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Clinton, Oneida County, New York

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File:Gazebo in the Village Green, Clinton, Oneida County, New York.jpg
Gazebo in the Clinton Village green

Clinton (or Ka-dah-wis-dag, "white field" in Seneca language<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>) is a village in Oneida County, New York, United States. The population was 1,942 at the 2010 census, declining to 1,683 in the 2020 census, 13% decline). It was named for George Clinton, the first Governor of New York.Template:Sfn

The village of Clinton is within the town of Kirkland. Clinton was known as the "village of schools" due to the large number of private schools operating in the village during the 19th century.Template:Citation needed Hamilton College is in proximity to the village.<ref name=CDPMapClinton>Template:Cite web
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In describing the attractions of Hamilton College in 1833, it was stated to be "situated in one of the most healthful, delightful, and fertile parts of our country; surrounded by a numerous, increasing, virtuous, and enterprising population."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1903, another school catalogue, besides "the unrivalled beauty of the surrounding scenery" and "the remarkable healthfulness of the vicinity," commented on "the high moral fiber of the community and its superior educational advantages", all of which made Clinton "a most highly favored place for mental and moral culture."<ref name=Houghton>Template:Cite book</ref>

History

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File:Clinton, N.Y. - L.R. Burleigh, Troy, N.Y. ; Beck & Pauli, Litho. Milwaukee, Wis. LCCN2013645371.tif
1885 lithograph of Clinton with sights identified drawn by L.R. Burleigh

Part of Coxe's Patent, 6th division, Clinton began in March 1787 when Revolutionary War veterans from Plymouth, Connecticut, settled in Clinton. Pioneer [sic] brought seven other families with him to the area. The new inhabitants found good soil, plentiful forests, and friendly in southern Kirkland along with Oneida people, who passed through on trail [sic]. Named after New York's first governor, George Clinton, fourth Vice President of the United States and an uncle of Erie Canal builder and New York governor DeWitt Clinton, the village had a gristmill on the Oriskany Creek on College Street the first year and slowly developed as a farming and mercantile center.

In 1793, Presbyterian minister Rev. Samuel Kirkland founded Hamilton-Oneida Academy as a seminary to serve as part of his missionary work with the Oneida tribe. The seminary admitted both white and Oneida boys, although no Oneida boys lasted more than one year.Template:Sfn Kirkland named it in honor of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, who was a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy.<ref>"Hamilton had championed a humane, enlightened policy toward the Indians...Through his interest in educating native Americans, Hamilton's name came to adorn a college." (Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton, 2004, p. 337).</ref> The Academy became Hamilton College in 1812, making it the third oldest college in New York, after Columbia and Union, after it expanded to a four-year college curriculum.

Originally in the Town of Whitestown and then the Town of Paris, Clinton became part of the newly formed Town of Kirkland in 1827, and became an incorporated village in April 1843 with its own board of trustees, officials, employees, and status as a taxing jurisdiction.

According to Gordon's 1836 Gazetteer, Clinton had 50 dwellings, six stores, four taverns, two clothing works, a worsted factory, a grist mill, three churches (Universalist, Baptist, and Congregational), two academies, and two seminaries.<ref name=Williams1>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp

Elihu Root, Secretary of State under President McKinley and Secretary of War under presidents McKinley and Roosevelt, was born in a building on the Hamilton College campus, and is probably Clinton's most famous son.

Although never a factory town, Clinton did have the Clinton Knitting Company on the site of the Clinton House Apartments on Kirkland Avenue in the first half of the 20th century, as well as the Clinton Canning Company to process local vegetables in the late summer and fall.

The pharmaceutical company Bristol-Myers Squibb began as the Clinton Pharmaceutical Company in 1887 on the second floor of 3-5 West Park Row and moved to Syracuse after three years. Both founders, William Bristol and John Myers, graduated from Hamilton College.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

Attractions

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File:Kirkland Town Library, in Clinton, New York.jpg
Kirkland Town Library in Clinton
File:Clinton Cider Mill.jpg
Clinton Cider Mill, a local institution<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
File:Tony's, a restsurant in Clinton, New York.jpg
Tony's, a restaurant in Clinton

The village centers around the Village Green, a park where many community events take place.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Annual events on and around the Village Green include a summer farmers market,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Shopper's Stroll during the weekend after Thanksgiving,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Clinton Art and Music festival in August.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The Kirkland Art Center also hosts many activities throughout the year, including the KAC Road Race. The historic Clinton Cider Mill, a local favorite on Elm Street, has been producing cider since the early 1900s and is open seasonally from Labor Day through Thanksgiving.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The Clinton Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. There is also an active Clinton Historical Society.

Education

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The Clinton Central School District covers Clinton and most of the surrounding town of Kirkland..<ref>Template:Cite web - Text list</ref> Its campus is near the center of Clinton.

Hamilton College is adjacent to the village, in the town of Kirkland.<ref name=CDPMapClinton/>

History of education

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Template:See also In the 19th century, Clinton was known as a "village of schools"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and was sometimes called "Schooltown"<ref name=Rudd>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp and described as "an Academic village."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> The prosperity and reputation of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy had drawn public attention to Clinton as a place of education.<ref name="Historical"/> It had numerous private schools, some day schools and some boarding, some secondary, of which there was no public school until 1891,<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> and some primary.<ref name=More>Template:Cite news</ref> The largest building in town was a school (the Clinton Liberal Institute). A survey lists 37 schools, not counting Hamilton College, that operated in Clinton between 1790 (?) and 1915.<ref name=Rudd/>Template:Rp A later list has 60, noting that "many...were in...the stately homes throughout the town;<ref name=Cittadino/>Template:Rp A subsequent list located 70.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Some of these were small, one-room schools, often short-lived, and not much information survives on them.<ref name=Rudd/>Template:Rp

Prior to the passage of the New York State Compulsory School Law of 1894, about half of the town's school-age children attended a school.<ref name=Cittadino/>Template:Rp

As put in 1878:

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There was a public elementary or grammar school on East Park Row, which in 1802 was replaced by a brick building and in 1839 by a larger wood structure.<ref name=Kirkland/>Template:Rp<ref name=Wiley/>

File:Hamilton-Oneida Academy, Clinton, N.Y.jpg
Hamilton-Oneida Academy

From 1793 to 1812 the Hamilton–Oneida Academy, forerunner of Hamilton College (1812), operated in what would later become Clinton. Its three-story building, torn down in 1830<ref name=Steeple>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp or 1832,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> became the original building of the college.

Between the closing of the Hamilton-Oneida Academy in 1812 and the opening of the Clinton Grammar School a "classical" (college preparatory) school operated at what is today (2023) the oldest house in Clinton, at 29 West Park Row.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Clinton Grammar School.jpg
Original building of the Clinton Grammar School; a second building was added later

In 1813 the Clinton Grammar School was founded; it was chartered in 1815. Under four different names, including Rural High School and Clinton Military Academy,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> it survived until 1892 and was primarily in two buildings at 86–88 College St., though in 1891 it consolidated with Kirkland Hall (see below) and met there.<ref name=Forty/>Template:Rp The school was considered a "classical school", meaning it prepared students for college.<ref name=Grammar/> Sometimes it had a "Female Department"<ref name=Rudd/>Template:Rp Elihu Root, Mark Hopkins, and Grover Cleveland all studied there.<ref name=Cittadino/>Template:Rp<ref>Link to picture of Clinton Grammar School</ref> It was torn down in 1900.<ref name=Steeple/>Template:Rp

From 1814 to 1856 the Royce Academy was a boarding and day school for young ladies. Its last location was the former Royce mansion, at the intersection of Kirkland and Chenango Avenues.<ref name=Cittadino/>Template:Rp<ref name=Everts/>Template:Rp<ref>Link to picture of Royce Academy</ref> It closed upon the death of Miss Nancy Royce, an invalid who was the main instructor.Template:Sfn "Two or three Indian girls, of the Stockbridge tribe, were at one time members of this school."Template:Sfn

File:Clinton Liberal Institute.jpg
Drawing of the main (male) building of the Clinton Liberal Institute, published in Historical Collections of the State of New York in 1842. At that date Clinton had not yet been incorporated, so it is described as being in the town of Kirkland.

The Clinton Liberal Institute was a coeducational preparatory school founded by the Universalist Church, operating at the corner of Utica and Mulberry Streets from 1831 to 1878, and then in Fort Plain until destroyed by fire in 1900.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> An advertisement in 1841 reveals that it had a female department, and among the subjects taught were Greek, Hebrew, French, Astronomy, and Moral Philosophy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Female Department was located at 12 Utica Street until 1851, then moved to 13 Chestnut Street, across from William Street.<ref name=Kirkland>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp In this latter location it was also known as the White Seminary. After the Institute moved to Fort Plain, this building housed Kirkland Hall, a school for boys.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1833, Rev. Hiram H. Kellogg, a Presbyterian minister, abolitionist,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Hamilton College graduate, and good friend of Gerrit Smith, opened in Clinton a Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary, also called the Clinton Female Seminary and the Clinton Seminary,<ref name= Black>Template:Cite news</ref> a counterpart to some extent to the all-male Oneida Institute.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Like the Institute, it admitted students of all skin colors:<ref name=Black/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> three Negro girls.<ref name=Williams/><ref name=Williams1/>Template:Rp<ref name=Kirkland/>Template:Rp Another gives the number of Negro students as seven.<ref name=Miles>Template:Cite journal</ref> The first was Mary E. Bibb, who became a teacher.<ref name=Miles/> Another was Louisa Matilda Jacobs, daughter of author Harriet Jacobs.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> A native American, Electa Quinney, also studied there, as did Elizabeth Smith Miller, daughter of Gerrit Smith (1835–1836).<ref name=Ballots/>Template:Rp A manual labor school,<ref name=Ballots/>Template:Rp it was located at 23 Kellogg Street, on the corner of Mulberry.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The students spent "a portion of each day" on "domestic avocations...to prepare them to run a household."<ref name=Williams>Template:Cite news</ref> This was interrupted in 1841; he became President of Knox College. Over 500 young ladies were educated in the eight years preceding his departure for Knox.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The school, an inspiration for the seminary at Monticello, Illinois, the Mount Holyoke Seminary, and the Female Departments of Knox, Oberlin, and Elmira College,<ref name=Everts/>Template:RpTemplate:Sfn reopened less successfully from 1847 to 1850, after which it merged with the Clinton Grammar School.Template:Sfn The original building survives.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>

In 1841, the Free Will Baptists purchased the building previously occupied by Kellogg's Seminary, and established the Clinton Seminary.<ref name=Everts>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp The Clinton Seminary began publication of a paper called the Clinton Seminary Advocate.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> When the school enrollment outgrew the building's capacity it removed to the vacant Oneida Institute buildings and became the Whitestown Seminary.<ref name=Everts/>Template:Rp The former Kellogg's Seminary buildings were reopened as a private school by Pelatiah Rawson, previously of the Oneida Institute, but Rawson's health led it, within three years, to close (or rather, change ownership and name).<ref name=Everts/>Template:Rp<ref name=Rudd/>Template:Rp

In 1844, the Clinton Grammar School, Clinton Liberal Institute, Clinton Seminary, and Hamilton Academy, all being under the supervision of the New York State Board of Regents which made them eligible, received state appropriations of $48.84, $274.01, $387.95, and $225.18 respectively. No other village in the area had as many recipient institutions, Together with the Oneida Institute, which received $86.82, other Oneida institutions made it the leading county.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Clinton Liberal Institute, along with other military subjects, offered fencing.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1846, the Clinton Grammar School, Clinton Liberal Institute, and Hamilton Academy received state appropriations of $302.20, $369.35, and $271.67 respectively.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1847, the Clinton Grammar School, Clinton Liberal Institute, and Clinton Academy received state appropriations ($262.89, $360.05, $45.73 respectively).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The Clinton Grammar School received a state appropriation of $25 in 1849,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and $105.36 in 1869.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In 1873 the Clinton Grammar School and the Clinton Liberal Institute each received $149.23.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In 1849, an advertisement reveals that Miss Catherine Hopkins, for some years Principal of the Female Department of the Hamilton Academy, was running a Young Ladies' Seminary, where Latin, Greek, French, German, and Italian could be studied.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

File:Houghton Seminary, Clinton, New York.jpg
Houghton Seminary

In 1854, a Home Cottage Seminary was founded, at 23 Chestnut St., "at the west end of Chestnut Street,"<ref name=Strangers>Template:Citation</ref> on the corner of Franklin Avenue, by Louisa M. Barker, previously Principal of the Female Department of the Clinton Liberal Institute.<ref name=Everts/>Template:RpTemplate:Sfn In 1861 it changed ownership and its name was changed to the Houghton Seminary (the maiden name of the associate principal and wife of the principal, Dr. John Chester Gallup, replaced in 1880 for health reasons by Prof. and Mrs. A. G. Benedict.<ref name=Forty/>Template:Rp). Its grounds occupied 20 acres.Template:Sfn In 1874 its enrollment was 90Template:Sfn—boys were one quarter of the enrollment<ref name=Cittadino/>Template:Rp—and it was described as "in all respects highly prosperous."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It had both an Academic and a Collegiate (college preparatory) Program.<ref name=Steeple/>Template:RpIts students were allowed to use the geological and chemical laboratories, the "philosophical [scientific] apparatus," and the library of Hamilton College.<ref name=Houghton/> Hamilton faculty gave courses of lectures in chemistry, anatomy, and physiology.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Grover Cleveland's sister and niece attended.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Steeple/>Template:Rp Graduates of the college preparatory course were guaranteed admission, "without examination", to Smith College.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> Starting about 1882, alumnae published the Houghton Record, 4 numbers per year in 1902. Houghton closed in 1903;<ref name=Kirkland/>Template:Rp<ref name=Schools/>Template:Rp Elihu Root was the final graduation speaker.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Its books were given to the Kirkland Town Library.<ref>Journal of Regents Minutes, December 14, 1905 (excerpt held by Clinton Historical Society).</ref> The building was torn down in 1912.<ref name=Forty/>Template:Rp At the time the name changed in 1861, the original founder, Miss Barker, set up a new, separate Home Seminary, known as the Cottage Seminary, on College Street.<ref name=History>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn In 1878 it had an enrollment of 14 boarders;<ref name=Everts/>Template:Rp by 1890 this had risen to twenty.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> It occupied the same campus as the Clinton Central Middle School, and was said to have the most attractive campus of all of Clinton's schools.<ref name=Foley/>Template:Rp

In 1858, a one-man Law School that was operated in Clinton by Theodore Dwight, son of Benjamin Dwight (see below), at Hamilton College was moved to New York City, "where it will be maintained in connection with Columbia College."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref name=Steeple/>Template:Rp

In 1860, a "picturesque" Rural High School, occupying 18 acres at Elm St. and Norton Avenue (at the time Factory Street), operated in Clinton.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> It had a large gymnasium and a bowling alley, and was described by "all who saw it as one of the largest and finest buildings in the county".Template:Sfn It operated from 1858 to 1865, when the building burned, after which it moved into the building of the Clinton Grammar School.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In 1873 enrollment was about 70. It was operated by Rev. Benjamin W. Dwight,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> who previously operated it in Brooklyn, N.Y.<ref name=Rudd/>Template:Rp Maximum enrollment was 80, of whom 53 were boarders. It was for boys only,<ref name=Strangers/> although towards the end, Dwight also ran Dwight's School for Young Ladies, "an English, French, and German Boarding School."<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Sfn It closed in 1882.<ref name=Forty>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp<ref>Link to picture of Dwight's Rural High School. Note students in the windows.</ref>

From 1861 to 1896 a Cottage School for girls, later renamed the Cottage Seminary, operated on the west side of current Chenango Avenue, at College Street. It was a combination boarding and day school.<ref name=Cittadino>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp In 1898 it was converted into the Clinton Preparatory School, for boys, which operated until 1908.<ref name=Schools/>Template:Rp

Additional schools operating at this time included Miss Mary Brown's School on College Street, and Miss Louisa Pond's Select School (1830s–1840s).<ref name=Kirkland/>Template:Rp Miss Katherine Lee conducted in her home a school for young children from 1905 to 1912;<ref name=Schools/>Template:Rp another source says it closed in 1906.<ref name=Kirkland/>Template:Rp Mrs. Elizabeth Marr's Select School, established in 1861, located finally at 8 Meadow St., continued late into the 1870s; in 1873 the enrollment was 26.Template:Sfn Mrs. Chloe R. Garlinghouse's school on Marvin Street operated from 1876 to 1891. Miss Martha Mears's school on College Street was operated in the 1880s. Miss Anna Sykes conducted her Music School on Dwight Avenue for a number of years from 1872. Rev. Benjamin Dwight opened his home for a girls' school from 1865 to 1889.<ref name=Schools/>Template:Rp

In 1882 a school for boys, named Kirkland Hall, opened in the former White Seminary, vacant since the Clinton Liberal Institute moved to Fort Plain. It operated until 1889.<ref name=Schools/>Template:Rp<ref name=Forty/>Template:Rp It had an affiliated fraternity chapter, Theta Phi. Another source says that in 1886, the Flint Brothers "reopened the Anderson school in the old Institute."<ref name=Forty/>Template:Rp

In 1884 a boarding and day school for girls was established, in a new building at the north-east corner of Marvin and Chestnut Streets.<ref name=Forty/>Template:Rp It was first named the Florence Seminary, then renamed Huntington Hall. It closed in 1888,<ref name=Schools/>Template:Rp the students moving to the Houghton Seminary.<ref name=Forty/>Template:Rp

In 1873, there were in Clinton "two Schools for young gentlemen, and three for young ladies,.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> In 1887, there were in Clinton three seminaries for young ladies, two high schools for young men, and one select and two common schools for children.<ref>Template:Citation</ref> In 1889, it was described as "a village of Grammar Template:Sic schools and ladies' seminaries."<ref name="sketch7"/>

In 1891, Clinton's public school started to offer classes in grades 1 through 12.<ref name=Kirkland/>Template:Rp 191 pupils enrolled on opening day.<ref name=Forty/>Template:Rp In 1893, the opening of the Clinton Union School and Academy, on Marvin Street,<ref>Template:Citation</ref> ended the need for private secondary schools, although the Clinton Preparatory School, described as "military,"<ref name=Kirkland/>Template:Rp occupying the facilities of the former Cottage Seminary on the site of today's (2023) Middle School, lasted from 1873 until 1913.<ref name=Grammar>Template:Cite news</ref> It used the 2nd floor of the Kirkland Town Library as its gymnasium.<ref name=Foley>Template:Cite book</ref>Template:Rp From 1920 to 1923 the 7th Day Adventist Church operated a boarding school for grades 7–10, called the Eastern New York Academy, on Brimfield Street.<ref name=Kirkland/>Template:Rp Link to 1998 picture of house which housed the Eastern New York Academy

Sports

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The Clinton Arena was home to the Clinton Comets of the Eastern Hockey League, which ended play at the arena in 1973. Portions of the movie Slap Shot were filmed at the famed Clinton Arena. The Clinton High School hockey program is widely regarded as one of the best in New York State, despite the small size of the school. The team won back-to-back state championships twice, in 1994–1995 and 1995–1996 and again in 2004–2005 and 2005–2006.

In 2005 and 2006, Clinton's Cross Country team won back-to-back scholar athlete state championships.

In 1984, Clinton's football team went to the Carrier Dome beating V.V.S. in the semi-final, 3-0 and became Section 3 Class B Co-Champion along with Bishop Grimes since the game ended in a tie, 0-0.

Clinton's boys' soccer program won their first Section III title in 2006, and a second in 2011, for the first time advancing to the state semi-finals, as well as an undefeated regular season. It is also noted that they are among the top contenders for the Center-State Conference Championship every year. Clinton track and field is also well known in the area.

Geography

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Clinton is located at Template:Coord (43.048852, -75.380250).<ref name="GR1">Template:Cite web</ref>

According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of Template:Convert, all land.

The village is east of the Oriskany Creek.

The village is the location of one of the several "knob and kettle structure" kames located along the Oriskany valley,Template:SfnTemplate:Sfn named The Knob. In 1836 its then owner, William T. Richmond, donated it to the Clinton Liberal Institute.Template:Sfn Richmond's intent was that, with the accompaniment of Template:USD worth of equipment donated by a R. W. Haskins of Buffalo, the Institute could build an observatory on the hill, but this plan never came to fruition.Template:Sfn

Demographics

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Template:US Census population As of the census<ref name="GR2">Template:Cite web</ref> of 2000, there were 1,952 people, 922 households, and 488 families residing in the village. The population density was Template:Convert. There were 965 housing units at an average density of Template:Convert. The racial makeup of the village was 98.05% White, 0.61% African American, 0.72% Asian, 0.26% from other races, and 0.36% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 1.33% of the population.

There were 922 households, out of which 25.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.8% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 47.0% were non-families. 41.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 20.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.94.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 22.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 23.0% from 25 to 44, 27.4% from 45 to 64, and 19.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.8 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $41,958, and the median income for a family was $66,685. Males had a median income of $45,750 versus $31,369 for females. The per capita income for the village was $26,165. About 3.1% of families and 9.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.7% of those under age 18 and 12.2% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

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Notable people

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Archival material

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In the William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, are the Gridley family papers, [1798]-1885. They contain (212 items) the letters of a highly educated Clinton family, who were drawn to evangelical religion and progressive causes in the 1820-1830s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

References

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Sources

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