Daugava

Template:Short description Template:Other uses Template:Infobox river

The Daugava (Template:IPAc-en Template:Respell),Template:Efn also known as the Western DvinaTemplate:Efn or the Väina River,Template:Efn is a large river rising in the Valdai Hills of Russia that flows through Belarus and Latvia into the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea. The Daugava rises close to the source of the Volga. It is Template:Convert in length,<ref name=statistics /> of which Template:Convert are in Latvia<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Template:Convert in Russia. It is a westward-flowing river, tracing out a great south-bending curve as it passes through northern Belarus.

Latvia's capital, Riga, bridges the river's estuary four times. Built on both riverbanks, the city centre is Template:Convert from the river's mouth and is a significant port.

Etymology

File:Riga Dom Bruecke Daugava.jpg

The Daugava flows through Riga in Latvia

According to Max Vasmer's Etymological Dictionary, the toponym Dvina cannot stem from a Uralic language; instead, it possibly comes from an Indo-European word which used to mean 'river' or 'stream'.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The name Dvina strongly resembles Danuvius which is itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European *dānu, meaning 'large river'.

The Finno-Ugric names Template:Lang (Livonian), Template:Lang (Estonian), and Template:Lang (Finnish) all stem from Proto-Finnic *väin, which roughly translates to 'a large, peacefully rolling river'.

Geography

The total catchment area of the river is Template:Convert, of which Template:Convert are in Belarus.<ref name=statistics />

Tributaries

The following rivers are tributaries to the river Daugava (from source to mouth):

Left: Mezha, Kasplya, Dysna, Laucesa, Berezauka, Eglona, Pikstere, Ņega
Right: Usvyacha, Palata, Drysa, Dubna, Aiviekste, Pērse, Dīvaja, Ogre

History

File:Bombardment of the fortress of Dünamünde by the Swedish army in 1701 during the Great Northern War.jpg

The Swedish army bombarding the fortress of Dünamünde at the Daugava's estuary in Latvia

Humans have settled at the mouth of the Daugava and along the shores of the Gulf of Riga for millennia, initially participating in a hunter-gatherer economy and utilizing the waters of the Daugava estuary for fishing and gathering. Beginning around the sixth century CE, Viking explorers crossed the Baltic Sea and entered the Daugava River, navigating upriver into the Baltic interior.<ref> Compare: Template:Cite book </ref>

In medieval times, the Daugava was part of the trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, an important route for the transport of furs from the north and of Byzantine silver from the south. The Riga area, inhabited by the Finnic-speaking Livs, became a key location of settlement and defence of the mouth of the Daugava at least as early as the Middle Ages, as evidenced by the now destroyed fort at Torņakalns on the west bank of the Daugava in present-day Riga.

From the end of the Livonian War great part of the Daugava formed the northeastern border of Duchy of Courland and Semigallia saparating it initially from the Kingdom of Livonia, later Swedish Livonia and Riga Governorate. After the incorporation later in the Russian Empire the river formed a border between governorates of Courland on the western bank and Livonia and Vitebsk on the eastern bank.

From 1936 to 1939 Ķegums Hydroelectric Power Station was built on the Daugava river in Latvia. Pļaviņas Hydroelectric Power Station was put into operation in 1968 and Riga Hydroelectric Power Plant in 1974.

Settlements

File:Riga, Daugava River.JPG

Daugava sunset in Riga

The following are some of the cities and towns built along the Daugava:

Environment

Port of Riga on the Daugava river by findseajobs.com

Port of Riga on the Daugava

The river began experiencing environmental deterioration in the Soviet era due to collective agriculture (producing considerable adverse water pollution runoff) and hydroelectric power projects.<ref>Template:Cite encyclopedia</ref> This is the river that the Vula river flows into.

Water quality

Upstream of the Latvian town of Jekabpils, the river's pH has a characteristic value of about 7.8 (slight alkaline). In this area, the concentration of ionic calcium is around 43 milligrams per liter, nitrate is about 0.82 milligrams per liter, ionic phosphate is 0.038 milligrams per liter, and oxygen saturation is 80%. The high nitrate and phosphate load of the Daugava has contributed to the extensive buildup of phytoplankton biomass in the Baltic Sea; the Oder and Vistula rivers also contribute to the high nutrient loading of the Baltic.Template:Citation needed

In Belarus, water pollution of the Daugava is considered moderately severe, with the chief sources being treated wastewater, fish-farming, and agricultural chemical runoff (such as herbicides, pesticides, nitrates, and phosphates).<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>