Emperor Shōmu

Template:Short description Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox royalty

Template:Nihongo was the 45th emperor of Japan,<ref name="kunaicho">Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 聖武天皇 (45)</ref> according to the traditional order of succession.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, p. 57.</ref> Shōmu's reign spanned the years 724 through 749, during the Nara period.<ref>Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, pp. 272–273; Varley, H. Paul. Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 141–143; Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Template:Google books</ref>

Traditional narrative

Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina)<ref>Brown, pp. 264; prior to Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors (their imina) were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref> is not clearly known, but he was known as Oshi-hiraki Toyosakura-hiko-no-mikoto.<ref>Brown, p. 272; Varley, p. 141.</ref>

Shōmu was the son of Emperor Monmu and Fujiwara no Miyako, a daughter of Fujiwara no Fuhito.<ref name="v141">Varley, p. 141.</ref>

Shōmu had five consorts and six Imperial sons and daughters.<ref name="b272">Brown, p. 272.</ref>

Events of Shōmu's reign

Shōmu was still a child at the time of his father's death; thus, his grandmother, Empress Gemmei, and aunt, Empress Gensho, occupied the throne before he acceded.<ref name="v141"/>

724 (Yōrō 8, 1st month): In the 9th year of Genshō-tennōTemplate:'s reign (元正天皇九年), the empress abdicated; and her nephew received the succession (‘‘senso’’). Shortly thereafter, Emperor Shōmu is said to have acceded to the throne (‘‘sokui’’).<ref>Titsingh, Template:Google books; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized prior to Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.</ref>
January 31, 724 (Jinki 1): The era name is changed to mark the accession of Emperor Shōmu.<ref>Titsingh, Template:Google books.</ref>
735–737: A major smallpox epidemic raged throughout Japan, incurring adult mortality rates of about 25% to 35%.<ref name=farris65to66>Template:Cite book</ref>

Shōmu continued to reside in the Hezei Palace.<ref name="v141"/>

Shōmu is known as the first emperor whose consort was not born into the imperial household. His consort Kōmyō was a non-royal Fujiwara commoner. A ritsuryō office was created for the queen-consort, the Kogogushiki; and this bureaucratic innovation continued into the Heian period.<ref>Piggott, Joan R. (1997). The Emergence of Japanese Kingship, p. 308.</ref>

Emperor Shōmu's tour to the eastern provinces

While battle maneuvers of the Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion were still underway, in Tenpyō 12 10th month (November, 740) Emperor Shōmu left the capital at Heijō-kyō (Nara) and traveled eastward via Horikoshi<ref group="nb" name="tongu">temporary lodging built to accommodate an Imperial visit</ref> (堀越頓宮; today Tsuge; 10th month, 29th day: November 22), Nabari (10th month, 30th day: November 23), Ao<ref group="nb" name="tongu"/> (安保頓宮; today Aoyama ; 11th month 1st day: November 24) to Kawaguchi in Ichishi District, Ise Province (today part of Tsu, formerly part of Hakusan) where he retreated together with his court to a temporary palace. One of his generals was left in command of the capital.<ref name="Sakamoto-p109">Template:Cite book</ref> Presumably Shōmu feared Fujiwara supporters in Nara and was hoping to quell potential uprisings in other parts of the country with his presence.<ref name="Bohner">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name="Shirane-p104">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="CHoJ-p252">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="doe-p102">Template:Harvnb</ref> After four days travelling through heavy rain and thick mud, the party reached Kawaguchi on Tenpyō 12 11th month, 2nd day (25 November, 740) A couple of days later, they learn of Hirotsugu's execution and that the rebellion had been quelled.<ref name="doe-p102"/>

Despite the good news, Shōmu did not return to Heijō-kyō immediately, but stayed in Kawaguchi until Tenpyō 12 11th month, 11th day (4 December, 740). He continued his journey east, then north via Mino Province and back west along the shores of Lake Biwa to Kuni in Yamashiro Province (today in Kizugawa) which he reached on Tenpyō 12 12th month, 15th day (6 January, 741). Places passed along the way included Akasaka<ref group="nb" name="tongu"/> (赤坂頓宮; today Suzuka; 11th m. 14th d.: Dec 7）, Asake district (朝明郡; today Yokkaichi; 11th m. 20th d.: Dec 13）, Ishiura<ref group="nb" name="tongu"/> (石占頓宮; today Tado; 11th m. 25th d.: Dec 18）, Tagi district (当伎郡; today Yōrō; 11th m. 26th d.: Dec 19）, Fuwa<ref group="nb" name="tongu"/> (不破頓宮; today Tarui; 12th m. 1st d.: Dec 23）, Yokokawa<ref group="nb" name="tongu"/> (横川頓宮; today Santō or Maihara; 12th m. 6th d.: Dec 28), Inukami<ref group="nb" name="tongu"/> (犬上頓宮; today Hikone; 12th m. 7th d.: Dec 29）, Gamō district (蒲生郡; today near Yōkaichi; 12th m. 9th d.: Dec 31）, Yasu<ref group="nb" name="tongu"/> (野洲頓宮; today Yasu or Moriyama; 12th m. 10th d.: Jan 1）, Awazu<ref group="nb" name="tongu"/> (禾津頓宮; today Ōtsu; 12th m. 11th d.： Jan 2）, Tamanoi<ref group="nb" name="tongu"/> (玉井頓宮; today Yamashina-ku, Kyoto; 12th m. 14th d.）.<ref name="cranston-p446">Template:Cite book</ref> Situated among the hills and near a river north of Nara, Kuni was easily defensible. In addition, the area was linked with the Minister of the Right, Tachibana no Moroe, while Nara was a center of the Fujiwara clan.<ref name="doe-p103">Template:Harvnb</ref> On Tenpyō 12 12th month, 15 day (6 January, 741) Shōmu proclaimed a new capital at Kuni-kyō.<ref name="Shirane-p104"/><ref name="CHoJ-p399">Template:Harvnb</ref><ref name="CHoJ-p43">Template:Harvnb</ref>

Timeline

File:Tōdai-ji Kon-dō.jpg

Tōdai-ji

724 (Jinki 1): Emperor Shōmu rises to throne.<ref name="v141"/>
740 (Tenpyō 12, 8th month): In the Imperial court in Nara, Kibi no Makibi and Genbō conspire to discredit Fujiwara no Hirotsugu, who is Dazai shoni in Kyushu.<ref name="titsingh71">Titsingh, Template:Google books.</ref>
740 (Tenpyō 12, 9th month): Hirotsugu rebels in reaction to the growing influence of Genbō and others.<ref name="titsingh71"/>
740 (Tenpyō 12, 9th month): Under the command of Ōno no Azumabito, an Imperial army of 17,000 is sent to Kyushu to stop the potential disturbance.<ref name="titsingh71"/>
740 (Tenpyō 12, 10th month): Hirotsugu is decisively beaten in battle; and he is beheaded in Hizen Province.<ref name="titsingh71"/>
740 (Tenpyō 12): The capital is moved to Kuni-kyō
741 (Tenpyō 13): The Emperor calls for nationwide establishment of provincial temples. Provincial temples ("kokubunji") and provincial nunneries ("kokubunniji") were established throughout the country. The more formal name for these "kokubunji" was "konkomyo-shitenno-gokoku no tera" (meaning "temples for the protection of the country by the four guardian deities of the golden light"). The more formal name for these "bokubunniji" was "hokke-metuzai no tera" (meaning "nunneries for eliminating sin by means of the Lotus Sutra").<ref>Varley, pp. 141–142.</ref>
743 (Tenpyō 15): The Emperor issues a rescript to build the Daibutsu (Great Buddha), later to be completed and placed in Tōdai-ji, Nara.<ref>Varley, p. 141; Brown, p. 273.</ref>
743 (Tenpyō 15): The law of Perpetual Ownership of Cultivated Lands (墾田永代私財法) issued
744 (Tenpyō 16): In the spring, the court was moved to Naniwa-kyō which then became the new capital.<ref name="titsingh71"/>
745 (Tenpyō 17): The Emperor declares by himself Shigaraki-kyō the capital
745 (Tenpyō 17): The capital returns to Heijō-kyō, construction of the Great Buddha resumes.
749 (Tenpyō 21, 4th month): Shōmu, accompanied by the empress, their children, and all the great men and women of the court, went in procession to Todai-ji. The emperor stood before the statue of the Buddha and proclaimed himself to be a disciple of the three jewels,<ref>Titsingh, Template:Google books.</ref> which are the Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.<ref name="titsingh42">Titsingh, Template:Google books.</ref>
749 (Tenpyō 21, 7th month): After a 25-year reign, Emperor Shōmu abdicates in favor of his daughter, Princess Takano, who would become Empress Kōken.<ref name="v143">Varley, p. 143.</ref> After abdication, Shōmu took the tonsure, thus becoming the first retired emperor to become a Buddhist priest.<ref name="v143"/> Empress Komyo, following her husband's example, also took holy vows in becoming a Buddhist nun.<ref name="v143"/>
752 (Tenpyō-shōhō 4, 4th month): The Eye-Opening Ceremony, presided over by Rōben and celebrating the completion of the Great Buddha, is held at Tōdai-ji.<ref>Titsingh, Template:Google books; Varley, p. 143.</ref>

Legacy

Shōmu, a devout Buddhist, is best remembered for commissioning, in 743, the sixteen-meter high statue of the Vairocana Buddha (the Daibutsu) in Tōdai-ji of Nara. At the time, this was such a massive undertaking that later chroniclers accuse him of having completely exhausted the country's reserves of bronze and precious metals.<ref name="v141"/> In 752, the Shōmu held the Eye-opening Ceremony of the Great Buddha.

Earlier in 741, he established the system of provincial temples, making this the closest anyone ever came to declaring Japan a Buddhist nation. In addition he commissioned the observance of the ohigan holiday for both spring and autumnal equinox.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Emperor Shōmu died at age 56.<ref name="v143"/>

File:Burialmound EmperorShomu Nara.jpg

Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Shōmu

The actual site of Shōmu's grave is known.<ref name="kunaicho"/> This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Nara.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Shōmu's mausoleum. It is formally named Sahoyama no minami no misasagi.<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.</ref> The tomb site can be visited today in Horenji-cho, Tenri City near Nara City.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Imperial tomb of Shōmu's consort, Empress Kōmyō, is located nearby.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Shōsōin

The Shōsō-in (正倉院) is the treasure house of Tōdai-ji Temple in Nara, Japan. It houses about 9.000 artifacts connected to Emperor Shōmu (701–756) and Empress Kōmyō (701–760), as well as arts and crafts of the Tempyō era of Japanese history. Its general importance derives from the fact, that it may be called an ark of Tang dynasty period cultural relics from Japan as well as from the continent: furniture, games, music instruments, clothing/accessories, weaponry, buddhist objects and pieces of writing. See main entry.

Kugyō

Template:Nihongo is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Shōmu's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Daijō-daijin (720–735), Toneri-shinnō (舎人親王) (9th son of Emperor Tenmu).<ref name="b272"/>
Daijō-daijin (737–745), Suzuka-ō (鈴鹿王) (son of Prince Takechi).<ref name="b273">Brown, p. 273.</ref>
Sadaijin (724–729), Nagaya-ō (長屋王) (son of Prince Takechi).<ref name="b273"/>
Sadaijin (743–756), Tachibana no Moroe (橘諸兄) (formerly Katsuragi-ō, Prince Katsuragi) (half brother of Empress Kōmyō) .<ref name="b273"/>
Udaijin (734–737), Fujiwara no Muchimaro (藤原武智麻呂) (son of Fujiwara no Fuhito).<ref name="b273"/>
Naidaijin, Fujiwara no Toyonari (藤原豊成) (son of Fujiwara no Muchimaro).<ref name="b273"/>
Dainagon, Fujiwara no Fusasaki (藤原房前) (son of Fujiwara no Fuhito).<ref name="b272"/>

Eras of Shōmu's life

The years of Shōmu's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.<ref>Titsingh, p. 67; Brown, p. 273.</ref>

Jinki (724–729)
Tenpyō (729–749)
Tenpyō-kanpō (749)
Tenpyō-shōhō (749–757)

Consorts and children

Empress (Kōgō): Fujiwara Asukabehime (藤原安宿媛), Fujiwara no Fuhito’s daughter
- Second Daughter: Imperial Princess Abe (阿倍内親王) later Empress Kōken
- First Son: Prince Motoi (基王, 727–728)
Bunin: Agatainukai no Hirotoji (県犬養広刀自, d.762), Agatainukai no Morokoshi's daughter
- First Daughter: Imperial Princess Inoe (井上内親王), married to Emperor Kōnin
- Third Daughter: Imperial Princess Fuwa (不破内親王, 723–795), married to Prince Shioyaki
- Second Son: Imperial Prince Asaka (安積親王, 728–744)
Bunin: Nan-dono (南殿, d.748), Fujiwara no Muchimaro’s daughter
Bunin: Hoku-dono (北殿, d.760), Fujiwara no Fusasaki’s daughter
Bunin: Tachibana-no-Hirooka no Konakachi (橘広岡古那可智, d.759), Tachibana no Sai's daughter