Early music

File:Francesco Francia - Madonna and Saints (detail) - WGA08174.jpg

Renaissance-era lute and viol, depicted in a detail from a painting by Francesco Francia

Template:History of Western art music Early music generally comprises Medieval music (500–1400) and Renaissance music (1400–1600), but can also include Baroque music (1600–1750) or Ancient music (before 500 AD). Originating in Europe, early music is a broad musical era for the beginning of Western classical music.

Terminology

Interpretations of historical scope of "early music" vary. The original Academy of Ancient Music formed in 1726 defined "Ancient" music as works written by composers who lived before the end of the 16th century. Johannes Brahms and his contemporaries would have understood Early music to range from the High Renaissance and Baroque, while some scholars consider that Early music should include the music of ancient Greece or Rome before 500 AD (a period that is generally covered by the term Ancient music).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Music critic Michael Kennedy excludes Baroque, defining Early music as "musical compositions from [the] earliest times up to and including music of [the] Renaissance period".<ref name="Kennedy">Template:Cite book</ref>

Musicologist Thomas Forrest Kelly considers that the essence of Early music is the revival of "forgotten" musical repertoire and that the term is intertwined with the rediscovery of old performance practice.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> According to the UK's National Centre for Early Music, the term "early music" refers to both a repertory (European music written between 1250 and 1750 embracing Medieval, Renaissance and the Baroque) – and a historically informed approach to the performance of that music.<ref name="ncem">Template:Cite web</ref>

Today, the understanding of "Early music" has come to include "any music for which a historically appropriate style of performance must be reconstructed on the basis of surviving scores, treatises, instruments and other contemporary evidence."<ref>Harry Haskell, "Early Music", The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, second edition, edited by Stanley Sadie and John Tyrrell. London: Macmillan Publishers, 2001.</ref>

Revival

File:Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin 3608.JPG

The Akademie für Alte Musik Berlin, modern performers of Early music

In the later 20th century there was a resurgence of interest in the performance of music from the Medieval and Renaissance eras, and a number of instrumental consorts and choral ensembles specialising in Early music repertoire were formed. Groups such as the Tallis Scholars, the Early Music Consort and the Taverner Consort and Players have been influential in bringing Early music to modern audiences through performances and popular recordings.<ref name="wilson">Template:Cite book</ref>

Performance practice

Template:Main The revival of interest in Early music has given rise to a scholarly approach to the performance of music. Through academic musicological research of music treatises, urtext editions of musical scores and other historical evidence, performers attempt to be faithful to the performance style of the musical era in which a work was originally conceived. Additionally, there has been a rise in the use of original or reproduction period instruments as part of the performance of Early music, such as the revival of the harpsichord, lute, or viol.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

The practice of "historically informed performance" is nevertheless dependent on stylistic inference. Renaissance notation is not as prescriptive as modern scoring, and there is much that was left to the performer's interpretation. Margaret Bent says: "Renaissance notation is under-prescriptive by our standards; when translated into modern form it acquires a prescriptive weight that overspecifies and distorts its original openness. Accidentals … may or may not have been notated, but what modern notation requires would then have been perfectly apparent without notation to a singer versed in counterpoint".<ref>Margaret Bent, "The Grammar of Early Music: Preconditions for Analysis", p. 25. In Tonal Structures in Early Music, edited by Cristle Collins Judd, 15–59 (Garland Reference Library of the Humanities 1998; Criticism and Analysis of Early Music 1), New York: Garland Publishing, 1998. Template:ISBN.</ref>

See also

• Ancient music
• Renaissance music
• Early music festivals
• History of music
• List of Baroque composers
• List of early music ensembles
• List of Medieval composers
• List of Renaissance composers
• Neo-Medieval music

Further reading

• Davidson, Audrey Ekdahl. 2008. Aspects of Early Music and Performance. New York: AMS Press. Template:ISBN.
• Donington, Robert. 1989. The Interpretation of Early Music, new revised edition. London and Boston: Faber and Faber. Template:ISBN.
• Epp, Maureen, and Brian E. Power (eds.). 2009. The Sounds and Sights of Performance in Early Music: Essays in Honour of Timothy J. Mcgee. Farnham, Surrey (UK); Burlington, VT: Ashgate. Template:ISBN.
• Haynes, Bruce. 2007. The End of Early Music: A Period Performer's History of Music for the Twenty-First Century. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.
• Remnant, M. "The Use of Frets on Rebecs and Medieval Fiddles" Galpin Society Journal, 21, 1968, p. 146.
• Remnant, M. and Marks, R. 1980. "A medieval 'gitternTemplate:'", British Museum Yearbook 4, Music and Civilisation, 83–134.
• Remnant, M. "Musical Instruments of the West". 240 pp. Batsford, London, 1978. Reprinted by Batsford in 1989 Template:ISBN. Digitized by the University of Michigan 17 May 2010.
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• Roche, Jerome, and Elizabeth Roche. 1981. A Dictionary of Early Music: From the Troubadours to Monteverdi. London: Faber Music in association with Faber & Faber; New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN (UK, cloth); Template:ISBN (UK, pbk); Template:ISBN (US, cloth).
• Sherman, Bernard. 1997. Inside Early Music: Conversations with Performers. New York: Oxford University Press. Template:ISBN.
• Stevens, Denis. 1997. Early Music, revised edition. Yehudi Menuhin Music Guides. London: Kahn & Averill. Template:ISBN. First published as Musicology (London: Macdonald & Co. Ltd, 1980).

External links

• Early Music FAQ
• Renaissance Workshop Company the company which has saved many rare and some relatively unknown instruments from extinction.
• Template:Usurped
• Early MusiChicago – Early Music in Chicago and Beyond, with many links and resources of general interest