Foreign relations of Ghana

Template:Short description Template:Politics of Ghana The foreign relations of Ghana are controlled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ghana. Ghana is active in the United Nations and many of its specialised agencies, the World Trade Organization, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), the African Union (AU) and the Economic Community of West African States. Ghana generally follows the consensus of the Non-aligned Movement and the OAU on economic and political issues not directly affecting its own interests. Ghana has been extremely active in international peacekeeping activities under UN auspices in Lebanon, Afghanistan, Rwanda, and the Balkans, in addition to an eight-year sub-regional initiative with its ECOWAS partners to develop and then enforce a cease-fire in Liberia. Ghana is also a member of the International Criminal Court.

Guiding principles and objectives

Ghana's foreign policy since independence has been characterised by a commitment to the principles and ideals of non-alignment and Pan-Africanism as first enunciated by Kwame Nkrumah in the early 1960s. For Nkrumah, non-alignment meant complete independence from the policies and alliances of both East and West and support for a worldwide union of so-called non-aligned nations as a counter to both East and West power blocs. Pan-Africanism, by contrast, was a specifically African policy that envisioned the independence of Africa from Western colonialism and the eventual economic and political unity of the African continent.^[1]

The PNDC, like most of its predecessors, made serious and consistent attempts at the practical application of these ideals and principles, and its successor, the NDC government, promises to follow in the PNDC's footsteps. Under the NDC, Ghana remains committed to the principle of non-alignment in world politics. Ghana is also opposed to interference in the internal affairs of both small and large countries. This is a departure from Nkrumah's foreign policy approach; Nkrumah was frequently accused of subverting African regimes, such as Togo and Ivory Coast, which he considered ideologically conservative. The NDC government, like the PNDC before it, believes in the principle of self-determination, including the right to political independence and the right of people to pursue their economic and social development free from external interference. Another feature of NDC rule carried over from the PNDC era is faithfulness to what a leading scholar of Africa has called "one of the most successful neoclassical economic reform efforts supported by the IMF and the World Bank."<ref name="cs">Owusu, Maxwell. "Guiding Principles and Objectives". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[1]</ref>

File:Nkrumah, his family and Nasser, 1965.jpg

Kwame Nkrumah and his family meeting Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser during the 1965 OAU Summit in Accra.

The broad objectives of Ghana's foreign policy thus include maintaining friendly relations and cooperation with all countries that desire such cooperation, irrespective of ideological considerations, on the basis of mutual respect and non-interference in each other's internal affairs. Africa and its liberation and unity are naturally the cornerstones of Ghana's foreign policy. As a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), NDC policy is to adhere faithfully to the OAU Charter.<ref name=cs/>

Another important principle of Ghana's foreign policy involves the closest possible cooperation with neighbouring countries with which the people of Ghana share cultural history, ties of blood, and economics. The results have included various bilateral trade and economic agreements and permanent joint commissions involving Ghana and its immediate neighbours, sometimes in the face of latent ideological and political differences and mutual suspicion, as well as numerous reciprocal state visits by high-ranking officials. These measures have contributed significantly to subregional cooperation, development, and the reduction of tension.<ref name=cs/>

File:Diplomatic missions of Ghana.PNG

Diplomatic missions of Ghana

As an example of Ghana's interest in regional cooperation, the country enthusiastically endorsed formation of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) in 1975. This organisation was created specifically to foster inter-regional economic and political cooperation. It has served as a useful vehicle for contacts with neighbouring West African governments and for channelling increased Ghanaian exports to regional markets. Since 1990 ECOWAS has been engaged in a peacekeeping mission in Liberia to which Ghana has contributed a large contingent of troops. Ghana has participated in other international peacekeeping efforts as well, sending soldiers to operations of the United Nations (UN) in Cambodia in 1992-93 and Rwanda in 1993–94.<ref name=cs/>

In August 1994, Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman, a post that had eluded him since the PNDC came to power. He immediately undertook several initiatives to reduce tensions and conflict in West Africa. Notable among them was the Akosombo Accord of September 12, designed to end civil war in Liberia.<ref name=cs/>

Diplomatic relations

List of Countries which Ghana maintains diplomatic relations with:

File:Diplomatic relations of Ghana.svg
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Bilateral relations

Africa

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	Template:Dts	See Burkina Faso–Ghana relations With the coming to power of Thomas Sankara in Burkina Faso in 1983, relations between Ghana and Burkina became both warm and close. Indeed, Rawlings and Sankara began discussions about uniting Ghana and Burkina in the manner of the defunct Ghana-Guinea-Mali Union, which Nkrumah had sought unsuccessfully to promote as a foundation for his dream of unified continental government. Political and economic ties between Ghana and Burkina, a poorer country, were strengthened through joint commissions of cooperation and through border demarcation committee meetings. Frequent high-level consultations and joint military exercises, meant to discourage potential dissidents and to protect young "revolutions" in each country, were fairly regular features of Ghana-Burkina relations.<ref name="cs3">Owusu, Maxwell. "Burkina". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[2]</ref> Burkina Faso has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Ouagadougou.
Template:Flag	1958	Guinea has an embassy in Accra, which was opened in 1958.<ref name="books.google.com"/> Ghana has an embassy in Conakry which is also accredited to Guinea-Bissau.<ref name=GhanaEmb-Conakry>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	15 March 1961	See Ivory Coast–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961.<ref name="news.abidjan.net"/> Ghana-Ivory Coast relations suffered from the same ups and downs that characterised Ghana-Togo relations. In early 1984, the PNDC government complained that Ivory Coast was allowing Ghanaian dissidents to use its territory as a base from which to carry out acts of sabotage against Ghana. Ghana also accused Ivory Coast of granting asylum to political agitators wanted for crimes in Ghana. Relations between Ghana and Ivory Coast improved significantly, however, after 1988. In 1989, after fifteen years of no progress, the Ghana-Ivory Coast border re-demarcation commission finally agreed on the definition of the 640-kilometer border between the two countries. The PNDC thereafter worked to improve the transportation and communication links with both Ivory Coast and Togo, despite problems with both countries.<ref name="cs4">Owusu, Maxwell. "Relations with Immediate African Neighbours". A Country Study: Ghana (La Verle Berry, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (November 1994). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.[3]</ref> Ghana has an embassy in Abidjan. Ivory Coast has an embassy in Accra.
Template:Flag	16 December 1963	See Ghana–Kenya relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 December 1963. Ghana has a high commission in Nairobi. Kenya has a high commission in Accra.
Template:Flag	1 October 1960	See Ghana–Nigeria relations Ghana set up a commission in 1959 when Nigeria was still a dependent territory. This was elevated to High Commission status on the attainment of Nigeria's independence on 1 October 1960<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Despite close cultural ties, diplomatic relations between the two countries have in many instances been volatile. After the takeover in November 1993 by General Sani Abacha as the new Nigerian head of state, Ghana and Nigeria continued to consult on economic, political, and security issues affecting the two countries and West Africa as a whole. Between early August 1994 when Rawlings became ECOWAS chairman and the end of the following October, the Ghanaian president visited Nigeria three times to discuss the peace process in Liberia and measures to restore democracy in that country.<ref name=cs/> Ghana has a high commission in Abuja and a consulate-general in Lagos. Nigeria has a high commission in Accra.
Template:Flag	6 May 1994	See Ghana–South Africa relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 May 1994<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> File:Ghanan High Commission in Pretoria.JPG High Commission of Ghana in Pretoria Ghana has a high commission in Pretoria. South Africa has a high commission in Accra.
Template:Flag	21 January 1963	See Ghana–Togo relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 January 1963.<ref name="Africa Diary Volume 3"/> The strains in Ghana-Togo relations stretch back to pre-independence days. After 1918, following the defeat of Germany, the League of Nations divided the German colony of Togoland from north to south, a decision that divided the Ewe people among the Gold Coast, British Togoland, and French Togoland. After 1945, the United Nations took over the Togoland mandates. During the 1950s, when the independence of Ghana was in sight, demands grew for a separate Ewe state, an idea that Kwame Nkrumah, leader of the Gold Coast independence movement, opposed. Following a UN plebiscite in May 1956, in which a majority of the Ewe voted for union with Ghana, British Togoland became part of the Gold Coast.<ref name=cs/><ref name="bbc">Template:Cite news</ref> After Togolese independence in 1960, relations between Togo and Ghana deteriorated, aggravated by political differences and incidents such as smuggling across their common border. At times, relations have verged on open aggression.<ref name=cs4/> The result of the transfer of Togoland to Ghana has meant that many Togolese keep one foot on either side of the border, living in Ghana by night and working in the markets of the capital, Lomé, by day.<ref name="bbc"/> Ghana has an embassy in Lomé. Togo has an embassy in Accra.

Americas

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	2 January 1961	File:LuladaSilvaeJohnKufuor.JPG President of Ghana John Kufuor with President of Brazil Lula da Silva Brazil has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Brasília.
Template:Flag	6 October 1961	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1961<ref name="Relaciones bilaterales"/> Chile has an embassy in Accra. Ghana is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Template:Flag	23 June 1988	See Colombia–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1988<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ghana and Colombia's diplomatic relations dated back to 1988 but it remained dormant until July 2013 when Colombia opened its embassy in Accra. Colombia helps Ghana by providing assistance on building capacity of the Ghana Police Service, Immigration Service and the Narcotics Control Board on cybersecurity and drug trafficking.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Colombia has an embassy in Accra. Ghana is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
Template:Flag	8 May 1968	See Ghana–Jamaica relations Ghana is accredited to Jamaica from its embassy in Havana, Cuba. Jamaica is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria.
Template:Flag	8 August 1961	See Ghana–Mexico relations Ghana and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 8 August 1961.<ref name="twitter.com"/> Soon afterwards, both nations opened embassies in each other's capitals, respectively. In 1972, Ghana closed its embassy in Mexico City. Mexico closed its embassy in Accra in 1980.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mexico re-opened its embassy in Ghana in 2013. Ghana is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Mexico has an embassy in Accra.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Template:Flag	23 June 1987	Template:Main Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 June 1987<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ghana is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil. Peru has an embassy in Accra.
Template:Flag	1 April 1977	See: Ghana-Suriname relations Accra currently hosts the only Surinamese embassy in Africa.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Template:Flag	6 March 1957	See Ghana–United States relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The United States is among Ghana's trading partners. The Office of the President of Ghana worked closely with the U.S. Embassy in Accra to establish an American Chamber of Commerce to continue to develop closer economic ties in the private sector. Major U.S. companies operating in the country include ACS, CMS Energy, Coca-Cola, S.C. Johnson, Ralston Purina, Star-Kist, A.H. Robins, Sterling, Pfizer, IBM, 3M, Motorola, Stewart & Stevenson, PriceWaterhouseCoopers, and National Cash Register (NCR). Several U.S. firms recently made or are considering investments in Ghana, primarily in gold mining, wood products, and petroleum. U.S. mining giant Newmont entered Ghana's mining sector in 2004 and intends to invest up to $1 billion. In late 1997, Nuevo Petroleum concluded an oil exploration agreement accounting for one of Ghana's offshore mineral rights zones. Several other U.S. oil companies also are engaged in offshore exploration. Ghana has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and a consulate-general in New York City. United States has an embassy in Accra.

Asia

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	19 July 1974	See Bangladesh–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1974 when Bangladesh High Commissioner to Ghana presented his credentials to the Head of State Colonel I. K. Acheampong.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Bangladesh is accredited to Ghana from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria. Ghana is accredited to Bangladesh from its high commission in New Delhi, India.
Template:Flag	5 July 1960	See China–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 July 1960.<ref name="gh.china-embassy.gov.cn"/> Ghana's relations with the People's Republic of China (PRC) date back to 1960 when President Nkrumah became one of Africa's first leaders to recognise the country. Ghana and the PRC have had close and relatively good relations in that time despite a short period of relatively cold relations after Nkrumah was deposed in 1966. China has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Beijing.
Template:Flag	6 March 1957	See Ghana–India relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1957.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ghana has a high commission in New Delhi. India has a high commission in Accra.
Template:Flag	6 March 1957, severed 28 October 1973, restored 9 August 1994	See Ghana–Israel relations Ghana has an embassy in Tel Aviv. Israel has an embassy in Accra.
Template:Flag	5 December 1966	See Ghana–Malaysia relations Ghana has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia has a high commission in Accra.
Template:Flag	1958	Pakistan and Ghana enjoy amicable and cordial relations. There has been historical support extended by Pakistan to the African states particularly OIC member states in which Ghana has significant importance. Despite this, there has been a low level of bilateral trade between the two countries. The volume of bilateral trade during 2011 was just $19 million.<ref>Pakistan-Ghana. thenews.com.pk.</ref> Ghana is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pakistan has a high commission in Accra.
Template:Flag	Template:Dts	See Ghana–Turkey relations Ghana has an embassy in Ankara.<ref name="auto37">Template:Cite web</ref> Turkey has an embassy in Accra.<ref name="auto37"/> Trade volume between the two countries was US$353.3 million in 2018.<ref name="auto37"/>

Europe

Country	Formal Relations Began	Notes
Template:Flag	28 September 1961	See Denmark–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 September 1961 when was accredited first Ambassador of Denmark to Ghana Mr. Hans Adolf Biering<ref name="Udenrigsministeriets kalender"/> Denmark has historic relations with Ghana from once possessing Danish Gold Coast. Denmark has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Copenhagen.
Template:Flag	7 July 1957	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1957. France has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Paris.
Template:Flag	24 June 1957	See Germany–Ghana relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1957. Germany has an embassy in Accra. Ghana has an embassy in Berlin.
Template:Flag	31 December 1959	Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 December 1959<ref name="Ghana"/> Ghana is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany. Poland is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.
Template:Flag	14 January 1958	See Ghana–Russia relations Ghana has an embassy in Moscow. Russia has an embassy in Accra.
Template:Flag	10 November 1967	See Ghana–Spain relations Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 November 1967<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Ghana has an embassy in Madrid. Spain has an embassy in Accra.
Template:Flag	6 March 1957	See Ghana–United Kingdom relations Ghana established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 6 March 1957. Ghana maintains a high commission in London. The United Kingdom is accredited to Ghana through its high commission in Accra.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The UK governed Ghana from 1821 to 1957, when it achieved full independence. Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic co-operation pact,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> the Commonwealth, the International Criminal Court, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> an Economic Partnership Agreement,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> a High Level Prosperity Partnership,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and an Investment Agreement.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Ghana and the Commonwealth of Nations

File:Chatham House Prize 2008 (6024766923).jpg

Recipient of the 2008 Chatham House Prize and 10th President of Ghana John Kufuor with Prince Philip, the Husband of the Head of the Commonwealth and Queen of the United Kingdom, Elizabeth II.

Ghana has been a member state of the Commonwealth since independence in 1957, firstly as a Dominion, then as a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations.

References

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External links

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