Gerhard Armauer Hansen

File:Armauer Hansen - Jo Visdal - Botanisk hage - Bergen 3.jpg

Bust of Dr. Armauer Hansen, Botanical garden, University of Bergen, Norway

Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen (Template:IPA; 29 July 1841 – 12 February 1912) was a Norwegian physician, remembered for his identification of the bacterium Mycobacterium leprae in 1873 as the causative agent of leprosy.<ref name=Hansen_1874>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Irgens_2002>Template:Cite journal</ref> His distinguished work was recognized at the International Leprosy Congress held at Bergen in 1909.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Life

Hansen was born in Bergen, Norway, and attended the Bergen Cathedral School. He worked at Rikshospitalet in Christiania (now Oslo) and as a doctor in Lofoten. In 1868 Hansen returned to Bergen to study leprosy while working at Lungegård Hospital (Template:Lang) with Daniel Cornelius Danielssen, a noted expert.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Leprosy was regarded as largely hereditary or otherwise miasmic in origin. Hansen concluded on the basis of epidemiological studies that leprosy was a specific disease with a specific cause.<ref name=Irgens_1984>Template:Cite journal</ref> In 1870–71 Hansen travelled to Bonn and Vienna to gain the training necessary for him to prove his hypothesis.<ref name="Hansen">Template:Cite web</ref> In 1873, he announced the discovery of Mycobacterium leprae in the tissues of all people with the condition, although he did not identify them as bacteria, and received little support.<ref name=Hansen /> The discovery was made with a "new and better" microscope.<ref>Bergenseren som løste lepra-gåten Aaftenposten . 16 September 2012</ref>

In 1879 Hansen gave tissue samples to Albert Neisser, who then successfully stained the bacteria and announced his findings in 1880, claiming to have discovered the disease-causing organism. There was some dispute between Neisser and Hansen, Hansen as discoverer of the bacillus and Neisser as identifier of it as the etiological agent. Neisser tried to downplay the assistance of Hansen. Hansen's claim was weakened by his failure to produce a pure microbiological culture in an artificial medium, or to prove that the rod-shaped organisms were infectious. Further, Hansen had attempted to infect at least one female patient with the nodular form of leprosy without consent, and although no damage was caused, the case ended up in court and Hansen lost his post at the hospital. The case helped introduce informed consent for medical research in Norway.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Hansen remained medical officer for leprosy in Norway and it was through his efforts that the leprosy acts of 1877 and 1885 were passed, leading to a steady decline of the disease in Norway from 1,800 known cases in 1875 to just 575 cases in 1901.

Hansen had had syphilis since the 1860s but died of heart disease. He was an atheist.<ref>Biography of Gerhard Henrik Armauer Hansen whonamedit.com</ref><ref>Gerhard Armauer Hansen (1814–1912) Template:Webarchive Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, vol 63, March, 2015</ref>

Women's rights

He was a co-founder and a board member of the Bergen chapter of the Norwegian Association for Women's Rights, led by his sister, prominent women's rights advocate Template:Ill.<ref>Aasen, Elisabeth (2020). Bergens små og store døtre. Bergen: Bodoni forlag. Template:ISBN.</ref><ref>Bergen Kvinnesaksforening, Arkivportalen</ref>

Honors

• Leprosy Museum (Template:Lang) at St. Jørgen Hospital in Bergen has been dedicated to Hansen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• Haukeland University Hospital has established Template:Lang as a research facility operated by the University of Bergen.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
• In Jerusalem, a 19th-century leprosarium has borne Hansen's name since 1950. It has been reconstructed into an art center while preserving the physician's surname in its title.<ref>The Hansen Compound: From Leper Hospital to Multimedia Art Center. israelightly.wordpress.com. 31 May 2013</ref>
• Armauer Hansen Research Institute (AHRI) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia under the ministry of Health is named after Hansen. AHRI is a biomedical research institute working in tuberculosis, HIV, malaria, leishmaniasis training, and research.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

External links

• Template:Internet Archive author