Hinamatsuri
Template:Short description Template:Italic title Template:For2 Template:Redir Template:Distinguish Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox holiday
Template:Nihongo, also called Doll's Day or Girls' Day, is an annual festival in Japan (but not a national holiday), celebrated on 3Template:NbspMarch of each year.<ref name="nussbaum313">Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2005). "Hina Matsuri" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 313.</ref><ref name="Sosnoski">Template:Cite book</ref> Platforms covered with a red carpet material are used to display a set of Template:Nihongo representing the emperor, empress, attendants, and musicians in traditional court dress of the Heian period.<ref name="Pate">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp
Customs
[edit]Template:Tlit is one of the Template:Nihongo that are held on auspicious dates of the Lunisolar calendar: the first day of the first month, the third day of the third month, and so on. After the adoption of the Gregorian calendar, these were fixed on [[New Year's Day|1Template:NbspJanuary]], 3Template:NbspMarch, [[Tango no sekku|5Template:NbspMay]], [[Tanabata|7Template:NbspJuly]], and [[Chrysanthemum Day|9Template:NbspSeptember]]. The festival was traditionally known as the Template:Nihongo, as peach trees typically began to flower around this time.<ref name="nippon.com">Template:Cite web</ref> Although this is no longer true since the shift to Gregorian dates, the name remains and peaches are still symbolic of the festival.<ref name="JT">Template:Cite news</ref>
The primary aspect of Template:Tlit is the display of seated female and male dolls (the Template:Nihongo3 and Template:Nihongo3), which represent a Heian period wedding,<ref name="JT"/> but are usually described as the Empress and Emperor of Japan.<ref name="Shoaf">Template:Cite web</ref> The dolls are usually seated on red cloth, and may be as simple as pictures or folded paper dolls, or as intricate as carved three-dimensional dolls. More elaborate displays will include a multi-tiered Template:Nihongo of dolls that represent ladies of the court, musicians, and other attendants, with all sorts of accoutrements. The entire set of dolls and accessories is called the Template:Nihongo.<ref name="nippon.com"/> The number of tiers and dolls a family may have depends on their budget.
Families normally ensure that girls have a set of the two main dolls before their first Template:Tlit. The dolls are usually fairly expensive ($1,500 to $2,500 for a five-tier set, depending on quality) and may be handed down from older generations as heirlooms. The Template:Tlit spends most of the year in storage, and girls and their mothers begin setting up the display a few days before 3Template:NbspMarch (boys and men normally do not participate, as 5Template:NbspMay, now Children's Day, was historically called "Boys' Day").<ref name="stripes">Template:Cite web</ref> Traditionally, the dolls were supposed to be put away by the day after Template:Tlit, the superstition being that leaving the dolls any longer will result in a late marriage for the daughter,<ref name="Aruku">Template:Cite book</ref> but some families may leave them up for the entire month of March.<ref name="stripes"/> Practically speaking, the encouragement to put everything away quickly is to avoid the rainy season and humidity that typically follows Template:Tlit.<ref name="Voyapon" />
Historically, the dolls were used as toys,<ref name="Shoaf" /> but in modern times they are intended for display only.<ref name="stripes"/> The display of dolls is usually discontinued when the girls reach ten years of age.<ref name="Shoaf" />
During Template:Tlit and the preceding days, girls hold parties with their friends. Typical foods include Template:Nihongo3, Template:Nihongo3, Template:Nihongo3,<ref name="nippon.com"/> Template:Nihongo3, Template:Nihongo and Template:Nihongo3.<ref name="JT"/> The customary drink is Template:Nihongo3, also called Template:Nihongo, a non-alcoholic sake.<ref name="Ruoo">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="JT"/>
Template:Nihongo ceremonies are held around the country, where participants make dolls out of paper or straw and send them on a boat down a river, carrying one's impurities and sin with them. Some locations, such as at the Nagashibina Doll Museum in Tottori City, still follow the lunisolar calendar instead of doing it on 3Template:NbspMarch.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Nihongo, traditional decoration for Template:Tlit, are lengths of coloured cords (usually in red), usually featuring decorations of miniature baby-dolls, which were originally made from leftover kimono silk (so the idea of repurposing fabric scraps is central to this craft; it is a great activity for using up leftover materials). Template:Tlit are not limited to featuring miniature baby-dolls, but also flowers (i.e., camellia flower, etc.), shells, Template:Tlit balls, colourful triangles to represent mountains (such as Mount Fuji, etc.), etc., and with tassels at the bottom.
Origin
[edit]
It is said that the first time Template:Tlit dolls were shown in the manner they are now as part of the Peach Festival was when the young princess Meisho succeeded to the throne of her abdicating father, Emperor Go-Mizunoo, in 1629. Because empresses regnant in Japan at the time were not allowed to get married, Meisho's mother, Tokugawa Masako, created a doll arrangement showing Meisho blissfully wedded.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Tlit then officially became the name of the festival in 1687. Doll-makers began making elaborate dolls for the festival (some growing as tall as Template:Convert high before laws were passed restricting their size). Over time, the Template:Tlit evolved to include fifteen dolls and accessories. As dolls became more expensive, tiers were added to the Template:Tlit so that the expensive ones could be placed out of the reach of young children.<ref name="Shoaf"/>
During the Meiji period as Japan began to modernize and the emperor was restored to power, Template:Tlit was deprecated in favor of new holidays that focused on the emperor's supposed bond with the nation. By focusing on marriage and families, it represented Japanese hopes and values. The dolls were said to represent the emperor and empress; they also fostered respect for the throne. The holiday then spread to other countries via the Japanese diaspora, although it remains confined to Japanese immigrant communities and descendants.<ref name="Shoaf"/>
Placement of dolls
[edit]The actual placement order of the dolls from left to right varies according to family tradition and location, but the order of dolls per level is the same.<ref name="Voyapon">Template:Cite web</ref> The layer of covering is called Template:Nihongo or simply Template:Nihongo, a red carpet with rainbow stripes at the bottom. The description that follows is for a complete set.
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18th-century Template:Tlit, Empress doll, on display at Musée d'ethnographie de Genève
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18th century Template:Tlit, Emperor doll, on display at Musée d'ethnographie de Genève
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Template:Tlit store display in Seattle, Washington, featuring all 7 tiers.
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An Emperor doll with an Empress doll, in front of a gold screen. The optional lampstands are also partially visible.
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(video) A five platform doll set.
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Template:Tlit is a variation of the traditional Template:Tlit dolls (Kanzo-Yashiki, Kōshū, Yamanashi Prefecture).
First, top platform
[edit]The top tier holds two dolls, known as Template:Nihongo. The word Template:Tlit means "imperial palace". These are the Template:Tlit holding a Template:Nihongo and Template:Tlit holding a fan. The pair are also known as Template:Nihongo and Template:Nihongo (lord and princess) or Template:Nihongo and Template:Nihongo (honored palace official and honored doll).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Although they are sometimes referred to as the Emperor and Empress, they only represent the positions and not particular individuals themselves (with the exception of some dolls from the Meiji Era that actually depict Emperor Meiji and Empress Shōken). The two are usually placed in front of a gold folding screen Template:Nihongo and placed beside green Japanese garden trees.<ref name="Shoaf" />
Optional are the two lampstands, called Template:Nihongo,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the paper or silk lanterns that are known as Template:Nihongo, which are usually decorated with cherry or plum blossom patterns.
Complete sets would include accessories placed between the two figures, known as Template:Nihongo,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> composing of two vases of artificial Template:Nihongo.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Generally speaking, the Kansai style arrangement has the male on the right, while Kantō style arrangements have him on the left (from the viewer's perspective).<ref name="Voyapon" />
Second platform
[edit]The second tier holds three court ladies Template:Nihongo who serve sake to the male and female dolls. Commonly, two dolls are standing on both sides of one seated doll, but there are people who use two seated dolls on both sides of one standing doll.
The doll on the viewer's left bears a Template:Nihongo. The one on the viewer's right holds a Template:Nihongo. The doll in the middle carries different items in Kyoto compared with the rest of Japan. In Kyoto, the middle doll carries a Template:Nihongo upon which is something auspicious such as Template:Nihongo; whereas in the rest of Japan, she carries a Template:Nihongo upon which a sake cup is rested.<ref name="Shoaf" />
Accessories placed between the ladies are Template:Nihongo, stands with round table-tops for seasonal sweets, excluding Template:Tlit.<ref name="Voyapon" />
Third platform
[edit]The third tier holds five male musicians Template:Nihongo. Each holds a musical instrument except the singer, who holds a fan:<ref name="Shoaf" /><ref name="Voyapon" /><ref name="Zooming">Template:Cite web</ref>
- Template:Nihongo, seated,
- Template:Nihongo, standing,
- Template:Nihongo, standing,
- Template:Nihongo, or Template:Nihongo, seated,
- Template:Nihongo, holding a Template:Nihongo, standing.
There are ancient sets with seven or ten musicians and at least one with female musicians.<ref name="Shoaf" />
Fourth platform
[edit]Two Template:Nihongo may be displayed on the fourth tier. These may be the emperor's bodyguards or administrators in Kyoto: the Template:Nihongo and the Template:Nihongo. Both are sometimes equipped with bows and arrows. When representing the ministers, the Minister of the Right is depicted as a young person, while the Minister of the Left is older because that position was the more senior of the two. Also, because the dolls are placed in positions relative to each other, the Minister of the Right will be on "stage right" (the viewer's left) and the Minister of the Left will be on the other side.<ref name="Shoaf" /><ref name="Zooming" />
Between the two figures are covered Template:Nihongo, also referred to as Template:Nihongo, as well as Template:Nihongo bearing diamond-shaped hishi mochi.<ref name="Zooming" />
Just below the ministers: on the rightmost, a Template:Nihongo, and on the leftmost, a Template:Nihongo.
Fifth platform
[edit]The fifth tier, between the plants, holds three Template:Nihongo or Template:Nihongo of the Emperor and Empress:<ref name="Shoaf" /><ref name="Zooming" />
In the Kyōto style, from the viewer's left to right the dolls are:
- Crying drinker Template:Nihongo bearing a Template:Nihongo,
- Angry drinker Template:Nihongo bearing a Template:Nihongo, and
- Laughing drinker Template:Nihongo bearing a Template:Nihongo
In the Kantō style used in the rest of Japan, from the viewer's left to right the dolls are:
- Angry drinker Template:Nihongo bearing an Template:Nihongo at the end of a pole,
- Crying drinker Template:Nihongo bearing a Template:Nihongo, and
- Laughing drinker Template:Nihongo bearing an Template:Nihongo
Other platforms
[edit]On the sixth and seventh tiers, various miniature furniture, tools, carriages, etc., are displayed.
Sixth platform
[edit]These are items used within the palatial residence.<ref name="Voyapon" />
- Template:Nihongo: chest of (usually five) drawers, sometimes with swinging outer covering doors.
- Template:Nihongo: long chest for kimono storage.
- Template:Nihongo: smaller clothing storage box, placed on top of nagamochi.
- Template:Nihongo: literally mirror stand, a smaller chest of drawers with a mirror on top.
- Template:Nihongo: sewing kit box.
- two Template:Nihongo: braziers.
- Template:Nihongo: a set of Template:Nihongo or Template:Nihongo, utensils for the tea ceremony.
Seventh, bottom platform
[edit]These are items used when away from the palatial residence.<ref name="Voyapon" />
- Template:Nihongo, a set of nested lacquered food boxes with either a cord tied vertically around the boxes or a stiff handle that locks them together.
- Template:Tlit (Template:Lang or Template:Lang, a palanquin.
- Template:Nihongo, an ox-drawn carriage favored by Heian nobility. This last is sometimes known as Template:Tlit or Template:Tlit (Template:Lang).
- Less common, Template:Nihongo, an ox drawing a cart of flowers.
See also
[edit]- Golu – a similar tradition in India
- Hōko (doll) – A talisman doll, given to young women of age and especially to pregnant women in Japan to protect both mother and unborn child.
- International Day of the Girl Child
- International Women's Day
- Japanese dolls
- Japanese festivals
- Japanese traditional dolls
- Karakuri puppet – Japanese clockwork automata.
- Katashiro
- Public holidays in Japan
- Tango no Sekku
- Yurihonjo hinakaido – an annual trail of hina doll displays in Yurihonjo City
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Ishii, Minako (2007). Girls' Day/Boys' Day. Honolulu: Bess Press Inc. Template:ISBN. A children's picture book.
- Murguia, Salvador Jimenez (2011). "Hinamatsuri and the Japanese Female: A Critical Interpretation of the Japanese Doll Festival". Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 2.2: 231–247.
- Pate, Alan Scott (2013). Ningyo: The Art of the Japanese Doll. Tuttle Publishing.