Clint Eastwood
Template:Short description Template:About Template:Pp-blp Template:Good article Template:Use American English Template:Use mdy dates Template:Infobox person Template:Clint Eastwood series Clinton Eastwood Jr. (born May 31, 1930) is an American actor and film director. After achieving success in the Western TV series Rawhide, Eastwood rose to international fame with his role as the "Man with No Name" in Sergio Leone's Dollars Trilogy of spaghetti Westerns during the mid-1960s and as antihero cop Harry Callahan in the five Dirty Harry films throughout the 1970s and 1980s. These roles, among others, have made Eastwood an enduring cultural icon of masculinity.<ref name=Fischer/><ref>Kitses, p. 307.</ref> Elected in 1986, Eastwood served for two years as the mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California.
Eastwood's greatest commercial successes are the adventure comedy Every Which Way but Loose (1978) and its action comedy sequel Any Which Way You Can (1980).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Other popular Eastwood films include the Westerns Hang 'Em High (1968), The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) and Pale Rider (1985), the action-war film Where Eagles Dare (1968), the prison film Escape from Alcatraz (1979), the war film Heartbreak Ridge (1986), the action film In the Line of Fire (1993), and the romantic drama The Bridges of Madison County (1995). More recent works include Gran Torino (2008), The Mule (2018), and Cry Macho (2021). Since 1967, Eastwood's company Malpaso Productions has produced all but four of his American films.
An Academy Award nominee for Best Actor, Eastwood won Best Director and Best Picture for his Western film Unforgiven (1992) and his sports drama Million Dollar Baby (2004). In addition to directing many of his own star vehicles, Eastwood has directed films in which he did not appear, such as the mystery drama Mystic River (2003) and the war film Letters from Iwo Jima (2006), for which he received Academy Award nominations, as well as the legal thriller Juror #2 (2024). He also directed the biographical films Changeling (2008), Invictus (2009), American Sniper (2014), Sully (2016), and Richard Jewell (2019).
Eastwood's accolades include four Academy Awards, four Golden Globe Awards, three César Awards, and an AFI Life Achievement Award. In 2000, he received the Italian Venice Film Festival's Golden Lion award, honoring his lifetime achievements. Bestowed two of France's highest civilian honors, he received the Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1994, and the Legion of Honour in 2007.
Early life
[edit]Template:Main Eastwood was born on May 31, 1930, at Saint Francis Memorial Hospital in San Francisco, to Ruth (née MargretTemplate:Efn Runner; 1909–2006) and Clinton Eastwood (1906–1970), who then lived in Oakland's Lake Merritt neighborhood. During her son's fame, Ruth was known by the surname of her second husband, John Belden Wood (1913–2004), whom she married after the death of Clinton Sr.<ref name="McGilligan231">McGilligan, p. 231</ref> Eastwood was nicknamed "Samson" by hospital nurses because he weighed Template:Convert at birth.<ref name="At80">Template:Cite news</ref><ref name="Guardian 08">Template:Cite news</ref> He has a younger sister, Jeanne Bernhardt (b. 1934).<ref name="Eliot14">Eliot, p. 14</ref> He is of English, Irish, Scottish, and Dutch ancestry.<ref>Smith, p. 116</ref> Eastwood is descended from Mayflower passenger William Bradford, and through this line is the 12th generation born in North America.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Schickel, p. 27</ref><ref name="Zmi12">Zmijewsky and Pfeiffer, p. 12</ref> His family relocated three times during the 1930s as his father changed occupations.<ref name="Eliot15">Eliot, p. 15</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Contrary to what Eastwood has indicated in media interviews, they did not move between 1940 and 1949.<ref name="McGilligan34">McGilligan, p. 34</ref><ref name="McGilligan40">McGilligan, p. 40</ref> Settling in Piedmont, California, the Eastwoods lived in an affluent area of the town, had a swimming pool, belonged to a country club, and each parent drove their own car.<ref name="autobio">Template:Cite book</ref> Eastwood's father was a manufacturing executive at Georgia-Pacific for most of his working life.<ref name="McGilligan191">McGilligan, p. 191</ref> As Clint and Jeanne grew older, Ruth took a clerical job at IBM.<ref name="McGilligan38">McGilligan, p. 38</ref>
Eastwood attended Piedmont Middle School,<ref name="Cah123">Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 123 (interviewer Tim Cahill)</ref> where he was held back due to poor academic scores, and records indicate he also had to attend summer school.<ref name="McGilligan34" /> From January 1945 until at least January 1946, he attended Piedmont High School, but was asked to leave for writing an obscene suggestion to a school official on the athletic field scoreboard and burning an effigy on the school lawn, on top of other school infractions.<ref name="McGilligan36">McGilligan, p. 36</ref> He transferred to Oakland Technical High School and graduated on February 2, 1949.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Eastwood held a number of odd jobs, including lifeguard, paper carrier, grocery clerk, forest firefighter, and golf caddy.<ref name="Eliot17">Eliot, p. 17</ref> Eastwood said that he tried to enroll at Seattle University in 1951,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but instead was drafted into the United States Army during the Korean War.<ref name="Eliot1819">Eliot, pp. 18–19</ref> Don Loomis recalled hearing that Eastwood was romancing one of the daughters of a Fort Ord officer, who might have been entreated to watch out for him when names came up for postings.<ref name="McGilligan49">McGilligan, p. 49</ref> While returning from a prearranged tryst<ref name="McGilligan49" /> in Seattle, he was a passenger on a Douglas AD bomber that ran out of fuel and crashed into the ocean near Point Reyes.<ref name=Frank/><ref>Schickel, p. 53</ref> Using a life raft, he and the pilot swam Template:Convert to safety.<ref name="McGilligan50">McGilligan, p. 50</ref> Eastwood was discharged in February 1953.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Career
[edit]1954–1962: acting debut and Rawhide
[edit]
According to a CBS press release for Rawhide, Universal-International's camera crew was shooting in Fort Ord when an enterprising assistant spotted Eastwood and invited him to meet the director,<ref name="McGilligan52">McGilligan, p. 52</ref> although this is disputed by Eastwood's unauthorized biographer, Patrick McGilligan.<ref name="McG53">McGilligan, p. 53</ref> According to Eastwood's official biography, the key figure was a man named Chuck Hill, who was stationed in Fort Ord and had contacts in Hollywood.<ref name="McGilligan52" /> While in Los Angeles, Hill became reacquainted with Eastwood and managed to sneak him into a Universal studio, where he introduced him to cameraman Irving Glassberg.<ref name="McGilligan52" /> Glassberg arranged for an audition under Arthur Lubin, who, although very impressed with Eastwood's appearance and stature (then Template:Cvt), disapproved of his acting, remarking, "He was quite amateurish. He didn't know which way to turn or which way to go or do anything."<ref name="McGilligan60">McGilligan, p. 60</ref> Lubin suggested that he attend drama classes and arranged for Eastwood's initial contract in April 1954, at $100 per week.<ref name="McGilligan60" /> After signing, Eastwood was initially criticized for his stiff manner and delivering his lines through his teeth, a lifelong trademark.<ref>McGilligan, p. 62</ref>
In May 1954, Eastwood made his first real audition for Six Bridges to Cross, but was rejected by Joseph Pevney.<ref name="McGilligan63">McGilligan, p. 63</ref> After many unsuccessful auditions, he was eventually given a minor role by director Jack Arnold in Revenge of the Creature (1955), a sequel to the recently released Creature from the Black Lagoon.<ref name="McGilligan64">McGilligan, p. 64</ref> In September 1954, Eastwood worked for three weeks on Arthur Lubin's Lady Godiva of Coventry, won a role in February 1955, playing "Jonesy", a sailor in Francis in the Navy and appeared uncredited in another Jack Arnold film, Tarantula, where he played a squadron pilot.<ref name=Fitzgerald/><ref>McGilligan, p. 80</ref> In May 1955, Eastwood put four hours' work into the film Never Say Goodbye and had a minor uncredited role as a ranch hand in August 1955 with Star in the Dust, starring John Agar and Mamie Van Doren, the latter of whom he dated briefly.<ref name="Eliot33">Eliot, p. 33</ref> Universal presented him with his first television role on July 2, 1955, on NBC's Allen in Movieland, which starred comedian Steve Allen, actor Tony Curtis, and swing musician Benny Goodman.<ref name="McGilligan86">McGilligan, p. 86</ref> Although he continued to develop as an actor, Universal terminated his contract on October 23, 1955.<ref name="Eliot36">Eliot, p. 36</ref>
Eastwood joined the Marsh Agency, and although Lubin landed him his biggest role to date in The First Traveling Saleslady (1956) and later hired him for Escapade in Japan (1957), without a formal contract, Eastwood was struggling.<ref name="McGilligan85">McGilligan, p. 85</ref> On his financial advisor Irving Leonard's advice, he switched to the Kumin-Olenick Agency in 1956 and Mitchell Gertz in 1957. He landed several small roles in 1956 as a temperamental army officer for a segment of ABC's Reader's Digest series, and as a motorcycle gang member on a Highway Patrol episode.<ref name="McGilligan85" /> In 1957, Eastwood played a cadet in West Point series and a suicidal gold prospector on Death Valley Days.<ref name="McGilligan87">McGilligan, p. 87</ref>
In 1958, he played a Navy lieutenant in a segment of Navy Log and in early 1959 made a notable guest appearance as Red Hardigan on Maverick opposite James Garner as a cowardly villain intent on marrying a rich girl for money.<ref name="McGilligan87" /> Eastwood had a small part as an aviator in Lafayette Escadrille (1958) and played a major role as an ex-renegade of the Confederacy in Ambush at Cimarron Pass (also 1958): a film that Eastwood considers the low point of his career.<ref>Frayling, p. 45</ref><ref>O'Brien, p. 40</ref><ref name="McGilligan93">McGilligan, p. 93</ref>
In 1958, Eastwood was cast as Rowdy Yates in the CBS hour-long western series Rawhide, the career breakthrough he had long sought.<ref name="McGilligan95">McGilligan, p. 95</ref><ref name="Eliot45">Eliot, p. 45</ref> Eastwood was not especially happy with his character; Eastwood was almost 30, and Rowdy was too young and cloddish for his comfort.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Filming began in Arizona in the summer of 1958.<ref>O'Brien, p. 29</ref> It took just three weeks for Rawhide to reach the top 20 in TV ratings and, although it never won an Emmy, it was a major success for several years, and peaked at number six in the ratings from October 1960 to April 1961.<ref name="McGilligan110">McGilligan, p. 110</ref> The Rawhide years (1959–65) were some of the most grueling of Eastwood's career, often filming six days a week for an average of 12 hours a day, but some directors still criticized him for not working hard enough.<ref name="McGilligan110" /><ref name="McGilligan111">McGilligan, p. 111</ref> By late 1963, Rawhide was beginning to decline in the ratings and lacked freshness in the scripts; it was canceled in the middle of the 1965–66 season.<ref>McGilligan, p. 125</ref> Eastwood made his first attempt at directing when he filmed several trailers for the show, but was unable to convince producers to let him direct an episode.<ref name=Emery/> In the show's first season, Eastwood earned $750 an episode. At the time of RawhideTemplate:'s cancellation, he received $119,000 an episode as severance pay.<ref>Hughes, p. xxvi</ref>
1963–1969: spaghetti Westerns and stardom
[edit]In late 1963, Eastwood's Rawhide co-star Eric Fleming rejected an offer to star in an Italian-made western called A Fistful of Dollars (1964), filmed in a remote region of Spain by a then relatively unknown director, Sergio Leone.<ref name="McG126">McGilligan, p. 126</ref> Richard Harrison suggested Eastwood to Leone because Harrison knew that Eastwood could play a cowboy convincingly. Eastwood thought the film would be an opportunity to escape from his Rawhide image. He signed a contract for $15,000 in wages for eleven weeks' work, with a bonus of a Mercedes-Benz automobile upon completion.<ref name="Eliot59">Eliot, p. 59</ref><ref name="McG128">McGilligan, p. 128</ref> Eastwood later said of the transition from a TV western to A Fistful of Dollars: "In Rawhide I did get awfully tired of playing the conventional white hat. The hero who kisses old ladies and dogs and was kind to everybody. I decided it was time to be an antihero."<ref>Hughes, p. 4</ref> Eastwood was instrumental in creating the Man with No Name character's distinctive visual style and, although a nonsmoker, Leone insisted Eastwood smoke cigars as an essential ingredient of the "mask" he was attempting to create for the character.<ref name="McG131">McGilligan, p. 131</ref>
A Fistful of Dollars proved a landmark in the development of spaghetti Westerns, with Leone depicting a more lawless and desolate world than traditional westerns, and challenging American stereotypes of a western hero with a morally ambiguous antihero. The film's success made Eastwood a major star in Italy<ref name=Mercer/> and he was rehired to star in For a Few Dollars More (1965), the second of the trilogy. Through the efforts of screenwriter Luciano Vincenzoni, the rights to For a Few Dollars More and the trilogy's final film, The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), were sold to United Artists for about $900,000.<ref name="McG148">McGilligan, p. 148</ref>
In January 1966, Eastwood met producer Dino De Laurentiis in New York City and agreed to star in a non-Western five-part anthology production, The Witches (Le Streghe, 1967), opposite De Laurentiis's wife, Silvana Mangano.<ref name="McG150">McGilligan, p. 150</ref> Eastwood's 19-minute installment took only a few days to shoot, but his performance did not please critics; one wrote, "no other performance of his is quite so 'un-Clintlike'".<ref name="McG151">McGilligan, p. 151</ref>
Two months later Eastwood began work on The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, again playing the mysterious Man with No Name. Lee Van Cleef returned as a ruthless fortune seeker, with Eli Wallach portraying the Mexican bandit Tuco Ramirez. The storyline involved the search for a cache of Confederate gold buried in a cemetery. During the filming of a scene in which a bridge was blown up, Eastwood urged Wallach to retreat to a hilltop. "I know about these things", he said. "Stay as far away from special effects and explosives as you can."<ref name="McG156">McGillagan, p. 156</ref> Minutes later, confusion among the crew over the word "Vaya!" resulted in a premature explosion that could have killed Wallach.<ref name="McG156" />
The Dollars trilogy was not released in the United States until 1967, when A Fistful of Dollars opened on January 18, followed by For a Few Dollars More on May 10, and The Good, the Bad and the Ugly on December 29.<ref name="McG157">McGilligan, p. 157</ref> All three were commercially successful, particularly The Good, the Bad and the Ugly, which eventually earned $8 million in rental earnings and turned Eastwood into a major film star being ranked for the first time on Quigley's Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll in 1968 in fifth place.<ref name="McG157" /><ref name=mint>Template:Cite magazine</ref> All three received poor reviews, and marked the beginning of a battle for Eastwood to win American film critics' respect.<ref name="McG158">McGilligan, p. 158</ref> Judith Crist described A Fistful of Dollars as "cheapjack",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while Newsweek called For a Few Dollars More "excruciatingly dopey". Renata Adler of The New York Times said The Good, the Bad and the Ugly was "the most expensive, pious and repellent movie in the history of its peculiar genre".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Time drew attention to the film's wooden acting, especially Eastwood's, though a few critics such as Vincent Canby and Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised his coolness.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Leone's cinematography was widely acclaimed, even by critics who disparaged the acting.<ref name="McG158" />
Stardom brought Eastwood more roles. He signed to star in the American revisionist western Hang 'Em High (1968) alongside Inger Stevens, Pat Hingle, Ed Begley,<ref name="McG159">McGilligan, p. 159</ref> playing a man who takes up a marshal's badge and seeks revenge as a lawman after being lynched by vigilantes and left for dead.<ref name="McG160">McGilligan, p. 160</ref> The film earned Eastwood $400,000 and 25% of its net box office.<ref name="McG159" /> Using money earned from the Dollars trilogy, Eastwood's advisor Irving Leonard helped establish Eastwood's own production company, Malpaso Productions, named after Malpaso Creek on Eastwood's property in Monterey County, California. The 38-year-old actor was still relatively unknown as late as a month prior to the film's release, as evidenced by a July 1968 news item by syndicated columnist Dorothy Manners: "The proverbial man in the street is still asking, 'Who's Clint Eastwood?Template:'"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Leonard arranged for Hang 'Em High to be a joint production with United Artists;<ref name="McG162">McGilligan, p. 162</ref> when it opened in August, it had the largest opening weekend in United Artists' history. Hang 'Em High was widely praised by critics, including Archer Winsten of the New York Post, who called it "a western of quality, courage, danger and excitement".<ref name="Zmi12" />
Before Hang 'Em HighTemplate:'s release, Eastwood had already begun working on Coogan's Bluff (1968), about an Arizona deputy sheriff tracking a wanted psychopathic criminal (Don Stroud) through New York City. He was reunited with Universal Studios for it after receiving an offer of $1 millionTemplate:Sndmore than double his previous salary.<ref name="McG165">McGilligan, p. 165</ref> Jennings Lang arranged for Eastwood to meet Don Siegel, a Universal contract director who later became Eastwood's close friend, forming a partnership that would last more than ten years and produce five films.<ref name="McG167">McGilligan, p. 167</ref> Shooting began in November 1967, before the script had been finalized.<ref name="McG169">McGilligan, p. 169</ref> The film was controversial for its portrayal of violence.<ref name=Lloyd/><ref name=Slocum/> Coogan's Bluff also became the first collaboration with Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin, who scored several Eastwood films in the 1970s and 1980s, including the Dirty Harry films.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Eastwood was paid $750,000 for the war epic Where Eagles Dare (1968),<ref name="McG172">McGilligan, p. 172</ref> about a World War II squad parachuting into a Gestapo stronghold in the Alps. Richard Burton played the squad's commander, with Eastwood as his right-hand man. Eastwood was also cast as Two-Face in the Batman television show, but the series was canceled before filming began.<ref name="Eliot83">Eliot, p. 83</ref>
Eastwood then branched out to co-star in a musical, Paint Your Wagon (1969). Eastwood and Lee Marvin play gold miners who buy a Mormon settler's less favored wife (Jean Seberg) at an auction. Bad weather and delays plagued the production, and the film's budget eventually exceeded $20 million, which was high for the time.<ref name="McG173">McGilligan, p. 173</ref> The film was not a critical or commercial success, but was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
1970–1989: directorial debut and Dirty Harry
[edit]Eastwood starred with Shirley MacLaine in the western Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970), directed by Don Siegel. The film follows an American mercenary, who becomes mixed up with a prostitute disguised as a nun, and ends up helping a group of Juarista rebels during the reign of Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico.<ref>Frayling, p. 7</ref><ref>Smith, p. 76</ref> Eastwood again played a mysterious strangerTemplate:Sndunshaven, wearing a serape-like vest, and smoking a cigar.<ref>Schickel, p. 226</ref> Although it received moderate reviews,<ref name="McG182">McGilligan, p. 182</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Schickel, p. 227</ref> the film is listed in The New York Times Guide to the Best 1,000 Movies Ever Made.<ref name=Canby/> Around the same time, Eastwood starred as one of a group of Americans who steals a fortune in gold from the Nazis, in the World War II film Kelly's Heroes (also 1970), with Donald Sutherland and Telly Savalas. Kelly's Heroes was the last film Eastwood appeared in that was not produced by his own Malpaso Productions.<ref name="McG184">McGilligan, p. 184</ref> Shot on location in Yugoslavia and London,<ref name="McG183">McGilligan, p. 183</ref> the film received mostly a positive reception and its anti-war sentiments were recognized.<ref name="McG184" /> Siegel directed Eastwood's next film, The Beguiled (1971), a tale of a wounded Union soldier, held captive by the sexually repressed matron (played by Geraldine Page) of a Southern girls' school.<ref name="McG185">McGilligan, p. 185</ref> Upon release the film received major recognition in France and is considered one of Eastwood's finest works by French critics.<ref name="McG190">McGilligan, p. 190</ref> However, it grossed less than $1 million and, according to Eastwood and Lang, flopped due to poor publicity and the "emasculated" role of Eastwood.<ref name="McG189">McGilligan, p. 189</ref>
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Eastwood's career reached a turning point in 1971.<ref name="McG196">McGilligan, p. 196</ref> Before Irving Leonard died, he and Eastwood had discussed the idea of Malpaso producing Play Misty for Me, a film that was to give Eastwood the artistic control he desired, and his debut as a director.<ref name="McGilligan192">McGilligan, p. 192</ref> The script was about a jazz disc jockey named Dave (Eastwood), who has a casual affair with Evelyn (Jessica Walter), a listener who had been calling the radio station repeatedly at night, asking him to play her favorite song – Erroll Garner's "Misty". When Dave ends their relationship, the unhinged Evelyn becomes a murderous stalker.<ref name="McGilligan193">McGilligan, p. 193</ref> Filming commenced in Monterey in September 1970 and included footage of that year's Monterey Jazz Festival.<ref name="McG194">McGilligan, p. 194</ref> The film was highly acclaimed with critics, such as Jay Cocks in Time, Andrew Sarris in the Village Voice, and Archer Winsten in the New York Post all praising the film, as well as Eastwood's directorial skills and performance.<ref name="McG195">McGilligan, p. 195</ref> Walter was nominated for a Golden Globe Best Actress Award (Drama), for her performance in the film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Dirty Harry (1971), written by Harry and Rita Fink, centers on a hard-edged New York City (later changed to San Francisco) police inspector named Harry Callahan who is determined to stop a psychotic killer by any means.<ref name="McG205">McGilligan, p. 205</ref> Dirty Harry has been described as being arguably Eastwood's most memorable character, and the film has been credited with inventing the "loose-cannon cop" genre.<ref name=Mathijs/><ref name=Cardullo/> Author Eric Lichtenfeld argues that Eastwood's role as Dirty Harry established the "first true archetype" of the action film genre.<ref name=Lichtenfeld/> His lines (quoted above) are regarded by firearms historians, such as Garry James and Richard Venola, as the force that catapulted the ownership of .44 Magnum revolvers to new heights in the United States; specifically the Smith & Wesson Model 29 carried by Harry Callahan.<ref name="Communications2003">Template:Cite journal</ref><ref name=Sweeney/> Dirty Harry, released in December 1971, earned $22 million in the United States and Canada.<ref>Schickel, p. 272</ref> It was Siegel's highest-grossing film and the start of a series of films featuring the character Harry Callahan. Although a number of critics praised Eastwood's performance as Dirty Harry, such as Jay Cocks who described him as "giving his best performance so far, tense, tough, full of implicit identification with his character",<ref name="McG210">McGilligan, p. 210</ref> the film was also widely criticized as being fascistic.<ref>Schickel, p. 273</ref><ref>Schickel, p. 281</ref><ref name=Baker/> After having been second for the past two years, Eastwood was voted first in Quigley's Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll in 1972 and again in 1973.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref>
Following Sean Connery's announcement that he would not play James Bond again, Eastwood was offered the role but turned it down, saying, "that was someone else's gig. That's Sean's deal. It didn't feel right for me to be doing it."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He next starred in the loner Western Joe Kidd (1972), based on a character inspired by Reies Lopez Tijerina, who stormed a courthouse in Tierra Amarilla, New Mexico, in June 1967. During filming, Eastwood suffered symptoms of a bronchial infection and several panic attacks.<ref name="McG219">McGilligan, p. 219</ref> Joe Kidd received a mixed reception, with Roger Greenspun of The New York Times writing that it was unremarkable, with foolish symbolism and sloppy editing, although he praised Eastwood's performance.<ref name="GreenNYT">Template:Cite news</ref>
Eastwood's first western as director was High Plains Drifter (1973), in which he also starred. The film had a moral and supernatural theme, later emulated in Pale Rider. The plot follows a mysterious stranger (Eastwood) who arrives in a brooding Western town where the people hire him to protect them against three soon-to-be-released felons. There remains confusion during the film as to whether the stranger is the brother of the deputy, whom the felons lynched and murdered, or his ghost. Holes in the plot were filled with black humor and allegory, influenced by Leone.<ref name="McG221">McGilligan, p. 221</ref> The revisionist film received a mixed reception, but was a major box-office success. A number of critics thought Eastwood's directing was "as derivative as it was expressive", with Arthur Knight of the Saturday Review remarking that Eastwood had "absorbed the approaches of Siegel and Leone and fused them with his own paranoid vision of society".<ref name="McG223">McGilligan, p. 223</ref> John Wayne, who had declined a role in the film, sent a letter to Eastwood soon after the film's release in which he complained that, "The townspeople did not represent the true spirit of the American pioneer, the spirit that made America great."<ref>Schickel, p. 291</ref>
Eastwood next turned his attention towards Breezy (1973), a film starring William Holden and Kay Lenz about love blossoming between a middle-aged man and a teenage girl. Various actresses had lobbied for the title role, including Eastwood's future longtime companion Sondra Locke, who at 29 was nearly twice the character's age.Template:Efn The film, shot very quickly and efficiently by Frank Stanley, came in $1 million under budget and was finished three days ahead of schedule.<ref name="McG230">McGilligan, p. 230</ref> Breezy was not a major critical or commercial success.<ref name="McGilligan231" /> Eastwood then stepped back in front of the camera to reprise his role as Harry Callahan in Magnum Force (1973), a sequel to Dirty Harry, about a group of rogue young officers (among them David Soul, Robert Urich, and Tim Matheson) in the San Francisco Police Department who systematically exterminate the city's worst criminals.<ref name="McG233">McGilligan, p. 233</ref> Although the film was a major success after release, grossing $58.1 million in the United States (a record for Eastwood), it was not a critical success.<ref name="Eliot153">Eliot, p. 153</ref><ref name="McG236">McGilligan, p. 236</ref> The New York Times critic Nora Sayre panned the often contradictory moral themes of the film, while the paper's Frank Rich called it "the same old stuff".<ref name="McG236" />
Eastwood teamed up with Jeff Bridges and George Kennedy in the buddy action caper Thunderbolt and Lightfoot (1974), a road movie about a veteran bank robber Thunderbolt (Eastwood) and a young con man drifter, Lightfoot (Bridges). On its release, in spring 1974, the film was praised for its offbeat comedy mixed with high suspense and tragedy but was only a modest success at the box office, earning $32.4 million.<ref name="McG241">McGilligan, p. 241</ref> Eastwood's acting was noted by critics, but was overshadowed by Bridges who was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Eastwood reportedly fumed at the lack of Academy Award recognition for him and swore that he would never work for United Artists again.<ref name="McG241" /><ref name="McG240">McGilligan, p. 240</ref>
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Eastwood's next film The Eiger Sanction (1975) was based on Trevanian's critically acclaimed spy novel of the same name. Eastwood plays Jonathan Hemlock in a role originally intended for Paul Newman, an assassin turned college art professor who decides to return to his former profession for one last "sanction" in return for a rare Pissarro painting. In the process he must climb the north face of the Eiger in Switzerland under perilous conditions. Mike Hoover taught Eastwood how to climb during several weeks of preparation at Yosemite in the summer of 1974 before filming commenced in Grindelwald, Switzerland on August 12.<ref>Schickel, p. 314</ref><ref name="McG244">McGilligan, p. 244</ref> Despite prior warnings about the perils of the Eiger, Eastwood insisted on doing all his own climbing and stunts. The film crew suffered a number of accidents, including one fatality.<ref>Schickel, p. 315</ref><ref>Zmijewsky and Pfeiffer, p. 176</ref> Upon release in May 1975, The Eiger Sanction was marginally successful commercially, receiving $14.2 million at the box-office, and gained mixed reviews.<ref name="McG253">McGilligan, p. 253</ref> Joy Gould Boyum of The Wall Street Journal dismissed the film as "brutal fantasy".<ref name="McG253" /><ref name="Schickel, p. 316">Schickel, p. 316</ref> Eastwood blamed Universal Studios for the film's poor promotion and turned his back on them to make an agreement with Warner Bros., through Frank Wells, that has lasted to the present day.<ref name="McG256">McGilligan, p. 256</ref>
The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976), a western inspired by Asa Carter's 1972 novel of the same name,<ref name="McG257">McGilligan, p. 257</ref> has lead character Josey Wales (Eastwood) as a pro-Confederate guerrilla who refuses to surrender his arms after the American Civil War and is chased across the old southwest by a group of enforcers. The supporting cast included Locke as his love interest and Chief Dan George as an elderly Cherokee who strikes up a friendship with Wales. Director Philip Kaufman was fired by producer Bob Daley under Eastwood's command in October 1975, three weeks into the shoot, resulting in a fine reported to be around $60,000 from the Directors Guild of AmericaTemplate:Sndwho subsequently passed new legislation reserving the right to impose a major fine on a producer for discharging and replacing a director.<ref name="McG264">McGilligan, p. 264</ref> The film was pre-screened at the Sun Valley Center for the Arts and Humanities in Idaho during a six-day conference entitled Western Movies: Myths and Images. Invited to the screening were a number of well-known film critics, including Jay Cocks and Arthur Knight; directors such as King Vidor, William Wyler, and Howard Hawks; and a number of academics.<ref name="McG266">McGilligan, p. 266</ref> Upon release in the summer of 1976 The Outlaw Josey Wales was widely acclaimed, with many critics and viewers seeing Eastwood's role as an iconic one that related to America's ancestral past and the destiny of the nation after the American Civil War.<ref name="McG266" /> Roger Ebert compared the nature and vulnerability of Eastwood's portrayal of Josey Wales with his Man with No Name character in the Dollars westerns and praised the film's atmosphere.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film would later appear in TimeTemplate:'s "Top 10 Films of the Year".<ref name="McGilligan267">McGilligan, p. 267</ref>
Eastwood was then offered the role of Benjamin L. Willard in Francis Coppola's Apocalypse Now, but declined as he did not want to spend weeks on location in the Philippines.<ref name="McG268">McGilligan, p. 268</ref><ref>Kitses, p. 305</ref> He also refused the part of a platoon leader in Ted Post's Vietnam War film, Go Tell the Spartans<ref name="McG268" /> and instead decided to make a third Dirty Harry film, The Enforcer (1976). The film had Callahan partnered with a new female officer (Tyne Daly) to face a San Francisco Bay area group resembling the Symbionese Liberation Army. The film, culminating in a shootout on Alcatraz island, was considerably shorter than the previous Dirty Harry films at 95Template:Nbspminutes,<ref name="McG273">McGilligan, p. 273</ref> but was a major commercial success grossing $100 million worldwide to become Eastwood's highest-grossing film to date.<ref name="McG278">McGilligan, p. 278</ref>
Eastwood directed and starred in The Gauntlet (1977) opposite Locke, Pat Hingle, William Prince, Bill McKinney, and Mara Corday. In this film, he portrays a down-and-out cop assigned to escort a prostitute from Las Vegas to Phoenix to testify against the mob. Although a moderate hit with the viewing public, critics had mixed feelings about the film, with many believing it was overly violent. Ebert, in contrast, gave the film three stars and called it "classic Clint Eastwood: fast, furious, and funny".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In Every Which Way but Loose (1978), he had an uncharacteristic offbeat comedy role. His character, Philo Beddoe, is a trucker and brawler who roams the American West searching for a lost love (Locke) accompanied by his best friend, Orville Boggs (played by Geoffrey Lewis) and an orangutan called Clyde. The film proved surprisingly successful upon its release and became Eastwood's most commercially successful film up to that time. Panned by critics, it ranked high among the box-office successes of his career and was the second-highest-grossing film of 1978.<ref name="McG302">McGilligan, p. 302</ref>
Eastwood starred in Escape from Alcatraz (1979), the last of his films directed by Siegel. It was based on the true story of Frank Lee Morris who, along with John and Clarence Anglin, escaped from the notorious Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary in 1962. The film was a major success; Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic praised it as "crystalline cinema"<ref>McGilligan, p. 307</ref> and Frank Rich of Time described it as "cool, cinematic grace".<ref>Zmijewsky and Pfeiffer, p. 213</ref>
Eastwood directed and played the title role in Bronco Billy (1980), alongside Locke, Scatman Crothers, and Sam Bottoms.<ref>McGilligan, p. 317</ref> Filming commenced on October 1, 1979, in the Boise metropolitan area and was shot in five and a half weeks on a budget of $5 million.<ref name="Schickel, p. 316"/> Eastwood has cited Bronco Billy as being one of the most relaxed shoots of his career and biographer Richard Schickel argued that Bronco Billy is Eastwood's most self-referential character.<ref>Schickel, p. 362</ref><ref>Schickel, p. 365</ref> The film was a commercial disappointment,<ref name="Maslin 1280">Template:Cite news</ref> but was liked by critics. Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that film was "the best and funniest Clint Eastwood movie in quite a while", and praised Eastwood's directing, intricately juxtaposing the old West and the new West.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Released later in 1980, Any Which Way You Can was the sequel to Every Which Way but Loose and also starring Eastwood. The film received a number of bad reviews from critics, although Maslin described it as "funnier and even better than its predecessor".<ref name="Maslin 1280" /> In theaters over the Christmas season, Any Which Way You Can was a major box office success and ranked among the top five highest-grossing films of the year.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Eastwood directed and starred in Honkytonk Man (1982), based on the eponymous Clancy Carlile's depression-era novel. Eastwood portrays a struggling western singer Red Stovall who suffers from tuberculosis, but has finally been given an opportunity to make it big at the Grand Ole Opry. He is accompanied by his young nephew (played by real-life son Kyle) to Nashville, Tennessee, where he is supposed to record a song. Only Time gave the film a good review in the United States, with most reviewers criticizing its blend of muted humor and tragedy.<ref>Schickel, p. 383</ref> Nevertheless, the film received a more positive reception in France, where it was compared to John Ford's The Grapes of Wrath,<ref>Schickel, p. 384</ref> and it has since acquired the very high rating of 93Template:Nbsppercent on Rotten Tomatoes.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Around the same time, Eastwood directed, produced, and starred in the Cold War-themed Firefox (also 1982). Based on a 1977 novel with the same name written by Craig Thomas, the film was shot before but released after Honkytonk Man. Russian filming locations were not possible due to the Cold War, and the film had to be shot in Vienna and other locations in Austria to simulate many of the Eurasian story locations. With a production cost of $20 million, it was Eastwood's highest budget film to that time.<ref name="Schickel378">Schickel, p. 378</ref> People likened Eastwood's performance to "Luke Skywalker trapped in Dirty Harry's Soul".<ref name="Schickel378" />
Eastwood directed and starred in the fourth Dirty Harry film, Sudden Impact (1983), which is considered the darkest and most violent of the series.<ref>Zmijewsky and Pfeiffer, p. 232</ref> By this time, Eastwood received 60 percent of all profits from films he starred in and directed, with the rest going to the studio.<ref>Munn, p. 194</ref> Sudden Impact was his final on-screen collaboration with Locke. She plays a middle-aged painter who, along with her sister, was gang-raped years before the story takes place and seeks revenge for her sister's now-vegetative state by systematically murdering the rapists. The line "Go ahead, make my day" (uttered by Eastwood during an early scene in a coffee shop) has been cited as one of cinema's immortal lines. It was quoted by President Ronald Reagan in a speech to Congress, and used during the 1984 presidential elections.<ref>Smith, p. 100</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref name=Rogin/> The film was the second most commercially successful of the Dirty Harry films, after The Enforcer, earning $70 million. It received very positive reviews, with many critics praising the feminist aspects of the film through its explorations of the physical and psychological consequences of rape.<ref>McGilligan, p. 352</ref>
Tightrope (1984) had Eastwood starring opposite Geneviève Bujold in a provocative thriller, inspired by newspaper articles about an elusive Bay Area rapist. Set in New Orleans to avoid confusion with the Dirty Harry films,<ref>Schickel, p. 389</ref> Eastwood played a divorced cop drawn into his target's tortured psychology and fascination for sadomasochism.<ref>McGilligan, p. 361</ref> Tightrope was a critical and commercial hit and became the fourth highest-grossing R-rated film of 1984.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood next starred in the crime comedy City Heat (also 1984) alongside Burt Reynolds, a film about an ex-cop turned private eye and his former police lieutenant partner who get mixed up with gangsters in the Prohibition era of the 1930s. The film grossed around $50 million domestically, but was overshadowed by Eddie Murphy's Beverly Hills Cop.<ref>Schickel, p. 400</ref>
Eastwood made his only foray into TV direction with the Amazing Stories episode "Vanessa in the Garden" (1985), which starred Harvey Keitel and Locke as a married couple. This was his first collaboration with Steven Spielberg, who later co-produced Flags of Our Fathers and Letters from Iwo Jima.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He would revisit the Western genre when he directed and starred in Pale Rider (1985), a film based on the classic western Shane (1953) and follows a preacher descending from the mists of the Sierras to side with the miners during the California Gold Rush of 1850.<ref>McGilligan, p. 371</ref> The title is a reference to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, as the rider of the pale horse is Death, and shows similarities to Eastwood's western High Plains Drifter (1973) in its themes of morality and justice as well as its exploration of the supernatural.<ref>McGilligan, p. 375</ref> It was hailed as one of the best films of 1985 and the best western to appear for a considerable period, with Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune remarking, "This year (1985) will go down in film history as the moment Clint Eastwood finally earned respect as an artist."<ref>McGilligan, p. 378</ref>
Eastwood co-starred with Marsha Mason in the military drama Heartbreak Ridge (1986), about the 1983 United States invasion of Grenada. He portrayed a United States Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant veteran of the Vietnam War who realizes he is nearing the end of his military service. Production and filming were marred by internal disagreements between Eastwood and long-time friend and producer Fritz Manes, as well as between Eastwood and the United States Department of Defense, which had expressed contempt for the film.<ref name="McG398">McGilligan, p. 398</ref><ref>McGilligan, p. 406</ref> At the time, the film was a commercial rather than a critical success, and has only come to be viewed more favorably in recent times.<ref>Schickel, p. 421</ref> The film grossed $70 million domestically.<ref>McGilligan, p. 407</ref>
Eastwood starred in The Dead Pool (1988), the fifth and final film in the Dirty Harry series. It co-starred Patricia Clarkson, Liam Neeson, and a young Jim Carrey who plays Johnny Squares, a drug-addled rock star and the first of the victims on a list of celebrities drawn up by horror film director Peter Swan (Neeson) who are deemed most likely to die, the so-called "Dead Pool". The list is stolen by an obsessed fan who, in mimicking his favorite director, makes his way through the list killing off celebrities, of which Dirty Harry is also included. The Dead Pool grossed nearly $38 million, relatively low receipts for a Dirty Harry film. It is generally viewed as the weakest film of the series, though Roger Ebert thought it was as good as the original.<ref name="The Film journal">Template:Cite book</ref><ref name="Ebert1992">Template:Cite book</ref>
Eastwood began working on smaller, more personal projects and experienced a lull in his career between 1988 and 1992. Always interested in jazz, he directed Bird (1988), a biopic starring Forest Whitaker as jazz musician Charlie "Bird" Parker. Alto saxophonist Jackie McLean and Spike Lee, son of jazz bassist Bill Lee and a long time critic of Eastwood, criticized the characterization of Charlie Parker remarking that it did not capture his true essence and sense of humor.<ref name="McG433">McGilligan, p. 433</ref> Eastwood received two Golden Globes for the film, the Cecil B. DeMille Award for his lifelong contribution, and the Best Director award. However, Bird was a commercial failure, earning just $11 million, which Eastwood attributed to the declining interest in jazz among black people.<ref>Schickel, p. 435</ref> Carrey would appear with Eastwood again in the poorly-received comedy Pink Cadillac (1989). The film is about a bounty hunter and a group of white supremacists chasing an innocent woman (Bernadette Peters) who tries to outrun everyone in her husband's prized pink Cadillac. The film failed both critically and commercially,<ref>Schickel, p. 442</ref> earning barely more than Bird and marking a low point in Eastwood's career.<ref>McGilligan, p. 437</ref>
1990–2009: critical acclaim and awards success
[edit]Eastwood directed and starred in White Hunter Black Heart (1990), an adaptation of Peter Viertel's roman à clef, about John Huston and the making of the classic film The African Queen. Shot on location in Zimbabwe in the summer of 1989,<ref>McGilligan, p. 452</ref> the film received some critical attention but with only a limited release earned just $8.4 million.<ref name="McG461">McGilligan, p. 461</ref> Eastwood directed and co-starred with Charlie Sheen in The Rookie, a buddy cop action film released in December 1990. Critics found the film's plot and characterization unconvincing, but praised its action sequences.<ref>McGilligan, p. 460</ref> An ongoing lawsuit, in response to Eastwood allegedly ramming a woman's car,<ref>McGilligan, p. 466</ref> resulted in no Eastwood films being shown in cinemas in 1991.<ref name="McG467">McGilligan, p. 467</ref> Eastwood won the suit and agreed to pay the complainant's legal fees if she did not appeal.<ref name="McG467" />
Eastwood revisited the western genre in Unforgiven (1992), a film which he directed and starred in as an aging ex-gunfighter long past his prime. Scripts existed for the film as early as 1976 under titles such as The Cut-Whore Killings and The William Munny Killings, but Eastwood delayed the project because he wanted to wait until he was old enough to play his character and to savor it as the last of his western films.<ref name="McG467" /> Unforgiven was a major commercial and critical success; Jack Methews of the Los Angeles Times described it as "the finest classical western to come along since perhaps John Ford's 1956 The Searchers".<ref name="McG473">McGilligan, p. 473</ref> The film was nominated for nine Academy Awards<ref>McGilligan, p. 475</ref> (including Best Actor for Eastwood and Best Original Screenplay for David Webb Peoples), and won four, including Best Picture and Best Director for Eastwood. In 2008 Unforgiven was ranked as the fourth-best American western, behind Shane, High Noon, and The Searchers in the American Film Institute's "AFI's 10 Top 10" list.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Eastwood played Frank Horrigan in the Secret Service thriller In the Line of Fire (1993), directed by Wolfgang Petersen and co-starring John Malkovich and Rene Russo. Horrigan is a guilt-ridden Secret Service agent haunted by his failure to save John F. Kennedy's life.<ref>Schickel, p. 471</ref> The film was among the top 10 box office performers in that year, earning $102 million in the United States alone, and 25 years after he was first listed on Quigley's Top Ten Money Making Stars Poll, Eastwood was voted number one again.<ref>McGilligan, p. 480</ref><ref name=mint/> A few months after film wrapped, Eastwood directed and co-starred alongside Kevin Costner in A Perfect World (also 1993). Set in the 1960s,<ref>McGilligan, p. 481</ref> Eastwood plays a Texas Ranger in pursuit of an escaped convict (Costner) who hits the road with a young boy (T.J. Lowther). Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote that the film marked the highest point of Eastwood's directing career,<ref name="costner">Template:Cite news</ref> and the film has since been cited as one of his most underrated directorial achievements.<ref name="wpostreview">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>McGilligan, pp. 485–86</ref>
At the 1994 Cannes Film Festival Eastwood received France's Ordre des Arts et des Lettres medal,<ref name="McG491">McGilligan, p. 491</ref> and in 1995, he was awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award at the 67th Academy Awards.<ref name=Verlhac/> His next film appearance was in a cameo role as himself in the children's film Casper (1995). He expanded his repertoire by playing opposite Meryl Streep in The Bridges of Madison County (also 1995). Based on the novel by Robert James Waller,<ref>McGilligan, p. 492</ref> the film relates the story of Robert Kincaid (Eastwood), a photographer working for National Geographic who, while photographing historic covered bridges in Iowa, meets and has an affair with an Italian-born farm wife, Francesca (Streep). Despite the novel receiving unfavorable reviews, The Bridges of Madison County film was a commercial and critical success.<ref name="McG503">McGilligan, p. 503</ref> Roger Ebert wrote, "Streep and Eastwood weave a spell, and it is based on that particular knowledge of love and self that comes with middle age."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Motion Picture – Drama and won a César Award in France for Best Foreign Film. Streep was also nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe.
Eastwood directed and starred in the political thriller Absolute Power (1997), alongside Gene Hackman (with whom he had appeared in Unforgiven). Eastwood played the role of a veteran thief who witnesses the Secret Service cover-up of a murder. The film received a mixed reception from critics.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Later in 1997, Eastwood directed Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil, based on the novel by John Berendt and starring John Cusack, Kevin Spacey, and Jude Law. The film met with a mixed critical response.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Eastwood directed and starred in True Crime (1999). He plays Steve Everett, a journalist and recovering alcoholic, who has to cover the execution of murderer Frank Beechum (played by Isaiah Washington). True Crime received a mixed reception, with Janet Maslin of The New York Times writing, "his direction is galvanized by a sense of second chances and tragic misunderstandings, and by contrasting a larger sense of justice with the peculiar minutiae of crime. Perhaps he goes a shade too far in the latter direction, though."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film was a box office failure, earning less than half its $55 million budget and was Eastwood's worst-performing film of the 1990s aside from White Hunter Black Heart, which had a limited release.<ref>McGilligan, p. 539</ref>
Eastwood directed and starred in Space Cowboys (2000) alongside Tommy Lee Jones, Donald Sutherland and James Garner. Eastwood played one of a group of veteran ex-test pilots sent into space to repair an old Soviet satellite. The original music score was composed by Eastwood and Lennie Niehaus. Space Cowboys was critically well-received and holds a 79 percent rating at Rotten Tomatoes,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> although Roger Ebert wrote that the film was, "too secure within its traditional story structure to make much seem at risk".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film grossed more than $90 million in its United States release, more than Eastwood's two previous films combined.<ref name="Hughes152">Hughes, p. 152</ref> Eastwood played an ex-FBI agent chasing a sadistic killer (Jeff Daniels) in the thriller Blood Work (2002), loosely based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Michael Connelly. The film was a commercial failure, grossing just $26.2 million on an estimated budget of $50 million and received mixed reviews, with Rotten Tomatoes describing it as, "well-made but marred by lethargic pacing".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Eastwood directed and scored the crime drama Mystic River (2003), a film dealing with themes of murder, vigilantism and sexual abuse and starring Sean Penn, Kevin Bacon, and Tim Robbins. The film was praised by critics and won two Academy Awards – Best Actor for Penn and Best Supporting Actor for Robbins – with Eastwood garnering nominations for Best Director and Best Picture.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film grossed $90Template:Nbspmillion domestically on a budget of $30Template:Nbspmillion.<ref name="BOM2">Template:Cite web</ref> In 2003, Eastwood was named Best Director of the Year by the National Society of Film Critics.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
The following year, Eastwood found further critical acclaim with Million Dollar Baby. The boxing drama won four Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress (Hilary Swank) and Best Supporting Actor (Morgan Freeman).<ref name=Roberts/> At age 74, Eastwood became the oldest of eighteen directors to have directed two or more Best Picture winners.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He also received a nomination for Best Actor, as well as a Grammy nomination for his score,<ref name="Eliot313">Eliot, p. 313</ref> and won a Golden Globe for Best Director, which was presented to him by daughter Kathryn, who was Miss Golden Globe at the 2005 ceremony.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> A. O. Scott of The New York Times lauded the film as a "masterpiece" and the best film of the year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Eastwood directed two films about World War II's Battle of Iwo Jima released in 2006. The first, Flags of Our Fathers, focused on the men who raised the American flag on top of Mount Suribachi and featured the film debut of Eastwood's son Scott. This was followed by Letters from Iwo Jima, which dealt with the tactics of the Japanese soldiers on the island and the letters they wrote home to family members. Letters from Iwo Jima was the first American film to depict a war issue completely from the view of an American enemy.<ref name="Eliot320">Eliot, p. 320</ref> Both films received praise from critics and garnered several nominations at the 79th Academy Awards, including Best Director, Best Picture, and Best Original Screenplay for Letters from Iwo Jima. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards Eastwood received nominations for Best Director in both films. Letters from Iwo Jima won the award for Best Foreign Language Film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Eastwood next directed Changeling (2008), based on a true story set in the late 1920s. Angelina Jolie stars as a woman reunited with her missing son only to realize he is an impostor.<ref name="Eliot327">Eliot, p. 327</ref> After its release at several film festivals the film grossed over $110 million, the majority of which came from foreign markets.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film was highly acclaimed, with Damon Wise of Empire describing Changeling as "flawless".<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Todd McCarthy of Variety described it as "emotionally powerful and stylistically sure-handed" and that the film's characters and social commentary were brought into the story with an "almost breathtaking deliberation".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> For the film, Eastwood received nominations for Best Original Score at the 66th Golden Globe Awards, Best Direction at the 62nd British Academy Film Awards and director of the year from the London Film Critics' Circle.<ref name="Winners & Nominees-Clint Eastwood">Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Eastwood ended a four-year "self-imposed acting hiatus"<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> by appearing in Gran Torino (also 2008), which he also directed, produced and partly scored with his son Kyle and Jamie Cullum. Biographer Marc Eliot called Eastwood's role "an amalgam of the Man with No Name, Dirty Harry, and William Munny, here aged and cynical but willing and able to fight on whenever the need arose".<ref name="Eliot329">Eliot, p. 329</ref> Gran Torino grossed almost $30 million during its opening weekend release in January 2009, the highest of his career as an actor or director.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Gran Torino eventually grossed over $268 million in theaters worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing film of Eastwood's career so far (without adjustment for inflation).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Eastwood's 30th directorial outing came with Invictus (2009), a film based on the story of the South African team at the 1995 Rugby World Cup with Morgan Freeman as Nelson Mandela, Matt Damon as rugby team captain François Pienaar, and Grant L. Roberts as Ruben Kruger.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film was met with generally positive reviews; Roger Ebert gave it three and a half stars and described it as a "very good filmTemplate:Nbsp... with moments evoking great emotion",<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> while VarietyTemplate:'s Todd McCarthy wrote, "Inspirational on the face of it, Clint Eastwood's film has a predictable trajectory, but every scene brims with surprising details that accumulate into a rich fabric of history, cultural impressions and emotion."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> For the film, Eastwood was nominated for Best Director at the 67th Golden Globe Awards.<ref name="Winners & Nominees-Clint Eastwood" />
2010–present: directorial focus and later roles
[edit]In the Eastwood-directed Hereafter (2010), he again worked with Matt Damon, who portrayed a psychic. The film had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival and was given a limited theatrical release.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Hereafter received mixed reviews from critics, with the consensus at Rotten Tomatoes being, "Despite a thought-provoking premise and Clint Eastwood's typical flair as director, Hereafter fails to generate much compelling drama, straddling the line between poignant sentimentality and hokey tedium."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Around the same time, Eastwood served as executive producer for a TCM documentary about jazz pianist Dave Brubeck, Dave Brubeck: In His Own Sweet Way (also 2010), to commemorate Brubeck's 90th birthday.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
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Eastwood directed J. Edgar (2011), a biopic of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, with Leonardo DiCaprio in the title role.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The film received mixed reviews, although DiCaprio's performance as Hoover was widely praised.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Roger Ebert wrote that the film is "fascinating", "masterful", and praised DiCaprio's performance.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> David Edelstein of New York magazine, while also praising DiCaprio, wrote, "It's too bad J. Edgar is so shapeless and turgid and ham-handed, so rich in bad lines and worse readings."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Eastwood starred in the baseball drama Trouble with the Curve (2012), as a veteran baseball scout who travels with his daughter for a final scouting trip. Robert Lorenz, who worked with Eastwood as an assistant director on several films, directed the film.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
During Super Bowl XLVI, Eastwood narrated a halftime advertisement for Chrysler titled "Halftime in America" (2012).<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> The advertisement was criticized by several U.S. Republicans, who claimed it implied that President Barack Obama deserved a second term.<ref>Republicans' Reaction to Super Bowl ad beautiful for Dems", Chicago Sun-Times, February 7, 2012. Template:Webarchive</ref> In response to the criticism, Eastwood stated, "I am certainly not politically affiliated with Mr. Obama. It was meant to be a message about job growth and the spirit of America."<ref>"Clint Eastwood On Chrysler Super Bowl Commercial: 'I'm Not Politically Affiliated With Mr. ObamaTemplate:'" Template:Webarchive. The Huffington Post. February 6, 2012.</ref>
Eastwood next directed Jersey Boys (2014), a musical biopic based on the Tony Award-winning musical of the same name. The film told the story of the musical group The Four Seasons.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood directed American Sniper (also 2014), a film adaptation of Chris Kyle's eponymous memoir, following Steven Spielberg's departure from the project.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Released on Christmas day, American Sniper grossed more than $350 million domestically and over $547 million globally, making it one of Eastwood's biggest movies commercially.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His next film, Sully (2016), starred Tom Hanks as Chesley Sullenberger, who successfully landed the US Airways Flight 1549 on the Hudson River in an emergency landing, keeping all passengers on board alive.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It became another commercial success for Eastwood, grossing over $238 million worldwide.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> He directed the biographical thriller The 15:17 to Paris (2018), which saw previously non-professional actors Spencer Stone, Anthony Sadler, and Alek Skarlatos playing themselves as they stop the 2015 Thalys train attack.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> The film received a generally negative reception from critics, who were largely critical of the acting by the three leads.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood next starred in and directed The Mule, which was released in December 2018. He played Earl Stone, an elderly drug smuggler based on Leo Sharp, Eastwood's first acting role since Trouble with the Curve in 2012.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> On the eve of The MuleTemplate:'s opening, news belatedly surfaced that Eastwood's ex-significant other Sondra Locke had died over a month earlier on November 3; no explanation was given for the media blackout.<ref name=White/><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In May 2019, it was announced that Eastwood would direct The Ballad of Richard Jewell, based on the life of heroic security guard Richard Jewell, who was wrongly suspected in the 1996 Olympic bombing. Later retitled simply Richard Jewell, Eastwood directed and produced the film, through Warner Bros., his tenth straight film with the company. Jonah Hill and Leonardo DiCaprio were originally set to star in the film in 2014, when it was to be directed by Paul Greengrass,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> but DiCaprio and Hill would ultimately serve only as producers on Eastwood's film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The film stars Paul Walter Hauser in the titular role, along with Sam Rockwell, Kathy Bates, Jon Hamm, and Olivia Wilde in supporting roles. Filming began on June 24, 2019, and Richard Jewell was released on December 13, 2019.
In October 2020, it was announced that Eastwood would direct, produce, and star in Cry Macho, an adaptation of the 1975 novel of the same name, for Warner Bros. Pictures.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Production of the film took place in New Mexico between November and December 2020.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It was released on September 17, 2021,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to mixed reviews and commercial failure.
In April 2023, reports emerged that Eastwood would direct and produce Juror #2, from a screenplay by Jonathan Abrams.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The film stars Nicholas Hoult, Toni Collette, Zoey Deutch, Kiefer Sutherland, and J.K. Simmons.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Production began in June 2023, but was temporarily suspended due to the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strike, resuming in November 2023.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The film was distributed by Warner Bros. and released in November 2024, to generally favorable reviews.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> It has been rumored that Juror #2 may be Eastwood's final directorial effort, though insiders deny this.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Directorial style
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Beginning with the thriller Play Misty for Me, Eastwood has directed over 30 films, including Westerns, action films, musicals and dramas. He is one of few top Hollywood actors to have also become a critically and commercially successful director. The New YorkerTemplate:'s David Denby wrote that, unlike Eastwood,<ref name="denby20100308">Template:Cite magazine</ref>
From the very early days of his career, Eastwood was frustrated by directors' insistence that scenes be re-shot multiple times and perfected, and when he began directing in 1970, he made a conscious attempt to avoid any aspects of directing he had been indifferent to as an actor. As a result, Eastwood is renowned for his efficient film directing and ability to reduce filming time and control budgets. He usually avoids actors' rehearsing and prefers to complete most scenes on the first take.<ref>Munn, p. 160</ref><ref name="Biskind19697">Kapsis and Coblentz, pp. 196–97 (interviewer Peter Biskind)</ref> Eastwood's rapid filmmaking practices have been compared to those of Woody Allen, Ingmar Bergman, and Jean-Luc Godard.Template:By whom When acting in others' films, he has sometimes taken over directing, such as for The Outlaw Josey Wales, if he believes production is too slow.Template:R In preparation for filming Eastwood rarely uses storyboards for developing the layout of a shooting schedule.<ref name="Gentry65">Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 65 (interviewer Ric Gentry)</ref><ref name="Abb173">Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 173 (interviewer Denise Abbott)</ref><ref name="Pascal235">Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 235 (interviewer Pascal Mérigeau)</ref> He also attempts to reduce script background details on characters to allow the audience to become more involved in the film,<ref name="Intp678">Kapsis and Coblentz, pp. 67–68 (interviewer Ric Gentry)</ref> considering their imagination a requirement for a film that connects with viewers.<ref name="Intp678" /><ref name="Intp91">Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 91 (interviewer David Thomson)</ref> Eastwood has indicated that he lays out a film's plot to provide the audience with necessary details, but not "so much that it insults their intelligence".<ref name="Intp60">Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 60 (interviewer Ric Gentry)</ref>
According to Life magazine, "Eastwood's style is to shoot first and act afterward. He etches his characters virtually without words. He has developed the art of underplaying to the point that anyone around him who so much as flinches looks hammily histrionic."<ref name="Inc1971">Template:Cite magazine</ref> Interviewers Richard Thompson and Tim Hunter commented that Eastwood's films are "superbly paced: unhurried; cool; and [give] a strong sense of real time, regardless of the speed of the narrative",<ref name="Intp45">Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 45 (interviewers Richard Thompson and Tim Hunter)</ref> while Ric Gentry considers Eastwood's pacing "unrushed and relaxed".<ref name="Intp71">Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 71 (interviewer Ric Gentry)</ref> Eastwood is fond of low-key lighting and back-lighting to give his films a "noir-ish" feel.<ref name="Biskind19697" /><ref name="Milan143">Kapsis and Coblentz, p. 143 (interviewer Milan Pavolić)</ref>
Eastwood's frequent exploration of ethical values has drawn the attention of scholars, who have explored Eastwood's work from ethical and theological perspectives, including his portrayal of justice, mercy, suicide and the angel of death.<ref>Sara Anson Vaux (2012). The Ethical Vision of Clint Eastwood. Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdmans Template:ISBN Template:OCLCTemplate:Page needed</ref>
Politics
[edit]
Eastwood is a former Republican who has sometimes supported Democrats, and has long shown an interest in California politics; he is currently a registered Libertarian.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
He won election as the nonpartisan mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, in April 1986. He earned $200 per month in that position<ref name="mentalfloss.com">Template:Cite web</ref> which he donated to the Carmel Youth Center. While in office, he helped to make ice cream legal to consume on city streets,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> added public restrooms to the public beach, and a city library annex building was built.<ref name="mentalfloss.com"/> He served for two years and declined to run for a second term. In 2001, Governor Gray Davis appointed him to the California State Park and Recreation Commission, where he led opposition to an extension of the toll six-lane Template:Convert extension of the California State Route 241 toll road through San Onofre State Beach.<ref name="CRPS-SPRC">"Governor Schwarzenegger Appointments to the State Park and Recreation Commission" Template:Webarchive – California State Park and Recreation Commission. Retrieved: May 28, 2008.</ref>
Eastwood endorsed Mitt Romney in the 2012 presidential election.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He delivered a primetime address at the 2012 Republican National Convention, where he drew attention for a speech he delivered to an empty chair representing President Barack Obama, which he later regretted.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On February 22, 2020, Eastwood announced that he would be endorsing Democrat Michael Bloomberg in the 2020 presidential election. Eastwood stated that he wishes that Trump would act "in a more genteel way, without tweeting and calling people names. I would personally like for him to not bring himself to that level."<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Musical interests
[edit]Template:See also Eastwood is an aficionado of jazz—particularly bebop—and blues, country and western and classical music. He dabbled in music early on by developing as a boogie-woogie pianist and had originally intended to pursue a career in music by studying for a music theory degree after graduating from high school.<ref name="McGilligan114">McGilligan, p. 114</ref> In late 1959, Eastwood produced the album Cowboy Favorites, released on the Cameo label,<ref name="McGilligan114" /> which included some classics such as Bob Wills's "San Antonio Rose" and Cole Porter's "Don't Fence Me In". Despite his attempts to plug the album by going on a tour, it never reached the Billboard Hot 100.<ref name="McGilligan114" /> In 1963, Cameo producer Kal Mann told him that "he would never make it big as a singer".<ref name="McGilligan115">McGilligan, p. 115</ref> Nevertheless, during the off season of filming Rawhide, Eastwood and Paul BrinegarTemplate:Sndsometimes joined by Sheb WooleyTemplate:Sndtoured rodeos, state fairs, and festivals. In 1962, their act, entitled Amusement Business Cavalcade of Fairs, earned them as much as $15,000 a performance.<ref name="McGilligan115" /> Although he never made it as a major performing artist, he has passed on the influence to his son, Kyle, who is a professional jazz bassist and composer. An audiophile, Eastwood owns an extensive collection of LPs which he plays on a Rockport turntable. His favorite musicians include saxophonists Charlie Parker and Lester Young, pianists Thelonious Monk, Oscar Peterson, Dave Brubeck, and Fats Waller, and Delta bluesman Robert Johnson.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Eastwood has his own Warner Bros. Records-distributed imprint, Malpaso Records, as part of his deal with Warner Brothers. This deal was unchanged when Warner Music Group was sold by Time Warner to private investors.<ref name=krall /> Malpaso Records, which has released all of the scores of Eastwood's films from The Bridges of Madison County onward, has also released the album of a 1996 jazz concert he hosted, titled Eastwood after Hours – Live at Carnegie Hall. He composed the film scores of Mystic River, Million Dollar Baby, Flags of Our Fathers, Grace Is Gone, Changeling, Hereafter, J. Edgar, and the original piano compositions for In the Line of Fire. He wrote and performed the song heard over the credits of Gran Torino<ref name="Him">Template:Cite news</ref> and also co-wrote "Why Should I Care" with Linda Thompson and Carole Bayer Sager, a song recorded in 1999 by Diana Krall.<ref name=krall>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
The music in Grace Is Gone received two Golden Globe nominations by the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for the 65th Golden Globe Awards. Eastwood was nominated for Best Original Score, while the song "Grace is Gone" with music by Eastwood and lyrics by Carole Bayer Sager was nominated for Best Original Song.<ref name=65gg>Template:Cite web</ref> It won the Satellite Award for Best Song at the 12th Satellite Awards. Changeling was nominated for Best Score at the 14th Critics' Choice Awards, Best Original Score at the 66th Golden Globe Awards, and Best Music at the 35th Saturn Awards. On September 22, 2007, Eastwood was awarded an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Berklee College of Music at the Monterey Jazz Festival, on which he serves as an active board member. Upon receiving the award he gave a speech claiming, "It's one of the great honors I'll cherish in this lifetime."<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The scoring stage at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank was renamed the Eastwood Scoring Stage in the 1990s.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Personal life
[edit]Relationships and children
[edit]
Twice divorced, Eastwood has had numerous casual and serious relationships of varying length and intensity over his life, many of which overlapped. He has eight known children by six women,<ref name="Parade"/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> only half of whom were contemporaneously acknowledged.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood refuses to confirm his exact number of offspring,<ref name="Children"/> and there have been wide discrepancies in the media regarding the number.<ref name="Children Media"/> He is closed to discussing his families with the media, stating, "they're vulnerable people. I can protect myself, but they can't."<ref name="60 Minutes">Rebecca Leung (January 27, 2004). "Clint Eastwood: Improving with Age" Template:Webarchive. CBS News.</ref> His biographer, Patrick McGilligan, has stated on camera that Eastwood's total number of children is indeterminate and that "one was when he was still in high school".<ref>Template:Cite interviewTemplate:Cbignore</ref>
Eastwood's first marriage was to manufacturing secretary-turned-fitness instructor Margaret Neville Johnson in December 1953, having met her on a blind date the previous May.<ref>Schickel, p. 58</ref> During the courtship, he had an affair that resulted in his daughter Laurie (born 1954), who was adopted by Clyde and Helen Warren of Seattle.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>"Engagements Template:Webarchive". The News Tribune. July 1, 1979.</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Clint Eastwood Appears in Public With His Secret Daughter for the First Time Template:Webarchive Inside Edition. Aired December 14, 2018.</ref> While the identity of Laurie's biological mother is not public record,<ref name="Parade"/> McGilligan said the mother belonged to a theatre group Eastwood participated in.Template:Efn Eastwood continued having affairs while married to Johnson, including a 1959 to 1973 liaison with stuntwoman Roxanne Tunis that produced a daughter, Kimber (born 1964).<ref name="McG139">McGilligan, p. 139</ref><ref name="independent2">Template:Cite news</ref> Tunis and Eastwood would keep up a "healthy relationship" until her death in 2023.<ref>"Clint Eastwood 'devastated' by death of ex-mistress Roxanne Tunis aged 93". Yahoo! News. August 8, 2023.</ref>
Johnson tolerated the open marriage with Eastwood,<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Thompson, p. 45</ref> and eventually they had two children, Kyle (born 1968) and Alison (born 1972).<ref name="Parade"/> In 1975, Eastwood and married actress-director Sondra Locke began living together;<ref>McGilligan, p. 262</ref> she had been in a marriage of convenience since 1967 with Gordon Leigh Anderson, an unemployed homosexual.<ref name="Guardian">Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Hiscock, John (September 13, 1996). Template:"'Gay secret' of Eastwood case". The Daily Telegraph. "Since her affair with Eastwood ended she has lived with her husband, Gordon Anderson, in a house the actor bought him. 'Clint knew about Gordon and admired me for taking care of him,' she said."</ref> Locke claimed that Eastwood sang "She Made Me Monogamous" to her<ref name="independent2"/><ref>Template:Cite book</ref> and confided he had "never been in love before".<ref name="autobio" /><ref>Template:Cite news Inquisitr, December 14, 2018.</ref> Eastwood finally divorced Johnson in 1984;<ref name="McG348">McGilligan, p. 348</ref> Locke, however, would remain married to Anderson until her death in 2018.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> According to Bill Brown, publisher of the Carmel Pine Cone, Eastwood considered Locke the love of his life,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> yet he has never addressed her death.<ref>"What Happened to Clint Eastwood's Forgotten Leading Lady?". MovieWeb. June 7, 2024.</ref>
In an unpublicized affair, Eastwood sired two legally fatherless<ref name="autobio"/><ref name="Eliot252">Eliot, p. 252</ref><ref name="McG385">McGilligan, p. 385</ref><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref> children, Scott (born 1986) and Kathryn (born 1988) with Jacelyn Reeves, a flight attendant.<ref name="parade-jacelyn">Template:Cite news</ref> When Locke and Eastwood separated in 1989, Locke filed a palimony lawsuit and later sued for fraud,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> reaching a settlement in both cases.<ref name="Guardian"/> During the early-to-mid-1990s, Eastwood had a relationship with actress Frances Fisher that yielded a daughter, Francesca (born 1993).<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood was married for the second time in 1996 to news anchor Dina Ruiz, who gave birth to their daughter Morgan that same year.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Ruiz and Eastwood's marriage lasted until 2014.<ref name="Parade"/>
Beginning 2014, Eastwood was seen in company with restaurant hostess Christina Sandera,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> though neither publicly confirmed a romance.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood's spokespeople, managers, and press agents have long denied any knowledge of his life.<ref>Winship, George (August 19, 1993). "A starlet is born to Eastwood, Fisher". Record Searchlight. Template:"'We only represent him on his movies,' Virginia Boyer of Warner Bros. studio said Wednesday. Eastwood's longtime agent, Leonard Hirshan of the William Morris Agency, also denied any knowledge of the star's life."</ref><ref>Jones, Oliver (September 9, 2013). "Clint Eastwood & Dina Eastwood's Marriage Drama". People. "Eastwood's longtime manager, Leonard Hirshan, says he has no knowledge of his client's personal life."</ref> Sandera died of a heart attack in July 2024, aged 61.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> By the fall of that year, Eastwood was in a new relationship, though his girlfriend has not been identified.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Health and leisure activities
[edit]
Eastwood has been a health and fitness fanatic since his teens. During the production of Rawhide, Eastwood featured in magazines and journals, which often documented his health-conscious lifestyle. In an August 1959 edition of TV Guide, for example, Eastwood was photographed doing push-ups. He gave tips on fitness and nutrition, telling people to eat plenty of fruit and raw vegetables, take vitamins, and avoid sugar-loaded beverages, excessive alcohol, and overloading on carbohydrates.<ref name="McGilligan, p. 108" />
Eastwood's father's death from a heart attack at the age of 64 in 1970, described by Fritz Manes as "the only bad thing that ever happened to him in his life",<ref name="McGilligan192" /> came as a shock to Eastwood, since his grandfather had lived to be 92. It had a profound impact on his life; from then on he became more productive, working with greater speed and efficiency on set, and adopted an even more rigorous health regimen.<ref name="McGilligan193" /> Despite abstaining from hard liquor, he co-opened an old English-inspired pub called the Hog's Breath Inn in Carmel-by-the-Sea in 1971.<ref name="McGilligan204">McGilligan, p. 204</ref> Eastwood eventually sold the pub in 1999 and now owns the Mission Ranch Hotel and Restaurant, also located in Carmel-by-the-Sea.<ref name="McGilligan, p. 108">McGilligan, p. 108, 204</ref><ref name=Oates/><ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
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Eastwood is an avid golfer and owns the Tehàma Golf Club. He is an investor in the world-renowned Pebble Beach Golf Links west of Carmel and donates his time to charitable causes at major tournaments.<ref name="Him" /><ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood is an FAA licensed fixed wing and rotary craft private pilot and often flies his helicopter to the studios to avoid traffic.<ref>Schickel, p. 25</ref><ref name="Eliot131">Eliot, p. 131</ref>
Spiritual beliefs and meditation
[edit]In 1973, Eastwood told the film critic Gene Siskel, "No, I don't believe in God".<ref>Gene Siskel, "Clint: The Cynical King who Outdrew the Duke," Chicago Tribune, January 7, 1973.</ref> In 2023, his daughter Kathryn stated, "Most of my earthly family do not believe in or worship God. They either have a lack of faith or reject the god in the Bible in favor of other idols or ideas."<ref>"Katie Eastwood on Instagram". August 24, 2023.</ref> Eastwood has said that he finds spirituality in nature (as suggested by his Western, Pale Rider, 1985), stating that "I was born during the Depression and I was brought up with no specific church. We moved every four or five months during the first 14 years of my life, so I was sent to a different church depending on wherever we lived. Most of them were Protestant, but I went to other churches because my parents wanted me to try to figure out things for myself. They always said, 'I just want to expose you to some religious order and see if that's something you like'. So although my religious training was not really specific, I do feel spiritual things. If I stand on the side of the Grand Canyon and look down, it moves me in some way."<ref name=2011showbiz /> He has also said: "It would be wonderful to talk with my parents again, who are, of course, deceased. It makes the idea of death much less scary. But then again, if you think that nothing happens after you die, maybe it makes you live life better. Maybe you're supposed to do the best you can by the gift you're given of life and that alone."<ref name=2011showbiz>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 1975, Eastwood publicly proclaimed his participation in Transcendental Meditation when he appeared on The Merv Griffin Show with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, the founder of Transcendental Meditation.<ref name=Oates/> He has meditated every morning for years.<ref>Template:Cite magazine</ref>
Real estate interests
[edit]While serving in the US Army at nearby Fort Ord, Eastwood developed an interest in Carmel area real estate. With income from his acting career, on December 24, 1967, he bought five parcels totaling Template:Convert of land from Charles Sawyer along Highway 1 near Malpaso Creek, south of the Carmel Highlands.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
In May 1968, Eastwood and actor James Garner bought Template:Convert of wooded land in Carmel Valley from the Howard Hattan estate for $640,000. The property was across the Carmel Valley Road from the Rancho Cañada Country Club and golf course.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood and Garner donated the undeveloped property to the Housing Authority of the County of Monterey in November 1983 with the stipulation that some of the land be used for senior housing.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
He named his production company Malpaso Productions.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood later bought another parcel in the Highlands, together totaling Template:Convert (6 parcels). In 1995, Monterey County bought the Malpaso land from him for $3.08 million and placed a permanent conservation easement on the property.<ref name=weekly0129/><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Using the proceeds from the sale, Eastwood bought the Template:Convert Odello Ranch at the mouth of the Carmel River during the same year. He paid to lower the levees along the southern side of the Carmel River to protect the Mission Ranch resort he owned, along with the neighboring Mission Fields residential neighborhood on the north side of the river, both of which were flooded in 1994.<ref name=weekly0129/> In 1997, Eastwood and his former wife Maggie Johnson (acting as the Eastwood Trust) donated Template:Convert of the Odello Ranch property east of Highway 1 to the Big Sur Land Trust along with the associated water rights.<ref name=weekly0628>Template:Cite web</ref> On June 28, 2016, Eastwood finally donated the remaining Odello East land.<ref name=weekly1207>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood purchased Template:Convert, known as the Cañada Woods development, immediately east of the Odello Ranch.<ref name=weekly0129>Template:Cite web</ref>
In 2010, at age 80, Eastwood spent approximately $20 million<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> to build himself a Template:Convert compound in Carmel-by-the-Sea.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> His California real estate portfolio also includes a Template:Convert Spanish-style mansion in Bel-Air,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> the Template:Convert Rising River Ranch near Cassel,<ref>Eastwood buys ranch Template:Webarchive Inter Mountain News, November 30, 1978</ref> an apartment in Burbank,<ref>McGilligan, p. 286</ref> a Template:Convert Desert modern home in La Quinta<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> (sometimes misidentified as Palm Springs),<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> as well as a large but understated<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> house located next door to his longtime primary Bel-Air residence.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Eastwood is known to have purchased property in two other states. He owns a Template:Convert house in Sun Valley, Idaho,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and a 1.13-acre, oceanfront manor in Kihei, Hawaii.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> The latter was featured in an episode of the 2012 reality show Mrs. Eastwood & Company.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Eastwood previously occupied homes in Studio City, Sherman Oaks, Tiburon, and Pebble Beach.<ref>McGilligan, p. 105</ref>
Filmography
[edit]Template:Main Eastwood has contributed to over 50Template:Nbspfilms during his career as actor, director, producer, and composer.<ref>Template:Cite book</ref> He has acted in several television series, including his co-starring role in Rawhide.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> He started directing in 1971, and made his debut as a producer in 1982 with Firefox, though he had been functioning as uncredited producer on all of his Malpaso Company films since Hang 'Em High in 1968. Eastwood also has contributed music to his films, either through performing, writing, or composing. He has mainly starred in western, action, and drama films. According to the box office revenue tracking website Box Office Mojo, films featuring Eastwood have grossed a total of more than $1.81 billion domestically, with an average of $38.6 million per film.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
Awards and honors
[edit]
Eastwood has been recognized with multiple awards and nominations for his work in film, television, and music. His widest reception has been in film work, for which he has received Academy Awards, Directors Guild of America Awards, Golden Globe Awards, and People's Choice Awards, among others. Eastwood is one of only two people to have been twice nominated for Best Actor and Best Director for the same film (Unforgiven and Million Dollar Baby) the other being Warren Beatty (Heaven Can Wait and Reds). Along with Beatty, Robert Redford, Richard Attenborough, Kevin Costner, and Mel Gibson, he is one of the few directors best known as an actor to win an Academy Award for directing. On February 27, 2005, he became one of only three living directors (along with Miloš Forman and Francis Ford Coppola) to have directed two Best Picture winners.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> At the age of 74, he was the oldest recipient of the Academy Award for Best Director to date. Eastwood has directed five actors in Academy Award-winning performances: Gene Hackman in Unforgiven, Tim Robbins and Sean Penn in Mystic River, and Morgan Freeman and Hilary Swank in Million Dollar Baby.
On August 21, 1984, Eastwood was honored at a ceremony at Grauman's Chinese Theatre to record his hand and footprints in cement. Eastwood received the AFI Life Achievement Award in 1996, and received an honorary degree from AFI in 2009. On December 6, 2006, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Eastwood into the California Hall of Fame located at The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
In 2007, Eastwood was presented with the highest civilian distinction in France, Légion d'honneur, at a ceremony in Paris. French President Jacques Chirac told Eastwood that he embodied "the best of Hollywood".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> In October 2009, he was honored with the Lumière Award (in honor of the Lumière Brothers, inventors of the Cinematograph) at the inaugural Lumière Festival in Lyon, France. This award honors his entire career and his major contribution to the 7th Art. In February 2010, Eastwood was recognized by President Barack Obama with an arts and humanities award. Obama described Eastwood's films as "essays in individuality, hard truths and the essence of what it means to be American".<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Eastwood has also been awarded at least three honorary degrees from universities and colleges, including an honorary degree from the University of the Pacific in 2006, an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters from the University of Southern California on May 27, 2007, and an honorary Doctor of Music degree from the Berklee College of Music at the Monterey Jazz Festival on September 22, 2007.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref><ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
On February 26, 2009, Eastwood received the Cannes Film Festival's Honorary Golden Palm Award at a private ceremony in Paris. In the same year on July 22, he was honored by Emperor Akihito of Japan with the Order of the Rising Sun, 3rd class, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon for his contributions to the enhancement of Japan–United States relations.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>
Eastwood won the Golden Pine lifetime achievement award at the 2013 International Samobor Film Music Festival, along with Ryuichi Sakamoto and Gerald Fried.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
| Year | Title | Academy Awards | BAFTA Awards | Golden Globe Awards | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | Nominations | Wins | ||
| 1971 | Play Misty for Me | 1 | |||||
| 1973 | Breezy | 3 | |||||
| 1976 | The Outlaw Josey Wales | 1 | |||||
| 1986 | Heartbreak Ridge | 1 | |||||
| 1988 | Bird | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | |
| 1992 | Unforgiven | 9 | 4 | 6 | 1 | 4 | 2 |
| 1995 | The Bridges of Madison County | 1 | 2 | ||||
| 2000 | Space Cowboys | 1 | |||||
| 2003 | Mystic River | 6 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 2 | |
| 2004 | Million Dollar Baby | 7 | 4 | 5 | 2 | ||
| 2006 | Flags of Our Fathers | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Letters from Iwo Jima | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 2008 | Changeling | 3 | 8 | 2 | |||
| Gran Torino | 1 | ||||||
| 2009 | Invictus | 2 | 3 | ||||
| 2010 | Hereafter | 1 | |||||
| 2011 | J. Edgar | 1 | |||||
| 2014 | American Sniper | 6 | 1 | 2 | |||
| 2016 | Sully | 1 | |||||
| 2019 | Richard Jewell | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Total | 41 | 13 | 22 | 1 | 33 | 8 | |
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Cited references
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