election.Template:Sfn The noblemen agreed to wait for Jadwiga until 10 May, stipulating that she was to live in Poland after her coronation.Template:Sfn They also demanded that Dobrzyń and Gniewków (two fiefdoms which her father had granted to Vladislaus II of Opole), and "Ruthenia" (that had passed to Hungary in accordance with a previous treaty)Template:Sfn be restored to the Polish Crown.Template:Sfn

Meanwhile, Jan Tęczyński and his allies, including Template:Ill, seem to have started negotiations with Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania.Template:Sfn Siemowit's supporters however, tried to enter Kraków in the retinue of Bodzanta, Archbishop of Gniezno, in May, but the townspeople closed the gates of the city before their arrival.Template:Sfn Jadwiga had not arrived in Poland by the stipulated date (10 May).Template:Sfn Her mother's envoys stated that the spring floods had hindered Jadwiga's progress over the Carpathian Mountains.Template:Sfn

Siemowit of Mazovia took up arms and advanced as far as Kalisz.Template:Sfn His supporters assembled in Sieradz in August in order to elect him king, but Archbishop Bodzanta refused to perform his coronation.Template:Sfn In a meeting in Kassa, Queen Elizabeth promised the delegates of the Polish provinces to send Jadwiga to Poland before November.Template:Sfn The queen mother and the Poles also agreed that if either Jadwiga or Mary died childless, her kingdom would pass to her surviving sister.Template:Sfn Siemowit having laid siege to Kalisz, Queen Elizabeth sent Sigismund of Luxemburg at the head of an "improvised army"Template:Sfn to Lesser Poland. Siemowit failed to take Kalisz, but news about the appalling behaviour of Sigismund's soldiers increased Sigismund's unpopularity in Poland.Template:Sfn Sędziwój Pałuka, who was the castellan of Kalisz and starosta of Kraków, led a delegation to Zadar in Dalmatia to negotiate with Queen Elizabeth, but she had him imprisoned instead.Template:Sfn She sent Hungarian soldiers to Poland to garrison them in Wawel Castle in Kraków, but Pałuka escaped and successfully obstructed her soldiers from entering the castle.Template:Sfn

At a general assembly in Radomsko in early March, the delegates of all the Polish provinces and towns decided to elect Siemowit king, if Jadwiga did not come to Poland within two months.Template:Sfn They set up a provisional government,Template:Sfn stipulating that only the "community of lords and citizens" had the authority to administer Poland during the interregnum.Template:Sfn Queen Elizabeth, who was only informed of the decision by an informal message, realized that she could not any longer postpone Jadwiga's coronation and so sent her to Poland.Template:Sfn The exact date of Jadwiga's arrival is unknown because the main source for the history of Poland during this periodTemplate:Spaced ndash Jan of Czarnków's chronicleTemplate:Spaced ndash ended prior to this event.Template:Sfn

Reign

Coronation (1384)

The interregnum that followed Louis's death and caused such internal strife came to an end with Jadwiga's arrival in Poland.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn A large crowd of clerics, noblemen and burghers gathered at Kraków "to greet her with a display of affection",<ref>The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1384), p. 344.</ref> according to the 15th-century Polish historian, Jan Długosz.Template:Sfn Nobody protested when Archbishop Bodzanta crowned her on 16 October 1384.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn According to traditional scholarly consensus, Jadwiga was crowned king.Template:Sfn Thereby, as Robert W. Knoll proposes, the Polish lords prevented her eventual spouse from adopting the same title without their consent.Template:Sfn Stephen C. Rowell, who says that sources that contradict the traditional view outnumber those verifying it, suggests that sporadic contemporaneous references to Jadwiga as king only reflect that she was not a queen consort, but a queen regnant.Template:Sfn

Bodzanta, Archbishop of Gniezno, Jan Radlica, Bishop of Kraków, Dobrogost of Nowy Dwór, Bishop of Poznań, and Duke Vladislaus II of Opole were Jadwiga's most trusted advisers during the first years of her reign.Template:Sfn According to a widely accepted scholarly theory, Jadwiga, who was still a minor, was "a mere tool" to her advisers.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn However, Halecki refutes this view, contending that Jadwiga matured quickly and her personality, especially her charm and kindness, only served to strengthen her position.Template:Sfn Already in late 1384 she intervened on Duke Vladislaus's behalf to reconcile him with her mother's favourite, Nicholas I Garai.Template:Sfn

Refusal of William (1385)

The Polish lords did not want to accept Jadwiga's fourteen-year-old fiancé, William of Habsburg, as their sovereign.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn They thought that the inexperienced William and his Austrian kinsmen could not safeguard Poland's interests against its powerful neighbours, especially the Luxemburgs which controlled Bohemia and Brandenburg, and had a strong claim on Hungary.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn According to Halecki, the lords of Lesser Poland were the first to suggest that Jadwiga should marry the pagan duke Jogaila of Lithuania.Template:Sfn

Jogaila sent his envoysTemplate:Spaced ndashincluding his brother, Skirgaila, and a German burgher from Riga, HanulTemplate:Spaced ndash to Kraków to request Jadwiga's hand in January 1385.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Jadwiga refused to answer, stating only that her mother would decide.Template:Sfn Jogaila's two envoys left for Hungary and met Queen Elizabeth.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn She informed them that "she would allow whatever was advantageous to Poland and insisted that her daughter and the prelates and nobles of the Kingdom had to do what they considered would benefit Christianity and their kingdom",<ref name="Annals_y1385_p345">The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385), p. 345.</ref> according to Jan Długosz's chronicle.Template:Sfn The nobles from Kraków, Sandomierz and Greater Poland assembled in Kraków in June or July and the "majority of the more sensible"<ref name="Annals_y1385_p345"/> voted for the acceptance of Jogaila's marriage proposal.Template:Sfn

A bearded man on his knees by a young woman who stands at a door holding an axe

Dymitr of Goraj by Jan Matejko depicts Jadwiga trying to break the castle gate to join William

In the meantime, William's father, Leopold III hurried to Buda in late July 1385, demanding the consummation of the marriage between William and Jadwiga before 16 August.Template:Sfn Queen Elizabeth confirmed the previous agreements about the marriage, ordering Vladislaus II of Opole to make preparations for the ceremony.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn According to canon law, Jadwiga's marriage sacrament could only be completed before her twelfth birthday if the competent prelate testified her precocious maturity.Template:Sfn Demetrius, Archbishop of Esztergom, issued the necessary document.Template:Sfn William went to Kraków in the first half of August, but his entry to Wawel Castle was barred.Template:Sfn Długosz states that Jadwiga and William would only be able to meet in the nearby Franciscan convent.Template:Sfn

Contemporary or nearly contemporaneous records of the completion of the marriage between William and Jadwiga are contradictory and unclear.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn The official accounts of the municipal authorities of Kraków record that on 23 August 1385, an amnesty was granted to the prisoners in the city jail on the occasion of the celebration of the Queen's marriage.Template:Sfn On the other hand, a contemporary Austrian chronicle, the Continuatio Claustroneubuzgis states that the Poles had tried to murder William before he consummated the marriage.Template:Sfn In the next century, Długosz states that William was "removed in a shameful and offensive manner and driven from the castle" after he entered "the Queen's bedchamber"; but the same chronicler also mentions that Jadwiga was well aware that "many people knew Template:Nobr she had for a fortnight shared her bed with Duke William and that there had been physical consummation".<ref>The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385 and 1386), pp. 346–347.</ref>Template:Sfn

During the night that William entered the queen's bedchamber, a group of Polish noblemen broke into the castle, forcing William to flee, according to Długosz.Template:Sfn After this humiliation, Długosz continued, Jadwiga decided to leave Wawel and join William, but the gate of the castle was locked.Template:Sfn She called for "an axe and [tried] to break it open",<ref>The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1385), p. 346.</ref> but Dymitr of Goraj convinced her to return to the castle.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Oscar Halecki says that Długosz's narrative "cannot be dismissed as a romantic legend";Template:Sfn Robert I. Frost writes that it is a "tale, almost certainly apocryphal".Template:Sfn There is no doubt, however, that William of Austria was forced to leave Poland.Template:Sfn

Marriage to Jogaila (1385–92)

Jogaila signed the Union of Krewo in August 1385, promising Queen Elizabeth's representatives and the Polish lords' envoys that he would convert to Catholicism, together with his pagan kinsmen and subjects, if Jadwiga married him.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn He also pledged to pay 200,000 florins to William of Habsburg in compensation. William never accepted it.Template:Sfn Two days after the Union of Krewo, the Teutonic Knights invaded Lithuania.Template:Sfn

The Aeltere Hochmeisterchronik and other chronicles written in the Knights' territory accused the Polish prelates and lords of forcing Jadwiga to accept Jogaila's offer.Template:Sfn According to a Polish legend, Jadwiga agreed to marry Jogaila due to divine inspiration during her long prayers before a crucifix in Wawel Cathedral.Template:Sfn Siemowit IV of Mazovia resigned his claim to Poland in December.Template:Sfn

The Polish lords' envoys informed Jogaila that they would obey him if he married Jadwiga on 11 January 1386.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Jogaila went to Lublin where a general assembly unanimously declared him "king and lord of Poland" in early February.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Jogaila went on to Kraków where he was baptized, receiving the Christian name, Władysław, in Wawel Cathedral on 15 February.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Three days later, Władysław-Jogaila, who was between 23- and 35-year old, married 12-year-old Jadwiga.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Władysław-Jogaila styled himself as dominus et tutor regni Poloniae ("lord and guardian of the Kingdom of Poland") in his first charter issued after the marriage.Template:Sfn

Archbishop Bodzanta crowned Władysław-Jogaila king on 4 March 1386.Template:Sfn Poland was transformed into a diarchy Template:Spaced ndasha kingdom ruled over by two sovereigns.Template:Sfn Jadwiga and her husband did not speak a common language, but they cooperated closely in their marriage.Template:Sfn She accompanied him to Greater Poland to appease the local lords who were still hostile to him.Template:Sfn The royal visit caused damage to the peasants who lived in the local prelates' domains, but Jadwiga persuaded her husband to compensate them, saying: "We have, indeed, returned the peasants' cattle, but who can repair their tears?",<ref>The Annals of Jan Długosz (A.D. 1386), p. 348.</ref> according to Długosz's chronicle.Template:Sfn A court record of her order to the judges in favour of a peasant also shows that she protected the poor.Template:Sfn

Pope Urban VI sent his legate, Maffiolus de Lampugnano, to Kraków to enquire about the marriage of the royal couple.Template:Sfn Lampugnano did not voice any objections, but the Teutonic Knights started a propaganda campaign in favour of William of Habsburg.Template:Sfn Queen Elizabeth pledged to assist Władysław-Jogaila against his enemies on 9 June 1386,Template:Sfn but Hungary had sunken into anarchy.Template:Sfn A group of Slavonian lords captured and imprisoned Jadwiga's mother and sister on 25 July.Template:Sfn The rebels murdered Queen Elizabeth in January 1387.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn A month later, Jadwiga marched at the head of Polish troops to Ruthenia where all but one of the governors submitted to her without opposition.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

A crowned young woman on her knees with her hand on the Bible which is held by an old bearded man

Queen Jadwiga's Oath, by Józef Simmler, 1867

Duke Vladislaus of Opole also had a claim on Ruthenia but could not convince King Wenceslaus of Germany to intervene on his behalf.Template:Sfn Jadwiga confirmed the privileges of the local inhabitants and promised that Ruthenia would never again be separated from the Polish Crown.Template:Sfn After the reinforcements that Władysław-Jogaila sent from Lithuania arrived in August, Halych, the only fortress to resist, also surrendered.Template:Sfn Władysław-Jogaila also came to Ruthenia in September.Template:Sfn Voivode Petru II of Moldavia visited the royal couple and paid homage to them in Lviv on 26 September.Template:Sfn Władysław-Jogaila confirmed the privileges that Jadwiga had granted the Ruthenians in October.Template:Sfn She also instructed her subjects to show the same respect for her husband as for herself: in a letter addressed to the burghers of Kraków in late 1387, she stated that her husband was their "natural lord".Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

On William's demand, Pope Urban VI initiated a new investigation into the marriage of Jadwiga and Władysław-Jogaila.Template:Sfn They sent Bishop Dobrogost of Poznań to Rome to inform the pope of the Christianization of Lithuania.Template:Sfn In his letter to Bishop Dobrogost, Pope Urban jointly mentioned the royal couple in March 1388, which implied that he had already acknowledged the legality of their marriage.Template:Sfn However, Gniewosz of Dalewice, who had been William of Habsburg's supporter, spread rumours about secret meetings between William and Jadwiga in the royal castle.Template:Sfn Jadwiga took a solemn oath before Jan Tęczyński, stating that she had only had marital relations with Władysław-Jogaila.Template:Sfn After all witnesses confirmed her oath, Gniewosz of Dalewice confessed that he had lied.Template:Sfn She did not take vengeance on him.Template:Sfn

Strife with Sigismund (1392–95)

Jadwiga's brother-in-law, Sigismund, who had been crowned King of Hungary,Template:Sfn started negotiations with the Teutonic Knights about partitioning Poland in early 1392.Template:Sfn Jadwiga met Mary in Stará Ľubovňa in May and returned to Kraków only in early July.Template:Sfn She most probably accompanied her husband to Lithuania, according to Oscar Halecki, because she was far from Kraków till the end of August.Template:Sfn On 4 August, Władysław-Jogaila's cousin, Vytautas, who had earlier fled from Lithuania to the Teutonic Knights, paid homage to Władysław-Jogaila near Lida in Lithuania on 4 August.Template:Sfn

Negotiations between Sigismund and the Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights, Konrad von Wallenrode, continued with the mediation of Vladislaus of Opole.Template:Sfn However, Hungary's southern border was exposed to Ottoman incursions, preventing Sigismund from taking military measures against Poland.Template:Sfn Wallenrode died on 25 July 1393.Template:Sfn His successor, Konrad von Jungingen, opened negotiations with the Poles.Template:Sfn During the discussions, Pope Boniface IX's legate, John of Messina, supported the Poles.Template:Sfn

File:Stefan wojewoda moldawski slubuje wiernosc.png

Stephen I of Moldavia's promise of loyalty to Jadwiga and Jogaila against Sigismund

Jadwiga was a skilful mediator, famed for her impartiality and intelligence.Template:Sfn She went to Lithuania to reconcile her brother-in-law, Skirgaila, with Vytautas in October 1393.Template:Sfn Relations between Poland and Hungary remained tense.Template:Sfn Sigismund invaded Moldavia, forcing Stephen I of Moldavia to accept his suzerainty in 1394.Template:Sfn Soon after the Hungarian troops left Moldavia, Stephen sent his envoys to Jadwiga and Jogaila, promising to assist Poland against Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and the Teutonic Knights.Template:Sfn

On 17 May 1395, Mary died after a riding accident.Template:Sfn According to the 1383 agreement between their mother and the Polish lords, Jadwiga was her childless sister's heir in Hungary.Template:Sfn Vlad I of Wallachia, a Hungarian vassal, issued an act of submission on 28 May, acknowledging Jadwiga and her husband as Mary's legitimate successors.Template:Sfn The widowed king's close supporter, Stibor of Stiboricz, expelled Vlad from Wallachia.Template:Sfn Władysław-Jogaila gathered his troops on the Polish-Hungarian border, but Template:Ill, Palatine of Hungary, and Template:Ill, Archbishop of Esztergom, stopped his invasion of Hungary.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In September, Konrad von Jungingen told the prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire that the union of Poland, Lithuania, and Hungary under Władysław-Jogaila's rule would endanger Christendom.Template:Sfn However, most of Sigismund's opponents, who were especially numerous in Croatia, supported the claim of Ladislaus of Naples, the last male member of the Capetian House of Anjou.Template:Sfn On 8 September, the most influential Hungarian lords declared that they would not support any change in government while Sigismund was far from Hungary fighting against the Ottoman Turks.Template:Sfn Before the end of the year, peace negotiations between the representatives of Hungary and Poland ended with an agreement.Template:Sfn Jadwiga adopted the title "heir to Hungary", but she and her husband took no further action against Sigismund.Template:Sfn

Conflict with the Teutonic Knights (1395–99)

The relationship between Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights remained tense.Template:Sfn Jadwiga and her Polish advisers invited the Grand Master, Konrad von Jungingen, to Poland to open new negotiations in June 1396.Template:Sfn Conflicts with Vladislaus of Opole and Siemowit of Masovia, who had not given up their claims to parts of Ruthenia and Cuyavia, also intensified.Template:Sfn To demonstrate that the territories were under Jadwiga's direct control, Władysław-Jogaila granted the Duchy of Belz (in Ruthenia) and Cuyavia to her in early 1397.Template:Sfn However, Jadwiga and her Polish advisers wanted to avoid a war with the Teutonic Order.Template:Sfn In response, Władysław-Jogaila replaced most Polish "starostas" (aldermen) in Ruthenia with local Orthodox noblemen.Template:Sfn According to German sources, Władysław-Jogaila and Vytautas jointly asked Pope Boniface IX to sanction Vytautas' coronation as king of Lithuania and Ruthenia.Template:Sfn

Jadwiga and Jungingen met in Włocławek in the middle of June, but they did not reach a compromise.Template:Sfn The Teutonic Order entrusted Vladislaus of Opole with the task of representing their claims to Dobrzyń against Jadwiga.Template:Sfn Jadwiga and her husband met Sigismund of Hungary, who had returned there after his catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Nicopolis, on 14 July.Template:Sfn They seem to have reached a compromise because Sigismund offered to mediate between Poland, Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights.Template:Sfn On Jadwiga's request, Wenceslaus of Bohemia granted permission for the establishment of a college for Lithuanian students in Prague on 20 July 1397.Template:Sfn Jadwiga, who had spent "many sleepless nights" thinking of this project, according to herself, issued a charter of establishment for the college on 10 November.Template:Sfn

She opened new negotiations with the Teutonic Knights, but Konrad von Jungingen dispatched a simple knight to meet her in May 1398.Template:Sfn Władysław-Jogaila's cousin Vytautas also entered into negotiations with the Teutonic Knights because he wanted to unite Lithuania and Ruthenia under his rule and to receive a royal crown from the Holy See.Template:Sfn According to the chronicle of John of Posilge, who was an official of the Teutonic Order, Jadwiga sent a letter to Vytautas, reminding him to pay the annual tribute that Władysław-Jogaila had granted her as dower.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Offended by Jadwiga's demand, Vytautas sought the opinion of the Lithuanian and Ruthenian lords who refused Jadwiga's claim to a tribute.Template:Sfn On 12 October 1398, he signed a peace treaty with the Teutonic Knights, without referring to Władysław-Jogaila's right to confirm it.Template:Sfn Oscar Halecki says that Posilge's "sensational story" is either an invention based on gossip or a guess by the chronicler.Template:Sfn

Pregnancy and death (1399)

File:Nagrobek Jadwigi Andegaweńskiej.jpg

Jadwiga's sarcophagus, Wawel Cathedral, Kraków

Jadwiga was childless for over a decade, which, according to chronicles written in the Teutonic lands, caused conflicts between her and her husband.Template:Sfn She became pregnant in late 1398 or early 1399.Template:Sfn Sigismund, King of Hungary, came to Kraków in early March to negotiate for a campaign to defend Wallachia against the Ottoman Turks.Template:Sfn Vytautas, in order to bolster his authority over the Rus' principalities, decided to launch an expedition against Timur, who had subdued the Golden Horde.Template:Sfn According to Jan Długosz's chronicle, Jadwiga warned the Polish noblemen not to join Vytautas' campaign because it would end in failure.Template:Sfn Halecki says that the great number of Polish knights who joined Vytautas's expedition proves that Długosz's report is not reliable.Template:Sfn

On the occasion of the expected birth to the royal couple, Jogaila's cousin Vytautas, Grand Duke of Lithuania, sent expensive gifts, including a silver cradle, to the royal court on behalf of himself and his wife, Anna.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The first horoscopes written for Jadwiga's and Jogaila's child predicted a son in mid-September 1398.<ref>Ozog, pp. 135, 322</ref> However, a girl was delivered on 22 June 1399 at Wawel Castle. Reports of the time stated that the child was born prematurely.<ref>Wdowiszewski, p. 443</ref> According to the horoscope, she was actually born slightly late. However, a due date of 18 June would rule out the suspicion of pregnancy as early as mid-September.<ref>The astrologer said the Queen would deliver on 18 June, but she delivered on 22 June; Śnieżyńska-Stolot, pp. 5–32</ref>

The newborn princess was named Elizabeth Bonifacia (Template:Langx, Template:Langx), after Jadwiga's mother and Pope Boniface IX who, in a letter of 5 May 1399, had agreed to be godfather under the condition that the infant be called Boniface or Bonifacia. She was baptised by Piotr Wysz Radoliński, Bishop of Kraków.<ref>Wdowiszewski, p. 250</ref> However, the infant died after only three weeks, on 13 July 1399.Template:Sfn Jadwiga, too, was on her deathbed. Stanisław of Skarbimierz expressed hope that she would survive, describing her as the spiritual mother of the poor, weak, and ill of Poland.Template:Sfn She advised her husband to marry Anna of Cilli, Casimir the Great's granddaughterTemplate:Sfn—which he did—and died on 17 July 1399, four days after her newborn daughter.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn

Jadwiga and her daughter were buried together in Wawel Cathedral, on 24 August 1399,Template:Sfn Template:Sfn as stipulated in the Queen's last will. On 12 July 1949, 550 years later, their tomb was opened; nothing remained of the child's soft cartilage.<ref>Olbrycht and Kusiak, pp. 256–266.</ref>

Family

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The following family tree illustrates Jadwiga's connection to her notable relatives. Kings of Poland are coloured blue.

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Legacy

Achievements

File:Jadwiga by Bacciarelli.jpg

Jadwiga as imagined by Marcello Bacciarelli

Two leading historians, Oscar Halecki and S. Harrison Thomson, agree that Jadwiga was one of the greatest rulers of Poland, comparable to Bolesław the Brave and Casimir the Great.Template:Sfn Her marriage to Władysław-Jogaila enabled the union of Poland and Lithuania, establishing a large state in East Central Europe.Template:Sfn Jadwiga's decision to marry the 'elderly' Władysław-Jogaila instead of her beloved fiancé, William of Habsburg, has often been described as a sacrifice for her country in Polish historiography.Template:Sfn Her biographers emphasize Jadwiga's efforts to preserve the peace with the Teutonic Order, which enabled Poland to make preparations for a decisive war against the Knights.Template:Sfn Jadwiga's childless death weakened Władysław-Jogaila's position because his claim to Poland was based on their marriage.Template:Sfn Six days after her funeral, Władysław-Jogaila left Poland for Ruthenia, stating that he was to return to Lithuania after his wife's death.Template:Sfn The Polish lords sent their envoys to Lviv to open negotiations with him.Template:Sfn The delegates took new oaths of loyalty to him, confirming his position as king.Template:Sfn On the lords' demand, he agreed to marry Anna of Cilli.Template:Sfn Their wedding was celebrated on 29 January 1402.Template:Sfn

Jadwiga's cultural and charitable activities were of exceptional value.Template:Sfn She established new hospitals, schools and churches, and restored older ones.Template:Sfn Jadwiga promoted the use of vernacular in church services, especially the singing of hymns in Polish.Template:Sfn The Scriptures were translated into Polish on her order.Template:Sfn

File:Kraków Founders of Jagiellonian University.jpg

Jadwiga depicted with her husband as the founders of the Jagiellonian University, early 16th century

Casimir the Great had already in 1364 established the University of Kraków, but it did not survive his death.Template:Sfn Władysław-Jogaila and Jadwiga jointly asked Pope Boniface IX to sanction the establishment of a faculty of theology in Kraków.Template:Sfn The pope granted their request on 11 January 1397.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Jadwiga bought houses along a central street of Kraków for the university.Template:Sfn However, the faculty was only set up a year after Jadwiga's death: Władysław-Jogaila issued the charter for the reestablished university on 26 July 1400.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn Template:Sfn In accordance with Jadwiga's last will, the restoration of the university was partially financed through the sale of her jewellery.Template:Sfn

Holiness

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Oscar Halecki writes that Jadwiga transmitted to the nations of East Central Europe the "universal heritage of the respublica Christiana, which in the West was then waning, but in East Central Europe started flourishing and blending with the pre-Renaissance world".Template:Sfn She was closely related to the saintly 13th-century princesses, venerated in Hungary and Poland, including Elizabeth of Hungary and her nieces, Kinga and Yolanda, and Salomea of Poland.Template:Sfn She was born to a family famed for its religious zeal.Template:Sfn Template:Sfn She attended Mass every day.Template:Sfn Following her family's tradition, Jadwiga was especially devoted to the Blessed Virgin Mary.Template:Sfn An inscription engraved on her request on a precious chalice, which was placed in the Wawel Cathedral, asked Our Lady to place Poland under her protection.Template:Sfn

Jadwiga was venerated in Poland soon after her death.Template:Sfn Stanisław of Skarbimierz states that she had been "the most Christian queen" in his sermon composed for her funeral.Template:Sfn Paul of Zator referred to the wax figures placed by her grave.Template:Sfn Sermons written in the early 15th century emphasized that Jadwiga had been a representative of the traditional virtues of holy women, such as mercy and benevolence.Template:Sfn Jadwiga's contribution to the restoration of the University of Kraków was also mentioned by early 15th-century scholars.Template:Sfn

Numerous legends about miracles were recounted to justify her sainthood. The two best-known are those of "Jadwiga's cross" and "Jadwiga's foot":

Jadwiga often prayed before a large black crucifix hanging in the north aisle of Wawel Cathedral. During one of these prayers, the Christ on the cross is said to have spoken to her. The crucifix, "Saint Jadwiga's cross", is still there, with her relics beneath it. Because of this event, she is considered a medieval mystic.Template:Sfn Template:Page needed According to another legend, Jadwiga took a piece of jewellery from her foot and gave it to a poor stonemason who had begged for her help. When the queen left, he noticed her footprint in the plaster floor of his workplace, even though the plaster had already hardened before her visit. The supposed footprint, known as "Jadwiga's foot", can still be seen in one of Kraków's churches.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In yet another legend, Jadwiga was taking part in a Corpus Christi Day procession when a coppersmith's son drowned by falling into a river. Jadwiga threw her mantle over the boy's body, and he regained life.<ref>Catholic World Culture Chapter XXIII, pp. 146–151</ref>

On 8 June 1979 Pope John Paul II prayed at her sarcophagus, and the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments officially affirmed her beatification on 8 August 1986. The Pope went on to canonize Jadwiga in Kraków on 8 June 1997.<ref name="Saint"/>

In popular culture

Hedvigis. Dziedziczka królestwa (2021), a Polish historical novel about the early life and reign of Jadwiga by Krzysztof Konopka, follows the story of Jadwiga, her sister Mary, and their mother.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Jadwiga is the main character of the third season of Polish historical TV series Korona królów (The Crown of the Kings). She is played by Dagmara Bryzek. Child Jadwiga is played by Natalia Wolska and Amelia Zawadzka.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Jadwiga appears as the leader of the Polish civilization in the turn-based strategy game Civilization VI, specializing in religion and territorial expansion. She also features in Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition - Dawn of the Dukes in a campaign of her own.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Jadwiga is a playable character in the Mobile/PC Game Rise of Kingdoms.

Notes

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References

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Sources

Primary sources

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The Annals of Jan Długosz (An English abridgement by Maurice Michael, with commentary by Paul Smith) (1997). IM Publications. Template:ISBN.

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Secondary sources