Cantons of Switzerland
Template:Short description Template:For Template:Use dmy dates Template:Use British English Template:Infobox subdivision type Template:Politics of Switzerland The 26 cantons of SwitzerlandTemplate:NoteTag are the member states of the Swiss Confederation. The nucleus of the Swiss Confederacy in the form of the first three confederate allies used to be referred to as the Template:Lang. Two important periods in the development of the Old Swiss Confederacy are summarized by the terms Template:Lang ('Eight Cantons'; from 1353 to 1481) and Template:Lang ('Thirteen Cantons', from 1513 to 1798).<ref name=chrono>rendered "the 'confederacy of eight'" and "the 'Thirteen-Canton Confederation'", respectively, in: Template:Cite web</ref>
Each canton of the Old Swiss Confederacy, formerly also Template:Lang ('lieu/locality', from before 1450), or Template:Lang ('estate', from Template:Circa), was a fully sovereign state with its own border controls, army, and currency from at least the Treaty of Westphalia (1648) until the establishment of the Swiss federal state in 1848, with a brief period of centralised government during the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). The term Template:Lang has been widely used since the 19th century.<ref name=HLS>Template:HDS "Template:Lang"</ref>
The number of cantons was increased to 19 with the Act of Mediation (1803), with the recognition of former subject territories as full cantons. The Federal Treaty of 1815 increased the number to 22 due to the accession of former associates of the Old Swiss Confederacy. The canton of Jura acceded as the 23rd canton with its secession from Bern in 1979.<ref>Template:HDS</ref> The official number of cantons was increased to 26 in the federal constitution of 1999, which designated former half-cantons as cantons.
The areas of the cantons vary from 37 kmTemplate:Sup (15 sq. mi.) (Basel-Stadt) to 7,105 kmTemplate:Sup (2743 sq. mi.) (Grisons); the populations (as of 2018) range from 16,000 (Appenzell Innerrhoden) to 1.5 million (Zürich).
Terminology
[edit]The term canton, now also used as the English term for administrative subdivisions of other countries, originates in French usage in the late 15th century (recorded in Fribourg in 1467),<ref>Comptes Trés. 129, Archives nat. ds Pat. Suisse rom., cited after TFLi.</ref> from a word for "edge, corner", at the time the literal translation of Early Modern High German Template:Lang.<ref>Template:Lang Johann Christoph Adelung, Grammatisch-kritisches Wörterbuch der Hochdeutschen Mundart (1774–1786), s.v. "Der Ort". Old French Template:Lang 'corner, angle' is a loan from Occitan, first recorded in the 13th century, in Occitan adopted from North Italian Template:Lang, where the sense "portion of territory" alongside "edge, corner" developed from by the early 11th century (TFLi).</ref> After 1490, Template:Lang was increasingly used in French and Italian documents to refer to the members of the Swiss Confederacy.<ref name=HLS/> English use of canton in reference to the Swiss Confederacy (as opposed to the heraldic sense) dates to the early 17th century.<ref>etymonline.com: "1530s, 'corner, angle,' [...] From 1570s as a term in heraldry and flag descriptions. From c. 1600 as 'a subdivision of a country;' applied to the sovereign states of the Swiss republic from the 1610s."</ref>
In the Old Swiss Confederacy, the term Template:Wikt-lang (plural: Template:Lang) was in use from the early 15th century as a generic term for the member cantons.<ref name=HLS/> The founding cantons specifically were also known as Template:Lang 'forest settlements' (singular: Template:Lang). The formulaic Template:Lang for the members of the early confederacy is recorded in the mid-14th century, used interchangeably with Template:Lang ('cities and lands', 'city cantons and rural cantons') until the late 15th century.<ref name=Stette>Template:HDS</ref> Template:Lang was increasingly replaced by Template:Lang (plural: Template:Lang) 'estate' about 1550, a term taken to imply liberty and sovereignty. Abolished in the Helvetic Republic, the term 'Stand' was revived in 1815 and remains in use today.<ref name=HLS/><ref>HLS: Insbesonders die um 1550 aufgekommene Benennung als Stand, die Freiheit und Souveränität implizierte, erfreute sich grösserer Beliebtheit. Die Helvet. Revolution brachte 1798 die Begriffe Ort und Stand zum Verschwinden. Für die neuen obersten Gebietseinheiten innerhalb der Helvet. Republik setzte sich die Bezeichnung Kanton durch. Nach der Mediationsakte (1803) galten die Begriffe Kanton und Stand synonym, nach dem Bundesvertrag (1815) benannten sich die K. bevorzugt als Stände. Im Bundesstaat bezeichnen die Bundesverfassungen seit 1848 die "souveränen" Gliedstaaten des Bundes als K., in dt. Sprache synonym auch als Stände.</ref>
The French term Template:Lang adopted into German after 1648, and then only in occasional use until the early 19th century: prominent usage of Template:Lang and Template:Lang gradually disappeared in German-speaking Switzerland from the time of the Helvetic Republic. Only with the Act of Mediation of 1803 did German Template:Lang become an official designation, retained in the Swiss Constitution of 1848.<ref name=HLS/> <ref>HLS: Als franz. Entsprechung zu Ort fand der Begriff canton (Winkel, Landschaft, Ort) zuerst in der Westschweiz Verwendung; ab 1475 ist er in Freiburger Akten überliefert. Die Bezeichnung der eidg. Orte als K. verbreitete sich ab den 1490er Jahren im franz. und ital. Sprachgebiet und bald auch in andern Teilen Europas. Im deutschsprachigen Raum dagegen erscheint er erst ab 1650, ohne sich gegen die bevorzugten Begriffe Ort und Stand durchzusetzen.</ref>
The term Template:Lang (Template:Langx, Template:Langx) remains in synonymous usage and is reflected in the name of the upper chamber of the Swiss Parliament, the Council of States (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx).
Template:Anchor In the modern era, since Neuchâtel ceased to be a principality in 1848, all Swiss cantons can be considered to have a republican form of government. Some cantons formally describe themselves as republics in their constitutions. This applies to the Romance-speaking cantons in particular: Geneva (formally Template:Lang, 'Republic and canton of Geneva'), Jura, Neuchâtel, Valais,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Vaud<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and Ticino.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
History
[edit]Template:Main Template:Further
In the 16th century, the Old Swiss Confederacy was composed of 13 sovereign confederate allies (the Thirteen Cantons; Template:Langx), and there were two different kinds: five rural states (Template:Langx) – Uri, Schwyz (which became eponymous of the confederacy), Unterwalden, Glarus, Appenzell – and eight urban states (Template:Langx) – Zürich, Bern, Luzern, Zug, Basel, Fribourg, Solothurn, Schaffhausen.
Though they were technically part of the Holy Roman Empire, they had become de facto independent when the Swiss defeated Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 in Dornach.<ref>Template:Cite EB1911</ref>
In the early modern period, the individual confederate allies came to be seen as republics; while the six traditional allies had a tradition of direct democracy in the form of the Landsgemeinde, the urban states operated via representation in city councils, de facto oligarchic systems dominated by families of the patriciate.Template:NoteTag
The old system was abandoned with the formation of the Helvetic Republic following the French invasion of Switzerland in 1798. The cantons of the Helvetic Republic had merely the status of an administrative subdivision with no sovereignty. The Helvetic Republic collapsed within five years, and cantonal sovereignty was restored with the Act of Mediation of 1803. The status of Switzerland as a federation of states was restored, at the time including 19 cantons (the six accessions to the early modern Thirteen Cantons being composed of former associates and subject territories: St. Gallen, Grisons, Aargau, Thurgau, Ticino, Vaud). Three additional western cantons, Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva, acceded in 1815.
The process of "Restoration", completed by 1830, returned most of the former feudal rights to the cantonal patriciates, leading to rebellions among the rural population. The Radicals embodied these democratic forces calling for a new federal constitution. This tension, paired with religious issues ("Jesuit question") escalated into armed conflict in the 1840s, with the brief Sonderbund War. The victory of the Liberal-Radicals resulted in the formation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848. The cantons retained far-reaching sovereignty but were no longer allowed to maintain individual standing armies or international relations. As the revolutions of 1848 in Western Europe had failed elsewhere, Switzerland during the later 19th century (and with the exception of the French Third Republic, until the end of World War I) found itself as an isolated democratic republic, surrounded by the restored monarchies of France, Italy, Austria-Hungary and Germany.
Constitutions and powers
[edit]
The Swiss Federal Constitution<ref>Official and updated Swiss Federal Constitution Template:Webarchive (English)</ref> declares the cantons to be sovereign to the extent that their sovereignty is not limited by federal law.<ref name="HDS Modern"/> Areas specifically reserved to the Confederation are the armed forces, currency, the postal service, telecommunications, immigration into and emigration from the country, granting asylum, conducting foreign relations with sovereign states, civil and criminal law, weights and measures, and customs duties.
Each canton has its own constitution, legislature, executive, police and courts.<ref name="HDS Modern">Template:HDS</ref> Similar to the Confederation, a directorial system of government is followed by the cantons.
The cantonal legislatures are unicameral parliaments, with their size varying between 58 and 200 seats. A few legislatures also involve or did involve general popular assemblies known as Landsgemeinden; the use of this form of legislature has declined: at present, it exists only in the cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus. The cantonal executives consist of either five or seven members, depending on the canton.<ref>Swiss Government website Template:Webarchive with links to each cantonal government, accessed 11 November 2008</ref> For the names of the institutions, see the list of cantonal executives and list of cantonal legislatures.
The cantons retain all powers and competencies not delegated to the Confederation by the federal constitution or law: most significantly the cantons are responsible for healthcare, welfare, law enforcement, public education, and retain the power of taxation. Each canton defines its official language(s). Cantons may conclude treaties not only with other cantons but also with foreign states (respectively Articles 48 and 56 of the Federal Constitution).
The cantonal constitutions determine the internal organisation of the canton, including the degree of autonomy accorded to the municipalities, which varies but almost always includes the power to levy taxes and pass municipal laws; some municipalities have their own police forces.
As at the federal level, all cantons provide for some form of direct democracy. Citizens may demand a popular vote to amend the cantonal constitution or laws or to veto laws or spending bills passed by the parliament. Other than in the instances of general popular assemblies in Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus, democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot. The right of foreigners to vote varies by canton, as does whether Swiss citizens living abroad (and registered to vote in a canton) can take part in cantonal voting.
Swiss citizens are citizens of a particular municipality (the place of origin) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons, therefore, have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law.
Switzerland has only one federal public holiday (1 August); public holidays otherwise vary from canton to canton.
List
[edit]The cantons are listed in their order of precedence given in the federal constitution.Template:NoteTag This reflects the historical order of precedence of the Eight Cantons in the 15th century, followed by the remaining cantons in the order of their historical accession to the confederacy.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>
The two-letter abbreviations for Swiss cantons are widely used, e.g. on car license plates. They are also used in the ISO 3166-2 codes of Switzerland with the prefix "CH-" (Template:Lang — Helvetian Confederation — Template:Lang having been the ancient Roman name of the region). CH-SZ, for example, is used for the canton of Schwyz.
Half-cantons
[edit]Template:AnchorSix of the 26 cantons are traditionally, but no longer officially, called "half-cantons" (Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx, Template:Langx). In two instances (Basel and Appenzell) this was a consequence of a historic division, whilst in the case of Unterwalden a historic mutual association, resulting in three pairs of half-cantons. The other 20 cantons were, and in some instances still are<ref>Welcome to the canton of Zug Official document published by the canton of Zug government (PDF)</ref>—though only in a context where it is needed to distinguish them from any half-cantons—typically termed "full" cantons in English.<ref>Bhagwan and Bhushan" (2009) World Constitutions - A Comparative Study - Ninth Edition (page 311)</ref>
The first article of the 1848 and 1874 constitutions constituted the Confederation as the union of "twenty-two sovereign cantons", referring to the half-cantons as "Unterwalden (Template:Lang ['above and beneath the woods'])", "Basel (Template:Lang ['city and country'])" and "Appenzell (Template:Lang ['both Rhoden'])".<ref>Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 29. Mai 1874, Bundesverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 12. September 1848 Template:In lang; author's translation.</ref> The 1874 constitution was amended to list 23 cantons with the accession of the Canton of Jura in 1978.
The historic half-cantons, and their pairings, are still recognizable in the first article of the Swiss Federal Constitution of 1999 by being joined to their other "half" with the conjunction "and": Template:Blockquote The 1999 constitutional revision retained the traditional distinction, on the request of the six cantonal governments, as a way to mark the historic association of the half-cantons to each other.<ref>Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in Ehrenzeller, Art. 1 N 2; Häfelin, N 966.</ref> While the older constitutions referred to these states as "half-cantons", a term that remains in popular use, the 1999 revision and official terminology since then use the appellation "cantons with half of a cantonal vote".<ref>Felix Hafner / Rainer J. Schweizer in Ehrenzeller, Art. 1 N 10; Häfelin, N 963</ref>
The [[Coins of the Swiss franc|Template:Frac, 1 and 2 francs coins]] as minted since 1874 represent the number of cantons by 22 stars surrounding the figure of Helvetia on the obverse. The design of the coins was altered to show 23 stars, including Jura, beginning with the 1983 batch. The design has remained unchanged since, and does not reflect the official number of "26 cantons" introduced in 1999.<ref>Swissmint, Sterne auf Schweizer Münzen (2008), p. 4.</ref>
The reasons for the existence of the three pairs of half-cantons are varied:
- Unterwalden never consisted of a single unified jurisdiction. Originally, Obwalden, Nidwalden, and the Abbey of Engelberg formed distinct communities. The collective term Unterwalden remains in use, however, for the area that partook in the creation of the original Swiss confederation in 1291 with Uri and Schwyz. The Federal Charter of 1291 called for representatives from each of the three "areas".<ref>Pacte fédéral du 1er Template:Webarchive août 1291] sur Admin.ch "vallée inférieure d'Unterwald" signifie Nidwald.</ref><ref>Pacte fédéral du 1er août 1291 Template:Webarchive sur Cliotexte</ref>
- The historical canton of Appenzell divided itself into "inner" and "outer" halves as a consequence of the Reformation in Switzerland in 1597:<ref>Réforme catholique, Contre-Réforme et scission Template:Webarchive Article du dictionnaire historique de la Suisse</ref> Appenzell Innerrhoden (Catholic) and Appenzell Ausserrhoden (Protestant).
- The historical canton of Basel was divided in 1833 after the Basel countryside (which became the canton of Basel-Landschaft) declared its independence from the city of Basel (which became the canton of Basel-Stadt), following a period of protest and armed conflict about the under-representation of the more populous countryside in the canton's political system.
With their original circumstances of partition now a historical matter, the half-cantons are since 1848 equal to the other cantons in all but two respects:<ref>Häfelin, N 963, 967</ref>
- They elect only one member of the Council of States instead of two (Cst. art. 150 par. 2). This means there are a total of 46 seats in the council.
- In popular referendums about constitutional amendments, which require for adoption a national popular majority as well as the assent of a majority of the cantons (Template:Lang / Template:Lang), the result of the half-cantons' popular vote counts only one half of that of the other cantons (Cst. arts. 140, 142).<ref>Swiss Constitutional Law, Thomas Fleiner, Alexander Misic, Nicole Töpperwien, Kluwer Law International B.V., 2005, page 120</ref> This means that for purposes of a constitutional referendum, at least 12 out of a total of 23 cantonal popular votes must support the amendment.<ref>Häfelin, N 950</ref>
Between 1831 and 1833 the canton of Schwyz was divided into half-cantons: (Inner) Schwyz and the break-away Outer Schwyz; in this instance, the half-cantons were forced by the Confederation to settle their disputes and reunite.
In the 20th century, some Jura separatists suggested a new canton of Jura to be divided into half-cantons of North Jura and South Jura.<ref>Template:Cite journal</ref> Instead, North Jura became the (full) canton of Jura while South Jura remains in the canton of Bern as the region of Bernese Jura.
Names in national languages
[edit]The name of each canton in its own official language is shown in bold.
Admission of new cantons
[edit]Template:Main The enlargement of Switzerland by way of the admission of new cantons ended in 1815. The latest formal attempt considered by Switzerland was in 1919 from Vorarlberg but subsequently rejected. A few representatives submitted in 2010 a parliamentary motion to consider enlargement although it was widely seen as anti-EU rhetoric rather than a serious proposal.<ref name="Tages-Anzeiger 11 June 2010">Template:Cite news</ref> The motion was eventually dropped and not even examined by the parliament.<ref name="The Federal Assembly — The Swiss Parliament">Template:Cite web</ref>
See also
[edit]- Cantonal bank
- Cantonal police
- Conference of the Cantonal Governments
- Template:Section link
- Flags and arms of cantons of Switzerland
- List of Swiss cantons by GDP
- List of cantons of Switzerland by elevation
- Spatial planning in Switzerland
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]Sources
[edit]- Works cited
- Template:Cite book. Cited as Ehrenzeller.
- Template:Cite book Cited as Häfelin.
External links
[edit]- Swissworld.org – The cantons of Switzerland
- Swisskarte.ch – Maps of the Cantons of Switzerland
- GeoPuzzleTemplate:Spaced ndashAssemble cantons on a Swiss map
- BadacTemplate:Spaced ndashDatabase on Swiss cantons and cities Template:In lang
Template:Cantons of Switzerland Template:Switzerland topics Template:Articles on first-level administrative divisions of European countries Template:Portal bar Template:Authority control