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Gentiana

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Gentiana (Template:IPAc-en)<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the gentian family (Gentianaceae), the tribe Gentianeae, and the monophyletic subtribe Gentianinae. With over 300 species, it is considered a large genus. Gentians are notable for their mostly large trumpet-shaped flowers, which are often of an intense blue hue.<ref name=RHSAZ>Template:Cite book</ref>

The genus name is a tribute to Gentius, an Illyrian king who may have discovered tonic properties in gentians.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Habitat

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File:Gentiana frigida-flowers.jpg
Gentiana frigida

This is a cosmopolitan genus, occurring in alpine habitats in temperate regions of Asia, Europe and the Americas. Some species also occur in northwestern Africa, eastern Australia, and New Zealand. They are annual, biennial, and perennial plants. Some are evergreen, others are not.

Many gentians are difficult to grow outside their wild habitat, but several species are available in cultivation. Gentians are fully hardy and can grow in full sun or partial shade. They grow in well-drained, neutral-to-acid soils rich in humus. They are popular in rock gardens.

Uses

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Many beverages are made with gentian root.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Gentiana lutea is used to produce gentian, a distilled beverage produced in the Alps and in the Auvergne.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Some species are harvested for the manufacture of apéritifs, liqueurs, and tonics.

Gentian root is a common beverage flavouring for bitters. The soft drink Moxie contains gentian root.<ref name=huff>Template:Cite web</ref> The French apéritif Suze is made with gentian. Americano apéritifs contain gentian root for bitter flavoring.<ref name=verm>Template:Cite web</ref> It is an ingredient in the Italian liqueur Aperol. It is also used as the main flavor in the German after-dinner digestif called Underberg, and the main ingredient in Angostura bitters and Peychaud's Bitters.

The principal bitter component of gentian root is gentiopicrin (also called gentiopicroside),<ref>PubChem. Gentiopicroside. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Gentiopicrin</ref> a glycoside. A 2007 paper by a Japanese group identified 23 compounds in fresh gentian root.<ref>The chemical constituents of fresh Gentian Root, Hidehiro Ando, Yasuaki Hirai, Mikio Fujii, Yumiko Hori, Motonori Fukumura, Yujiro Niiho, Yoshijiro Nakajima, Toshiro Shibata, Kazuo Toriizuka, Yoshiteru Ida. Journal of Natural Medicines. July 2007, Volume 61, Issue 3, pp. 269–279. Template:Doi</ref> Gentiopicrin was absent from the fresh root, so it possibly developed during drying and storage of the root.

Gentian has had limited use in perfumery, most notably as a glycerine soap (Crabtree & Evelyn) and a perfume (Corday's Possession, 1937).

The young plant and old leaves of at least one species, Gentiana scabra, are edible when cooked and have historically been used as a famine food when other food sources were scarce.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

Pharmacological uses

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Great yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea) is used in herbal medicine for digestive problems, fever, hypertension, muscle spasms, parasitic worms, wounds, cancer, sinusitis, and malaria,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> although studies have shown minimal efficacy beyond that of a placebo with regard to the treatment of anxiety and ADHD in children.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="WalachRilling">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Gentian has been shown to manage dyspepsia by eliciting cephalic responses that increase vascular resistance and reduce the workload of the heart during digestion.<ref name="McMullen_2015">Template:Cite journal</ref>

Gentiana punctata leaves and roots have been used in traditional Austrian medicine internally and externally as liqueur or tea for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, locomotor system, liver, and bile, and for pediatric problems, fever, flu, rheumatism, and gout.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref>

Gentiana purpurea, Gentiana punctata, and Gentiana pannonica are used to produce gentian schnapps, traditionally used as a digestive aid. In Ayurvedic medicine the endangered Indian gentian Gentiana kurroo has been used as a medical herb, but has been replaced with the Himalayan plant Picrorhiza kurroa, or Picrorhiza scrophulariiflora from traditional Chinese medicine.

Symbolism

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File:BE DG Belgien COA.svg
Coat of arms of the German-speaking Community of Belgium
File:Sasa Rindo.svg
The emblem of the Minamoto clan

The gentian flower was used as the emblem of the Minamoto clan, one of the four great clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian period and went on to establish the first Shogunate in the aftermath of the Genpei War.Template:Citation needed It is the official flower (called Template:Wikt-lang) of the German-speaking community of Belgium.

Species

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General

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Gentians have oppositely arranged leaves, sometimes in a basal rosette. The trumpet-shaped flowers are usually deep blue or azure but can be white, cream, yellow, or red. Many species are polymorphic concerning flower color, bearing flowers of different colors. Blue-flowered species predominate in the Northern Hemisphere, with red-flowered species dominant in the Andes, where bird pollination is probably more often favored by natural selection. White-flowered species are scattered throughout the range of the genus but dominate in New Zealand. Most flowers are pentamerous, with five lobes in the corolla and five sepals. A few species have four to seven flower parts. The corolla has folds called plicae between the lobes. The style is short or absent. The ovary is mostly sessile and has nectary glands.

List of accepted species

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Gentiana olivieri
Gentiana olivieri - Fars province of Iran

The following species are recognised in the genus Gentiana:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Template:Div col

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Formerly placed here

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Cultivation

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File:Gentiana paradoxa (1).jpg
Gentiana paradoxa

Several gentian species may be found in cultivation, and are valued for the unusual intensity of their blue flowers. They have a reputation for being difficult to grow. All require similar conditions – moist, rich, free-draining soil with an acid to neutral pH. They include:<ref name=RHSAZ/> Template:Div col

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In addition, the following cultivars, of mixed or uncertain parentage, have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

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References

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Further reading

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