Hans Eysenck

Template:Short description Template:Use dmy dates Template:Infobox scientist Hans Jürgen Eysenck<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell; 4 March 1916 – 4 September 1997) was a German-born British psychologist. He is best remembered for his work on intelligence and personality, although he worked on other issues in psychology.<ref>Boyle, G.J., & Ortet, G. (1997). Hans Jürgen Eysenck: Obituario. Ansiedad y Estrés (Anxiety and Stress), 3, i-ii.</ref><ref>Boyle, G.J. (2000). Obituaries: Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck. Multivariate Experimental Clinical Research, 12, i-vi.</ref> At the time of his death, Eysenck was the most frequently cited living psychologist in peer-reviewed scientific journal literature.<ref name="haggbloom">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Eysenck's research included claims that certain personality types had an elevated risk of cancer and heart disease and research on IQ scores and race (first published in 1971), which were a significant source of controversy.<ref name="lancet">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="colman">Template:Cite journal</ref> Scholars have identified errors and suspected data manipulation in Eysenck's work, and large replications have failed to confirm the relationships that he purported to find. An enquiry on behalf of King's College London found the papers by Eysenck coauthored with Ronald Grossarth-Maticek to be "incompatible with modern clinical science",<ref name=":1">Template:Cite web</ref> with 26 of the joint papers considered suspect.<ref name=":1" /><ref name="Enquiry" /><ref name="Boseley 2019" /> Fourteen papers were retracted in 2020, and over 60 statements of concern were issued by scientific journals in 2020 about publications by Eysenck.<ref name=":1" /> David Marks and Rod Buchanan, a biographer of Eysenck, have argued that 87 publications by Eysenck should be retracted.<ref name=":1" /><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Life

File:Hans and Sybil Eysenck.jpg

With his wife Sybil

Eysenck was born in Berlin, Germany. His mother was Silesian-born film star Helga Molander, and his father, Eduard Anton Eysenck, was an actor and nightclub entertainer who was once voted "handsomest man on the Baltic coast". His mother was Lutheran and his father was Catholic. Eysenck was brought up by his maternal grandmother who was a Jewish convert to Catholicism. Subjected to the Nuremberg laws, she was deported and died in a concentration camp.<ref name=EysenckRebel>Eysenck, H. J., Rebel with a Cause (an Autobiography), London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1990</ref>Template:Rp<ref name="Buchanan2010a">Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp An initial move to England in the 1930s became permanent because of his opposition to the Nazi party and its persecutions. "My hatred of Hitler and the Nazis, and all they stood for, was so overwhelming that no argument could counter it."<ref name="EysenckRebel" />Template:Rp Because of his German citizenship, he was initially unable to gain employment, and he came close to being interned during the war.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> He received his PhD in 1940 from University College London (UCL) working in the Department of Psychology under the supervision of Professor Sir Cyril Burt, with whom he had a tumultuous professional relationship throughout his working life.<ref name="EysenckRebel" />Template:Rp

Eysenck was Professor of Psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, from 1955 to 1983. He was a major contributor to the modern scientific theory of personality and helped find treatment for mental illnesses.<ref>Behaviour Therapy and the Neurosis, edited by Hans Eysenck, London: Pergamon Press, 1960.</ref><ref>Eysenck, Hans J., Experiments in Behaviour Therapy, London: Pergamon Press, 1964.</ref> Eysenck also created and developed a distinctive dimensional model of personality structure based on empirical factor-analytic research, attempting to anchor these factors in biogenetic variation.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 1981, Eysenck became a founding member of the World Cultural Council.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was the founding editor of the international journal Personality and Individual Differences, and wrote about 80 books and more than 1,600 journal articles.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> With his first wife, Hans Eysenck had a son Michael Eysenck, who is also a psychology professor. He had four children with his second wife, Sybil Eysenck: Gary, Connie, Kevin, and Darrin. Hans and Sybil Eysenck collaborated as psychologists for many years at the Institute of Psychiatry, University of London, as co-authors and researchers. Sybil Eysenck died in December 2020, and Hans Eysenck died of a brain tumour<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> in a London hospice in 1997.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He was an atheist.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The Eysencks' home was at 10 Dorchester Drive, Herne Hill, London from 1960 until their respective deaths.<ref name="When">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Views and their reception

Examples of publications in which Eysenck's views roused controversy include (chronologically):

• A paper in the 1950s<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> concluding that available data "fail to support the hypothesis that psychotherapy facilitates recovery from neurotic disorder".
• A chapter in Uses and Abuses of Psychology (1953) entitled "What is wrong with psychoanalysis".
• The Psychology of Politics (1954)
• Race, Intelligence and Education (1971) (in the US: The IQ Argument).
• Sex, Violence and the Media (1978).
• Astrology — Science or Superstition? (1982).
• Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire (1985).
• Smoking, Personality and Stress (1991).

Eysenck's attitude was summarised in his autobiography Rebel with a Cause:<ref name="EysenckRebel" /> "I always felt that a scientist owes the world only one thing, and that is the truth as he sees it. If the truth contradicts deeply held beliefs, that is too bad. Tact and diplomacy are fine in international relations, in politics, perhaps even in business; in science only one thing matters, and that is the facts." He was one of the signers of the Humanist Manifesto.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Psychology of Politics

In this book, Eysenck suggests that political behavior may be analysed in terms of two independent dimensions: the traditional left-right distinction, and how 'tenderminded' or 'toughminded' a person is. Eysenck suggests that the latter is a result of a person's introversion or extraversion respectively.

Colleagues critiqued the research that formed the basis of this book, on a number of grounds, including the following:

• Eysenck claims that his findings can be applied to the British middle class as a whole, but the people in his sample were far younger and better educated than the British middle class as a whole.
• Supporters of different parties were recruited in different ways: Communists were recruited through party branches, fascists in an unspecified manner, and supporters of other parties by giving copies of the questionnaire to his students and telling them to apply it to friends and acquaintances.
• Scores were obtained by applying the same weight to groups of different sizes. For example, the responses of 250 middle-class supporters of the Liberal Party were given the same weight as those of 27 working-class Liberals.
• Scores were rounded without explanation, in directions that supported Eysenck's theories.<ref>Altemeyer, Bob. Right Wing Authoritarianism (Manitoba: University of Manitoba Press, 1981) 80–91, Template:Isbn.</ref>

Genetics, race and intelligence

Eysenck advocated a strong influence from genetics and race on IQ differences. Eysenck supported Arthur Jensen's questioning of whether variation in IQ between racial groups was entirely environmental.<ref>Eysenck, H. (1971). Race, Intelligence and Education. London: Maurice Temple Smith.</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> In opposition to this position, Eysenck was punched in the face by a protester during a talk at the London School of Economics.<ref>Roger Pearson, Race, Intelligence and Bias in Academe, 2nd edition, Scott-Townsend (1997), Template:ISBN, pp. 34–38.</ref> Eysenck also received bomb threats and threats to kill his young children.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

Eysenck claimed that the media had given people the misleading impression that his views were outside the mainstream scientific consensus. Eysenck cited The IQ Controversy, the Media and Public Policy as showing that there was majority support for all of the main contentions he had put forward, and further claimed that there was no real debate about the matter among relevant scientists.<ref name="Eysenck, Hans J. 1990, p. 40">Eysenck, Hans J., Rebel with a Cause (an Autobiography), London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1990, pp. 289–291.</ref><ref>BBC television series Face To Face • Hans Eysenck – broadcast 16 October 1990.</ref>

Regarding this controversy, in 1988 S. A. Barnett described Eysenck as a "prolific popularizer" and he exemplified Eysenck's writings on this topic with two passages from his early 1970s books:<ref name="Barnett1989">Template:Cite book</ref> Template:Blockquote

Barnett quotes additional criticism of Race, Intelligence and Education from Sandra Scarr,<ref name="Barnett1989" /> who wrote in 1976 that Eysenck's book was "generally inflammatory"<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and that there "is something in this book to insult almost everyone except WASPs and Jews."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Scarr was equally critical of Eysenck's hypotheses, one of which was the supposition that slavery on plantations had selected African Americans as a less intelligent sub-sample of Africans.<ref name="Scarr1981">Template:Cite book</ref> Scarr also criticised another statement of Eysenck on the alleged significantly lower IQs of Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Greek immigrants in the US relative to the populations in their country of origin. "Although Eysenck is careful to say that these are not established facts (because no IQ tests were given to the immigrants or nonimmigrants in question?"<ref name="Scarr1981" />) Scarr writes that the careful reader would conclude that "Eysenck admits that scientific evidence to date does not permit a clear choice of the genetic-differences interpretation of black inferiority on intelligence tests," whereas a "quick reading of the book, however, is sure to leave the reader believing that scientific evidence today strongly supports the conclusion that US blacks are genetically inferior to whites in IQ."<ref name="Scarr1981" />

Some of Eysenck's later work was funded by the Pioneer Fund, an organization which promoted scientific racism.<ref>William H. Tucker, The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press, 2002.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Cancer-prone personality

Eysenck also received funding for consultation research via the New York legal firm Jacob & Medinger, which was acting on behalf of the tobacco industry. In a talk<ref>Archived at GhostarchiveTemplate:Cbignore and the Wayback MachineTemplate:Cbignore: Template:CitationTemplate:Cbignore</ref> given in 1994 he mentioned that he asked Reynolds for funding to continue research. Asked what he felt about tobacco industry lawyers being involved in selecting scientists for research projects, he said that research should be judged on its quality, not on who paid for it, adding that he had not personally profited from the funds.<ref>Example document here "Memorandum Regarding Professor Eysenck's Research Progress". Template:Webarchive</ref> According to The Independent newspaper, Eysenck received more than £800,000 in this way.<ref>Peter pringle, "Eysenck took pounds 800,000 tobacco funds", The Independent, 31 October 1996.</ref> Eysenck conducted many studies making claims about the role of personality in cigarette smoking and disease,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> but he also said "I have no doubt, smoking is not a healthy habit."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

His article "Cancer, personality and stress: Prediction and prevention"<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> defines Cancer-prone (Type C) personality. The science behind this claim has now come under public scrutiny in the 2019 King's College London enquiry (see below).

Genetics of personality

Template:Further In 1951, Eysenck's first empirical study into the genetics of personality was published. It was an investigation carried out with his student and associate Donald Prell, from 1948 to 1951, in which identical (monozygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins, ages 11 and 12, were tested for neuroticism. It is described in detail in an article published in the Journal of Mental Science. Eysenck and Prell concluded: "The factor of neuroticism is not a statistical artifact, but constitutes a biological unit which is inherited as a whole....neurotic predisposition is to a large extent hereditarily determined."<ref>The Journal of Mental Health, July 1951, Vol. XCVII, "The Inheritance of Neuroticism: An Experimental Study", H. J. Eysenck and D. B. Prell, p. 402.</ref>

Model of personality

The two personality dimensions extraversion and neuroticism were described in his 1947 book Dimensions of Personality. It is common practice in personality psychology to refer to the dimensions by the first letters, E and N.

E and N provided a two-dimensional space to describe individual differences in behaviour. Eysenck noted how these two dimensions were similar to the four personality types first proposed by the Greek physician Galen.

• High N and high E = Choleric type
• High N and low E = Melancholic type
• Low N and high E = Sanguine type
• Low N and low E = Phlegmatic type

The third dimension, psychoticism, was added to the model in the late 1970s, based upon collaborations between Eysenck and his wife, Sybil B. G. Eysenck.<ref name=Eysenck1976>H. J. Eysenck and S. B. G. Eysenck (1976). Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality. London: Hodder & Stoughton.</ref>

Eysenck's model attempted to provide detailed theory of the causes of personality.<ref>Eysenck, H. J. (1967). The Biological Basis of Personality. Springfield, IL: Thomas.</ref> For example, Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in cortical arousal: "introverts are characterized by higher levels of activity than extraverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts".<ref>(Eysenck & Eysenck, 1985)</ref> Similarly, Eysenck proposed that location within the neuroticism dimension was determined by individual differences in the limbic system.<ref>Thomas, Kerry. (2007). The individual differences approach to personality. In Mapping Psychology (p. 315). The Open University.</ref> While it seems counterintuitive to suppose that introverts are more aroused than extraverts, the putative effect this has on behaviour is such that the introvert seeks lower levels of stimulation. Conversely, the extravert seeks to heighten his or her arousal to a more favourable level (as predicted by the Yerkes-Dodson Law) by increased activity, social engagement and other stimulation-seeking behaviours.

Comparison with other theories

Jeffrey Alan Gray, a former student of Eysenck's, developed a comprehensive alternative theoretical interpretation (called Gray's biopsychological theory of personality) of the biological and psychological data studied by Eysenck – leaning more heavily on animal and learning models. Currently, the most widely used model of personality is the Big Five model.<ref>Boyle, G. J. (2008). Critique of Five-Factor Model (FFM). In G. J. Boyle et al. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 1 - Personality Theories and Models. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishers. Template:ISBN Template:ISBN</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The purported traits in the Big Five model are as follows:

1. Conscientiousness
2. Agreeableness
3. Neuroticism
4. Openness to experience
5. Extraversion

Extraversion and neuroticism in the Big Five are very similar to Eysenck's traits of the same name. However, what he calls the trait of psychoticism corresponds to two traits in the Big Five model: conscientiousness and agreeableness (Goldberg & Rosalack 1994). Eysenck's personality system did not address openness to experience. He argued that his approach was a better description of personality.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Psychometric scales

Eysenck's theory of personality is closely linked with the psychometric scales that he and his co-workers constructed.<ref name="Furnham, A., Eysenck, S. B. G.">Furnham, A., Eysenck, S. B. G., & Saklofske, D. H. (2008). The Eysenck personality measures: Fifty years of scale development. In G.J. Boyle, G. Matthews, & D.H. Saklofske. (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Personality Theory and Assessment: Vol. 2 – Personality Measurement and Testing (pp. 199-218). Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publishers.</ref> These included the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI), the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ),<ref>Eysenck, H. J., & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1975). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Qyestionnaire (Junior and Adult). London: Hodder & Stoughton.</ref> as well as the revised version (EPQ-R) and its corresponding short-form (EPQ-R-S). The Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP) breaks down different facets of each trait considered in the model.<ref>Eysenck, H. J., & Wilson, G. D. (1991). The Eysenck Personality Profiler. London: Corporate Assessment Network.</ref> There has been some debate about whether these facets should include impulsivity as a facet of extraversion as Eysenck declared in his early work, or of psychoticism, as he declared in his later work.<ref name="Furnham, A., Eysenck, S. B. G." />

Publication in far right-wing press

Eysenck was accused of being a supporter of political causes on the extreme right. Connecting arguments were that Eysenck had articles published in the German newspaper National-Zeitung,<ref>Christina Schori-Liang. Europe for the Europeans: The Foreign and Security Policy of the Populist Radical Right. Ashgate 2007. p.160.</ref> which called him a contributor, and in Nation und Europa, and that he wrote the preface to a book by a far-right French writer named Pierre Krebs, Das unvergängliche Erbe, that was published by Krebs' Thule Seminar. Linguist Template:Interlanguage link interpreted the preface to Krebs' book as having "railed against the equality of people, presenting it as an untenable ideological doctrine." In the National Zeitung Eysenck reproached Sigmund Freud for alleged trickiness and lack of frankness.<ref name="Jäger">Siegfried Jäger. "Der Singer-Diskurs sowie einige Bemerkungen zu seiner Funktion für die Stärkung rassistischer und rechtsextremer Diskurse in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland". First appeared in Siegfried Jäger and Template:Interlanguage link (1991). Von Menschen und Schweinen. Der Singer-Diskurs und seine Funktion für den Neo-Rassismus. Duisburg: Diss-Texte Nr. 13. p. 7-30. Template:ISBN. Quotation: "Eysenck stellt sich zudem rückhaltlos hinter rechtsextreme Theorie-Zirkel wie z.B. das Kasseler Thule-Seminar. Zu dem von dessen Leiter herausgegebenen Buch mit dem Titel "Das unvergängliche Erbe" verfaßte er das Vorwort, in dem er gegen die Gleichheit der Menschen wettert, indem er sie als "unhaltbare ideologische Doktrin" abtut. (in Krebs 1981, S. 12)"</ref><ref name="Buchanan2010b">Template:Cite book</ref> Other incidents that fuelled Eysenck's critics like Michael Billig and Steven Rose include the appearance of Eysenck's books on the UK National Front's list of recommended readings and an interview with Eysenck published by National Front's Beacon (1977) and later republished in the US neo-fascist Steppingstones; a similar interview had been published a year before by Neue Anthropologie, described by Eysenck's biographer Roderick Buchanan as a "sister publication to Mankind Quarterly, having similar contributors and sometimes sharing the same articles."<ref name="Buchanan2010c">Template:Cite book</ref> Eysenck also wrote an introduction for Roger Pearson's Race, Intelligence and Bias in Academe.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In this introduction to Pearson's book, Eysenck retorts that his critics are "the scattered troops" of the New Left, who have adopted the "psychology of the fascists".<ref name="Kuhl1994">Template:Cite book</ref> Eysenck's book The Inequality of Man, translated in French as L'Inegalite de l'homme, was published by GRECE's publishing house, Éditions Corpernic.<ref name="Shields2007">Template:Cite book</ref> In 1974, Eysenck became a member of the academic advisory council of Mankind Quarterly, joining those associated with the journal in attempting to reinvent it as a more mainstream academic vehicle.<ref name="Buchanan2010d">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="HallerNiggeschmidt2012">Template:Cite book referring to Template:Cite book</ref> Billig asserts that in the same year Eysenck also became a member of the comité de patronage of GRECE's Nouvelle École.<ref>Michael Billig, (1979) Psychology, Racism, and Fascism Template:Webarchive, on-line edition</ref>

Remarking on Eysenck's alleged right-wing connections, Buchanan writes: "For those looking to thoroughly demonize Eysenck, his links with far right groups revealed his true political sympathies." According to Buchanan, these harsh critics interpreted Eysenck's writings as "overtly racist". Furthermore, Buchanan writes that Eysenck's fiercest critics were convinced that Eysenck was "willfully misrepresenting a dark political agenda". Buchanan argued that "There appeared to be no hidden agenda to Hans Eysenck. He was too self-absorbed, too preoccupied with his own aspirations as a great scientist to harbor specific political aims."<ref name="Buchanan2010d" />

As Buchanan commented:

According to Buchanan, Eysenck believed that the quality of his research would "help temper social wrongs and excesses".<ref name="Buchanan2010d" /> Eysenck's defence was that he did not shy away from publishing or being interviewed in controversial publications, and that he did not necessarily share their editorial viewpoint. As examples, Buchanan mentions contributions by Eysenck to pornographic magazines Mayfair and Penthouse.<ref name="Buchanan2010d" />

Eysenck described his views in the introduction to Race, Education and Intelligence:

Parapsychology and astrology

Eysenck believed that empirical evidence supported parapsychology and astrology.<ref name="SenseAndNonsense">Eysenck, H. J. (1957), Sense and Nonsense in Psychology. London: Pelican Books. p. 131.</ref><ref name="ExplainingTheUnexplained">Eysenck & Sargent (2nd edition, 1993), Explaining the Unexplained. London: BCA, No ISBN. Preface & ff.</ref> He was criticised by scientific skeptics for endorsing fringe science. Henry Gordon for example stated that Eysenck's viewpoint was "incredibly naive" because many of the parapsychology experiments he cited as evidence contained serious problems and were never replicated.<ref>Gordon, Henry. (1988). Extrasensory Deception: ESP, Psychics, Shirley MacLaine, Ghosts, UFO. Prometheus Books. pp. 139-140. Template:ISBN</ref> Magician and skeptic James Randi noted that Eysenck had supported fraudulent psychics as genuine and had not mentioned their sleight of hand. According to Randi, he had given "a totally-one sided view of the subject".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1983, Eysenck and Carl Sargent published their book Know Your Own Psi-IQ, which was designed to test readers' extrasensory perception abilities.<ref name="randi-1995">Template:Cite book</ref> According to Randi, "the authors instead gave users a highly biased procedure that would make experiments meaningless and certainly discourage further investigation by the amateur."<ref name="randi-1995" />

Later work

In 1994, he was one of 52 signatories on "Mainstream Science on Intelligence",<ref name="gottfredson1994">Gottfredson, Linda (13 December 1994). Mainstream Science on Intelligence. Wall Street Journal, p. A18.</ref> an editorial written by Linda Gottfredson and published in The Wall Street Journal, which described the consensus of the signing scholars on issues related to intelligence research following the publication of the book The Bell Curve.<ref name="Gottfredson1997">Template:Cite journal</ref> Eysenck included the entire editorial in his 1998 book Intelligence: A New Look.<ref name="Eysenck1998IntelligenceIntroduction">Template:Cite book</ref>

Posthumous reevaluation

Eysenck's work has undergone reevaluation since his death.

Psychologist Donald R. Peterson noted in letters written in 1995 and published in 2005 that years earlier he had stopped trusting Eysenck's work after he tried to replicate a study done in Eysenck's lab and concluded that the results of the original study must have been "either concocted or cooked".<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

2019 King's College London enquiry

In 2019 the psychiatrist Anthony Pelosi, writing for the Journal of Health Psychology, described Eysenck's work as unsafe.<ref name="Pelosi2019">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=":0">Template:Cite news</ref> Pelosi described some of Eysenck's work as leading to "one of the worst scientific scandals of all time",<ref name="Boseley 2019"/> with "what must be the most astonishing series of findings ever published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature"<ref name="Boseley 2019"/> and "effect sizes that have never otherwise been encountered in biomedical research."<ref name="Boseley 2019"/> Pelosi cited 23 "serious criticisms" of Eysenck's work that had been published independently by multiple authors between 1991 and 1997, noting that these had never been investigated "by any appropriate authority" at that time.<ref name="Pelosi2019"/> The reportedly fraudulent papers covered the links between personality and cancer. Grossarth and Eysenck claimed the existence of a "cancer prone personality" were supposed to have a risk of dying of cancer 121 times greater than controls, when exposed to the carcinogen physical factor tobacco smoking. Bosely (2019): The "heart disease-prone personality" exposed to physical risk factors is asserted to have 27 times the risk of dying of heart disease as controls.<ref name="Boseley 2019"/> Pelosi concluded "I honestly believe, having read it so carefully and tried to find alternative interpretations, that this is fraudulent work."<ref name="Boseley 2019"/>

Pelosi's writing prompted additional analysis from other academics and journalists. Citing Pelosi, psychologist David F. Marks wrote an open letter (also published in the Journal of Health Psychology) calling for the retraction or correction of 61 additional papers by Eysenck.<ref name="Marks 2019">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In 2019, 26 of Eysenck's papers (all coauthored with Ronald Grossarth-Maticek) were "considered unsafe" by an enquiry on behalf of King's College London.<ref name="Enquiry"/><ref name="Boseley 2019"/><ref name=":0"/> It concluded that these publications describing experimental or observational studies were unsafe. It decided that the editors of the 11 journals in which these studies appeared should be informed of their decision.<ref name="Enquiry">Template:Cite web</ref><ref name="Boseley 2019">Template:Cite news</ref> All of the 26 papers were cited in Marks' open letter.<ref name="Marks 2019"/>

File:Eysenck Argument.svg

Diagram of the Eysenck and Grossarth-Maticek perspective on personality and cancer as characterized by critics,<ref name="Enquiry"/><ref name="Boseley 2019"/><ref name="Pelosi2019"/> a characterization disputed by Grossarth-Maticek.<ref name="Grossarth Denunciation"/>

The publications under discussion were criticized, among other things, for the reason that Eysenck's research work was partly financed by the tobacco industry and he therefore may have had an interest to show an association between personality and cancer (instead of an association of smoking and cancer).Template:Citation needed Eysenck said in 1990, "Note that I have never stated that cigarette smoking is not causally related to cancer and coronary heart disease; to deny such a relationship would be irresponsible and counter to the evidence. I have merely stated that the available evidence is insufficient to prove a causal relationship, and this I believe to be true." In his statement at the time, Eysenck failed to take into account the highly addictive effect of nicotine, which was only later clearly proven by neurophysiological studies.<ref>Aho v. Suomen; Tupakka Oy: Tobacco Documents Library Id: kqgf0028. Available at: Truth Tobacco Industry documents: Sworn statement of HANS JURGEN EYSENCK, Ph.D., Sc.D., December 10, 1990, page 10 – 11 and following.</ref>Template:Primary source inline

Grossarth emphasized that the development of disease is often multicausal, whereby the factors reinforce each other in their effect, and he explicitly speaks of behavioral characteristics that may change due to psychological intervention. Grossarth emphasises their changeability through cognitive behavioral therapy in his intervention studies. Noting that Eysenck died many years ago and cannot defend himself, Grossarth-Maticek wrote a rebuttal and announced legal actions.<ref name="Grossarth Denunciation">Template:Cite web</ref>

Following the King's College London enquiry the International Journal of Sport Psychology retracted a paper that was coauthored by Eysenck in 1990.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Later, 13 additional papers were retracted.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> As of the end of 2020, there had been fourteen retractions and seventy-one expressions of concern on papers from as far back as 1946.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> Some of these are early papers having nothing to do with health and the King's College enquiry "did not specifically name the articles this expression of concern relates to as problematic".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Portraits

There are five portraits of Eysenck in the permanent collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London, including photographs by Anne-Katrin Purkiss and Elliott and Fry.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Biographies

• Template:Cite book, review in: Template:Cite journal
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Works

Books

• Dimensions of Personality (1947)
• The Scientific Study of Personality (1952)
• The Structure of Human Personality (1952) and later editions
• Uses and Abuses of Psychology (1953)
• The Psychology of Politics (1954)
• Psychology and the Foundations of Psychiatry (1955)
• Sense and Nonsense in Psychology (1956)
• The Dynamics of Anxiety and Hysteria (1957)
• Perceptual Processes and Mental Illnesses (1957) with G. Granger and J. C. Brengelmann
• Manual of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (1959)
• Know Your Own I.Q. (1962)
• Crime and Personality (1964) and later editions
• Manual of the Eysenck Personality Inventory (1964) with S. B. G. Eysenck
• The Causes and Cures of Neuroses (1965) with S. Rachman
• Fact and Fiction in Psychology (1965)
• Smoking, Health and Personality (1965)
• Check Your Own I.Q. (1966)
• The Effects of Psychotherapy (1966)
• The Biological Basis of Personality (1967)
• Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1969). Personality Structure and Measurement. London: Routledge.
• Readings in Extraversion/Introversion (1971) three volumes
• Race, Intelligence and Education (1971) in US as The IQ Argument
• Psychology is about People (1972)
• Lexicon de Psychologie (1972) three volumes, with W. Arnold and R. Meili
• The Inequality of Man (1973). German translation Die Ungleichheit der Menschen. Munich: Goldman. 1978. With an introduction by Eysenck.
• Template:Cite book
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• Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (1975) with S. B. G. Eysenck
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• Sex and Personality (1976)
• Eysenck, H. J. & Eysenck, S. B. G. (1976). Psychoticism as a Dimension of Personality. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
• Reminiscence, Motivation and Personality (1977) with C. D. Frith
• You and Neurosis (1977)
• Die Zukunft der Psychologie (1977)
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• The Structure and Measurement of Intelligence (1979)
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• The Causes and Effects of Smoking (1980)
• Mindwatching (1981) with M. W. Eysenck, and later editions
• The Battle for the Mind (1981) with L. J. Kamin, in US as The Intelligence Controversy
• Personality, Genetics and Behaviour (1982)
• Explaining the Unexplained (1982, 2nd edition 1993) with Carl Sargent
• H. J. Eysenck & D. K. B. Nias, Astrology: Science or Superstition? Penguin Books (1982), Template:ISBN
• Know Your Own Psi-Q (1983) with Carl Sargent
• …'I Do'. Your Happy Guide to Marriage (1983) with B. N. Kelly.
• Personality and Individual Differences: A Natural Science Approach (1985) with M. W. Eysenck
• Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire (1985)
• Rauchen und Gesundheit (1987)
• The Causes and Cures of Criminality (1989) with G. H. Gudjonsson
• Genes, Culture and Personality: An Empirical Approach (1989) with L. Eaves and N. Martin
• Mindwatching (1989) with M. W. Eysenck. Prion, Template:ISBN
• Genius: The natural history of creativity (1995). Cambridge University Press, Template:ISBN
• Intelligence: A New Look (1998)

Edited books

• Handbook of Abnormal Psychology (1960), later editions
• Experiments in Personality (1960) two volumes
• Behaviour Therapy and Neuroses (1960)
• Experiments with Drugs (1963)
• Experiments in Motivation (1964)
• Eysenck on Extraversion (1973)
• The Measurement of Intelligence (1973)
• Case Histories in Behaviour Therapy (1974)
• The Measurement of Personality (1976)
• Template:Cite book
• A Model for Personality (1981)
• A Model for Intelligence (1982)
• Suggestion and Suggestibility (1989) with V. A. Gheorghiu, P. Netter, and R. Rosenthal
• Personality Dimensions and Arousal (1987) with J. Strelau
• Theoretical Foundations of Behaviour Therapy (1988) with I. Martin

Other

• Preface to Pierre Krebs. Das Unverganglich Erbe

See also

• Biological basis of personality
• EPQ
• Scientific racism

Further reading

• Template:Cite book

External links

• Hans Eysenck: Template:YouTube (St Göran lecture, 1980).